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C++ P : ROGRAMMING P D I D S ROGRAM ESIGN NCLUDING ATA TRUCTURES F E IFTH DITION D.S. M ALIK Australia(cid:2)Brazil(cid:2)Japan(cid:2)Korea(cid:2)Mexico(cid:2)Singapore(cid:2)Spain(cid:2)UnitedKingdom(cid:2)UnitedStates This is an electronic version of the print textbook. Due to electronic rights restrictions, some third party content may be suppressed. Editorial review has deemed that any suppressed content does not materially affect the overall learning experience. The publisher reserves the right to remove content from this title at any time if subsequent rights restrictions require it. For valuable information on pricing, previous editions, changes to current editions, and alternate formats, please visit www.cengage.com/highered to search by ISBN#, author, title, or keyword for materials in your areas of interest. 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Locate your local office at: www.cengage.com/global Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. TolearnmoreaboutCourseTechnology,visit www.cengage.com/coursetechnology Purchaseanyofourproductsatyourlocalcollegestoreorat ourpreferredonlinestorewww.CengageBrain.com TO MyParents Printed in the United States of America 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 16 15 14 13 12 11 10 B C RIEF ONTENTS PREFACE xxv 1. An Overview of Computers and Programming Languages 1 2. Basic Elements of C++ 27 3. Input/Output 117 4. Control Structures I (Selection) 175 5. Control Structures II (Repetition) 247 6. User-Defined Functions I 319 7. User-Defined Functions II 361 8. User-Defined Simple Data Types, Namespaces, and the string Type 433 9. Arrays and Strings 485 10. Records (structs) 563 11. Classes and Data Abstraction 601 12. Inheritance and Composition 675 13. Pointers, Classes, Virtual Functions, Abstract Classes, and Lists 745 14. Overloading and Templates 827 15. Exception Handling 919 16. Recursion 959 17. Linked Lists 991 18. Stacks and Queues 1083 iv | C++Programming:ProgramDesignIncludingDataStructures,FifthEdition 19. Searching and Sorting Algorithms 1183 20. Binary Trees 1265 21. Graphs 1321 22. Standard Template Library (STL) 1361 APPENDIX A Reserved Words 1477 APPENDIX B Operator Precedence 1479 APPENDIX C Character Sets 1481 APPENDIX D Operator Overloading 1485 APPENDIX E Additional C++ Topics 1487 APPENDIX F Header Files 1509 APPENDIX G Memory Size on a System and Random Number Generator 1519 APPENDIX H References 1521 APPENDIX I Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises 1523 INDEX 1555 T C ABLE OF ONTENTS Preface xxv AN OVERVIEW OF COMPUTERS AND PROGRAMMING 1 LANGUAGES 1 Introduction 2 A Brief Overview of the History of Computers 2 Elements of a Computer System 3 Hardware 4 CentralProcessingUnitandMainMemory 4 Input/OutputDevices 5 Software 6 The Language of a Computer 6 The Evolution of Programming Languages 8 Processing a C++ Program 10 ProgrammingwiththeProblemAnalysis–Coding–ExecutionCycle 12 Programming Methodologies 20 StructuredProgramming 20 Object-OrientedProgramming 20 ANSI/ISO Standard C++ 22 Quick Review 22 Exercises 23 BASIC ELEMENTS OF C++ 27 2 A C++ Program 28 The Basics of a C++ Program 31 Comments 32 SpecialSymbols 32 vi | C++Programming:ProgramDesignIncludingDataStructures,FifthEdition ReservedWords(Keywords) 33 Identifiers 33 Whitespaces 34 Data Types 35 SimpleDataTypes 35 Floating-PointDataTypes 38 Arithmetic Operators and Operator Precedence 39 OrderofPrecedence 43 Expressions 44 MixedExpressions 45 Type Conversion (Casting) 47 string Type 49 Input 50 AllocatingMemorywithConstantsandVariables 50 PuttingDataintoVariables 53 AssignmentStatement 53 SavingandUsingtheValueofanExpression 56 DeclaringandInitializingVariables 57 Input(Read)Statement 58 VariableInitialization 61 Increment and Decrement Operators 65 Output 67 Preprocessor Directives 75 namespaceandUsingcinandcoutinaProgram 76 UsingthestringDataTypeinaProgram 76 Creating a C++ Program 77 Debugging: Understanding and Fixing Syntax Errors 80 Program Style and Form 84 Syntax 84 UseofBlanks 85 UseofSemicolons,Brackets,andCommas 85 Semantics 85 NamingIdentifiers 85 PromptLines 86 Documentation 87 FormandStyle 87 More on Assignment Statements 89 Programming Example: Convert Length 91 TableofContents | vii Programming Example: Make Change 94 Quick Review 98 Exercises 100 Programming Exercises 109 INPUT/OUTPUT 117 3 I/O Streams and Standard I/O Devices 118 cinandtheExtractionOperator>> 119 Using Predefined Functions in a Program 124 cinandthegetFunction 127 cinandtheignoreFunction 128 TheputbackandpeekFunctions 130 TheDotNotationbetweenI/OStreamVariables andI/OFunctions:APrecaution 132 Input Failure 133 TheclearFunction 135 Output and Formatting Output 137 setprecisionManipulator 137 fixedManipulator 138 showpointManipulator 139 setw 142 Additional Output Formatting Tools 144 setfillManipulator 144 leftandrightManipulators 146 Input/Output and the string Type 148 Debugging: Understanding Logic Errors and Debugging with cout Statements 149 File Input/Output 152 Programming Example: MovieTicketsSaleandDonationtoCharity 156 Programming Example: Student Grade 162 Quick Review 165 Exercises 166 Programming Exercises 170 CONTROL STRUCTURES I (SELECTION) 175 4 Control Structures 176 Relational Operators 177 RelationalOperatorsandSimpleDataTypes 178 viii | C++Programming:ProgramDesignIncludingDataStructures,FifthEdition ComparingCharacters 179 RelationalOperatorsandthestringType 180 Logical (Boolean) Operators and Logical Expressions 182 OrderofPrecedence 184 intDataTypeandLogical(Boolean)Expressions 187 boolDataTypeandLogical(Boolean)Expressions 188 Selection: if and if...else 188 One-WaySelection 189 Two-WaySelection 191 Compound(Blockof)Statements 195 MultipleSelections:Nestedif 195 Comparingif...elseStatementswithaSeriesofifStatements 198 Short-CircuitEvaluation 199 ComparingFloating-PointNumbersforEquality:APrecaution 200 AssociativityofRelationalOperators:APrecaution 201 AvoidingBugsbyAvoidingPartiallyUnderstood ConceptsandTechniques 203 InputFailureandtheifStatement 206 ConfusionbetweentheEqualityOperator(==)and theAssignmentOperator(=) 209 ConditionalOperator(?:) 211 ProgramStyleandForm(Revisited):Indentation 211 Using Pseudocode to Develop, Test, and Debug a Program 212 switch Structures 215 AvoidingBugsbyAvoidingPartiallyUnderstoodConcepts andTechniques(Revisited) 221 Terminating a Program with the assert Function 223 Programming Example: Cable Company Billing 225 Quick Review 231 Exercises 232 Programming Exercises 241 CONTROL STRUCTURES II (REPETITION) 247 5 Why Is Repetition Needed? 248 while Looping (Repetition) Structure 249 Designing while Loops 251 Case1:Counter-ControlledwhileLoops 252 Case2:Sentinel-ControlledwhileLoops 255