Table Of Content

This page intentionally left blank Copyright © 2008, 2000, 1994, New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers Published by New Age International (P) Ltd., Publishers All rights reserved. No part of this ebook may be reproduced in any form, by photostat, microfilm, xerography, or any other means, or incorporated into any information retrieval system, electronic or mechanical, without the written permission of the publisher. All inquiries should be emailed to [email protected] ISBN (13) : 978-81-224-2711-0 PUBLISHING FOR ONE WORLD NEW AGE INTERNATIONAL (P) LIMITED, PUBLISHERS 4835/24, Ansari Road, Daryaganj, New Delhi - 110002 Visit us at www.newagepublishers.com (cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:3)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:3) Manufacturing managers and engineers are ever concerned with improvement in quality, reduction in both manufacturing cost and delivery time. The globalization of economy requires introduction of new products with enhanced features at competitive costs. Another challenge is the reduction in product life span. This necessitates considerable time compression in product development cycle. Yet another significant trend is mass customization which calls for extreme flexibility in manufacturing. The massive outsourcing in manufacturing is another important development in recent years. The new edition of CAD/CAM/CIM has been bought out to focus on the response of CIM technology to address to these challenges. Manufacturing in the new millennium is moving towards more and more sophistication in exploiting the capabilities of computer hardware and software. Robust design methodologies and integration of shape design and functional design are included in the present edition. Optimized manufacturing is a possibility now with the extensive use of FEA. Apart from design optimization, FEA is used to model and simulate complex manufacturing processes to evolve several iterations. This enables engineers to make right parts first time every time. An additional chapter on simulation softwares has been added in the present edition to introduce this powerful tool to the students. The authors would like to acknowledge the contribution of our erstwhile colleagues in the PSG CAD/CAM Centre as well as Krishnaveni and Sasikala in word processing the earlier editions and Govindaswamy for helping with some chapters in the present edition. Acknowledgements are due to K.J. Reddy for providing some models for reproduction in this edition and to Pradeep for critical suggestions. The excellent support and encouragement extended by Padmini, Anitha and Hari during the revision of this edition is gratefully acknowledged. PPPPP..... RRRRRaaaaadddddhhhhhaaaaakkkkkrrrrriiiiissssshhhhhnnnnnaaaaannnnn SSSSS..... SSSSSuuuuubbbbbrrrrraaaaammmmmaaaaannnnniiiiiaaaaannnnn VVVVV..... RRRRRaaaaajjjjjuuuuu This page intentionally left blank (cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:3)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:10) PREFACE (v) (cid:11)(cid:12) (cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:13)(cid:1)(cid:14)(cid:9)(cid:3)(cid:2)(cid:15)(cid:16)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:3)(cid:17)(cid:2)(cid:5)(cid:9)(cid:3)(cid:18)(cid:15)(cid:13)(cid:5)(cid:8)(cid:14)(cid:4)(cid:5)(cid:6)(cid:9)(cid:14)(cid:2)(cid:16)(cid:8)(cid:17) (cid:11) 1.1 INTRODUCTION 1 1.2 TYPES OF MANUFACTURING 3 1.3 EVOLUTION OF COMPUTER INTEGRATED MANUFACTURING 4 1.4 CIM HARDWARE AND CIM SOFTWARE 6 1.5 NATURE AND ROLE OF THE ELEMENTS OF CIM SYSTEM 7 1.6 DEVELOPMENT OF CIM 10 (cid:19)(cid:12) (cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:7)(cid:18)(cid:14)(cid:6)(cid:9)(cid:15)(cid:18)(cid:3)(cid:20)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:7)(cid:1)(cid:13)(cid:3)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:15)(cid:9)(cid:22)(cid:2)(cid:7)(cid:14)(cid:17)(cid:22)(cid:15)(cid:6)(cid:16)(cid:13) (cid:11)(cid:23) 2.1 INTRODUCTION 13 2.2 PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT CYCLE 13 2.3 SEQUENTIAL ENGINEERING 16 2.4 CONCURRENT ENGINEERING 18 2.5 COMPARISON OF CONCURRENT ENGINEERING AND SEQUENTIAL ENGINEERING 19 2.6 IMPLEMENTATION OF CONCURRENT ENGINEERING 21 2.7 CONCURRENT ENGINEERING AND INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY 23 2.8 SOFT AND HARD PROTOTYPING 25 2.9 CHARACTERISTICS OF CONCURRENT ENGINEERING 25 2.10 KEY FACTORS INFLUENCING THE SUCCESS OF CE 26 2.11 EXAMPLE OF CONCURRENT ENGINEERING 26 2.12 TECHNIQUES TO IMPROVE MANUFACTURABILITY AND REDUCE LEAD TIME 27 2.13 IMPROVING THE DESIGN 32 2.14 TAGUCHI METHOD FOR ROBUST DESIGN 34 2.15 VALUE ENGINEERING 34 2.16 PRODUCT LIFE CYCLE MANAGEMENT 35 viii Contents (cid:23)(cid:12) (cid:1)(cid:2)(cid:16)(cid:8)(cid:6)(cid:16)(cid:1)(cid:21)(cid:3)(cid:10)(cid:15)(cid:7)(cid:4)(cid:15)(cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:13)(cid:1)(cid:14)(cid:9)(cid:3)(cid:2)(cid:15)(cid:17)(cid:2)(cid:5)(cid:1)(cid:22)(cid:16)(cid:6)(cid:10) (cid:24)(cid:11) 3.1 INTRODUCTION 41 3.2 GRAPHIC PRIMITIVES 42 3.3 POINT PLOTTING 43 3.4 DRAWING OF LINES 43 3.5 BRESENHAM’S CIRCLE ALGORITHM 47 3.6 ELLIPSE 55 3.7 TRANSFORMATION IN GRAPHICS 55 3.8 CO-ORDINATE SYSTEMS USED IN GRAPHICS AND WINDOWING 55 3.9 VIEW PORT 56 3.10 2-D TRANSFORMATIONS 56 3.11 HOMOGENEOUS TRANSFORMATIONS 60 3.12 COMBINATION TRANSFORMATIONS 61 3.13 CLIPPING 63 3.14 3-DIMENSIONAL TRANSFORMATIONS 63 3.15 PROJECTIONS 64 3.16 SCAN CONVERSION 66 3.17 RENDERING 69 3.18 RASTERIZING POLYGONS 69 3.19 HIDDEN SURFACE REMOVAL 70 3.20 ANTI ALIASING 72 3.21 REFLECTION 73 3.22 SHADING 75 3.23 GENERATION OF CHARACTERS 76 (cid:24)(cid:12) (cid:6)(cid:7)(cid:13)(cid:1)(cid:14)(cid:9)(cid:3)(cid:2)(cid:15)(cid:22)(cid:5)(cid:2)(cid:18)(cid:25)(cid:5)(cid:2)(cid:3) (cid:26)(cid:26) 4.1 INTRODUCTION 77 4.2 COMPUTER FUNDAMENTALS 78 4.3 CLASSIFICATION OF COMPUTERS 79 4.4 DATA COMMUNICATIONS 83 4.5 DESIGN WORK STATIONS 89 4.6 ARCHITECTURE OF A TYPICAL GRAPHICS WORKSTATION 90 4.7 INTERACTIVE DISPLAY DEVICES 93 4.8 INPUT DEVICES 97 4.9 OUTPUT DEVICES 100 (cid:27)(cid:12) (cid:7)(cid:1)(cid:3)(cid:2)(cid:5)(cid:9)(cid:16)(cid:8)(cid:17)(cid:15)(cid:10)(cid:28)(cid:10)(cid:9)(cid:3)(cid:13)(cid:10)(cid:15)(cid:5)(cid:8)(cid:18)(cid:15)(cid:3)(cid:8)(cid:20)(cid:16)(cid:2)(cid:7)(cid:8)(cid:13)(cid:3)(cid:8)(cid:9)(cid:10) (cid:11)(cid:29)(cid:23) 5.1 INTRODUCTION 103 5.2 OPERATING SYSTEM (OS) 104 5.3 COMPARISON OF COMMANDS IN POPULAR OPERATING SYSTEMS 106 5.4 UNIX - OPERATING SYSTEM 108 5.5 ARCHITECTURE OF UNIX SYSTEM 109 Contents ix 5.6 GRAPHICAL USER INTERFACES (WINDOWS ENVIRONMENT) 113 5.7 MS WINDOWS 114 5.8 WINDOWS NT 115 5.9 LINUX 120 (cid:30)(cid:12) (cid:17)(cid:3)(cid:7)(cid:13)(cid:3)(cid:9)(cid:2)(cid:16)(cid:6)(cid:15)(cid:13)(cid:7)(cid:18)(cid:3)(cid:21)(cid:16)(cid:8)(cid:17)(cid:15)(cid:9)(cid:3)(cid:6)(cid:22)(cid:8)(cid:16)(cid:31)(cid:14)(cid:3)(cid:10) (cid:11)(cid:19)(cid:11) sssss ttttt 6.1 INTRODUCTION 121 nnnnn eeeee 6.2 GEOMETRIC MODELING 123 ttttt nnnnn 6.3 SALIENT FEATURES OF SOLID MODELING 128 ooooo 6.4 COMMAND, MENU AND ICON DRIVEN SOFTWARES 136 CCCCC 6.5 FEATURES OF A DRAFTING PACKAGE 138 6.6 DRAWING UTILITIES 139 6.7 ENTITIES 142 6.8 EDIT COMMANDS 143 6.9 BLOCKS AND SYMBOLS 143 6.10 DISPLAY 144 6.11 CROSS HATCHING AND PATTERN FILLING 144 6.12 DIMENSIONING 145 6.13 ENQUIRY COMMANDS 146 6.14 3-D DRAWINGS 147 6.15 PLOTTING A DRAWING 149 6.16 CONFIGURING THE DRAFTING SOFTWARE 149 6.17 CUSTOMISATION 149 6.18 DRAWING INTERCHANGE FILES 150 6.19 DRAWING OFFICE MANAGEMENT 150 6.20 SURFACE MODELING 152 6.21 REPRESENTATION OF CURVES AND SURFACES 154 6.22 DESIGN OF CURVED SHAPES 155 6.23 CUBIC SPLINES 156 6.24 BEZIER CURVES 159 6.25 B-SPLINES 161 6.26 NURBS AND B-SPLINES 162 6.27 REPRESENTATION OF SURFACES 163 6.28 DESIGN OF SURFACES 163 6.29 PARAMETRIC DESIGN OF SURFACES 163 6.30 BICUBIC POLYNOMIAL SURFACE PATCHES 164 6.31 BEZIER BICUBIC SURFACE PATCHES 165 6.32 CUBIC B-SPLINE SURFACES 166 6.33 SURFACE MODELING IN COMMERCIAL DRAFTING AND MODELING SOFTWARE 166 6.34 THE CONCEPTUAL DESIGN PROCESS 174 6.35 SKETCHING THE GEOMETRY 176 6.36 UNDERSTANDING CURVE AND SURFACE DESIGN 177 6.37 OTHER FEATURES USEFUL FOR CONCEPTUAL DESIGN 185 6.38 DATA TRANSFER TO OTHER SOFTWARES 185