Table Of Content

C++ P : ROGRAMMING F P A P D ROM ROBLEM NALYSIS TO ROGRAM ESIGN F E OURTH DITION D.S. M ALIK Australia(cid:2)Brazil(cid:2)Japan(cid:2)Korea(cid:2)Mexico(cid:2)Singapore(cid:2)Spain(cid:2)UnitedKingdom(cid:2)UnitedStates C++Programming:FromProblemAnalysis ª2009CourseTechnology,CengageLearning toProgramDesign,FourthEdition ALLRIGHTSRESERVED.Nopartofthisworkcoveredbythe byD.S.Malik copyrighthereinmaybereproduced,transmitted,storedorused inanyformorbyanymeansgraphic,electronic,ormechanical, SeniorProductManager:AlyssaPratt includingbutnotlimitedtophotocopying,recording,scanning, AcquisitionsEditor:AmyJollymore digitizing,taping,Webdistribution,informationnetworks,or ContentProductManager:JillBraiewa informationstorageandretrievalsystems,exceptaspermitted MarketingManager:BryantChrzan underSection107or108ofthe1976UnitedStatesCopyrightAct, withoutthepriorwrittenpermissionofthepublisher. EditorialAssistant:PatrickFrank PrintBuyer:JulioEsperas Forproductinformationandtechnologyassistance,contactusat CoverDesigner:LisaKuhn,CurioPress,LLC CengageLearningCustomer&SalesSupport,1-800-354-9706 Compositor:Integra Forpermissiontousematerialfromthistextorproduct,submit allrequestsonlineatcengage.com/permissions ArtDirector:MarissaFalco Furtherpermissionsquestionscanbeemailedto Validation:GreenPenQualityAssurance [email protected] Proofreader:GreenPenQualityAssurance Indexer:LizCunningham ISBN-13:978-1-4239-0209-6 ISBN-10:1-4239-0209-2 CourseTechnology 25ThomsonPlace Boston,MA 02210 USA Visual(cid:2)C++.NETand PowerPoint(cid:2)areregisteredtrademarks oftheMicrosoftCorporation;Pentium(cid:2)isaregistered trademarkofIntelCorporation;IBMisaregisteredtrademark ofIndustrialBusinessMachines. Disclaimer CourseTechnologyreservestherighttorevisethispublication andmakechangesfromtimetotimeinitscontentwithout notice. Theprogramsinthisbookareforinstructionalpurposesonly. Theyhavebeentestedwithcare,butarenotguaranteedforany particularintentbeyondeducationalpurposes.Theauthorsand thepublisherdonotofferanywarrantiesorrepresentations,nor dotheyacceptanyliabilitieswithrespecttotheprograms. Cengage Learning is a leading provider of customized learning solutions with office locations around the globe, including Singapore, the United Kingdom, Australia, Mexico, Brazil, and Japan. Locate your local office at: international.cengage.com/region Cengage Learning products are represented in Canada by Nelson Education, Ltd. For your lifelong learning solutions, visit course.cengage.com Visit our corporate website at cengage.com Printed in Canada 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 14 13 12 11 10 09 08 TO My Daughter Shelly Malik B C RIEF ONTENTS PREFACE xxvii 1. An Overview of Computers and Programming Languages 1 2. Basic Elements of C++ 29 3. Input/Output 115 4. Control Structures I (Selection) 167 5. Control Structures II (Repetition) 231 6. User-Defined Functions I 307 7. User-Defined Functions II 345 8. User-Defined Simple Data Types, Namespaces, and the string Type 415 9. Arrays and Strings 469 10. Applications of Arrays (Searching and Sorting) and the vector Type 545 11. Records (structs) 603 12. Classes and Data Abstraction 641 13. Inheritance and Composition 717 14. Pointers, Classes, Virtual Functions, and Abstract Classes 785 15. Overloading and Templates 853 16. Exception Handling 943 17. Recursion 981 18. Linked Lists 1017 19. Stacks and Queues 1111 vi | C++Programming:FromProblemAnalysistoProgramDesign,FourthEdition APPENDIX A Reserved Words 1219 APPENDIX B Operator Precedence 1221 APPENDIX C Character Sets 1223 APPENDIX D Operator Overloading 1227 APPENDIX E Additional C++ Topics 1229 APPENDIX F Header Files 1251 APPENDIX G Memory Size on a System and Random Number Generator 1261 APPENDIX H Standard Template Library (STL) 1263 APPENDIX I Answers to Odd-Numbered Exercises 1305 INDEX 1327 T C ABLE OF ONTENTS Preface xxvii AN OVERVIEW OF COMPUTERS 1 AND PROGRAMMING LANGUAGES 1 Introduction 2 A Brief Overview of the History of Computers 2 Elements of a Computer System 3 Hardware 4 Central Processing Unit 4 Main Memory 5 Secondary Storage 6 Input/Output Devices 6 Software 6 The Language of a Computer 6 The Evolution of Programming Languages 8 A C++ Program 10 Processing a C++ Program 12 Programming with the Problem Analysis–Coding–Execution Cycle 14 Programming Methodologies 22 Structured Programming 22 Object-Oriented Programming 22 ANSI/ISO Standard C++ 24 Quick Review 24 Exercises 26 viii | C++Programming:FromProblemAnalysistoProgramDesign,FourthEdition BASIC ELEMENTS OF C++ 29 2 The Basics of a C++ Program 30 Comments 32 Special Symbols 32 Reserved Words (Keywords) 33 Identifiers 33 Whitespaces 34 Data Types 34 Simple Data Types 35 Floating-Point Data Types 38 Arithmetic Operators and Operator Precedence 40 Order of Precedence 44 Expressions 45 Mixed Expressions 46 Type Conversion (Casting) 48 string Type 50 Input 51 Allocating Memory with Constants and Variables 52 Putting Data into Variables 54 Assignment Statement 54 Saving and Using the Value of an Expression 58 Declaring and Initializing Variables 59 Input (Read) Statement 60 Variable Initialization 63 Increment and Decrement Operators 67 Output 69 Preprocessor Directives 77 namespace and Using cin and cout in a Program 78 Using the string Data Type in a Program 78 Creating a C++ Program 79 Program Style and Form 83 Syntax 83 Use of Blanks 84 TableofContents | ix Use of Semicolons, Brackets, and Commas 84 Semantics 84 Naming Identifiers 84 Prompt Lines 85 Documentation 86 Form and Style 86 More on Assignment Statements 88 Programming Example: Convert Length 99 Programming Example: Make Change 93 Quick Review 97 Exercises 99 Programming Exercises 107 INPUT/OUTPUT 115 3 I/O Streams and Standard I/O Devices 116 cin and the Extraction Operator >> 117 Using Predefined Functions in a Program 123 cin and the get Function 125 cin and the ignore Function 126 The putback and peek Functions 128 The Dot Notation Between I/O Stream Variables and I/O Functions: A Precaution 130 Input Failure 131 The clear Function 133 Output and Formatting Output 135 setprecision Manipulator 135 fixed Manipulator 136 showpoint Manipulator 136 setw 138 Additional Output Formatting Tools 141 setfill Manipulator 141 left and right Manipulators 143 Input/Output and the string Type 145 x | C++Programming:FromProblemAnalysistoProgramDesign,FourthEdition File Input/Output 146 Programming Example: Movie Ticket Sale and Donation to Charity 150 Programming Example: Student Grade 155 Quick Review 158 Exercises 160 Programming Exercises 163 CONTROL STRUCTURES I (SELECTION) 167 4 Control Structures 168 Relational Operators 169 Relational Operators and Simple Data Types 171 Comparing Floating-point Numbers for equality 171 Comparing Characters 172 Relational Operators and the string Type 173 Logical (Boolean) Operators and Logical Expressions 175 Order of Precedence 177 Short-Circuit Evaluation 181 int Data Type and Logical (Boolean) Expressions 182 bool Data Type and Logical (Boolean) Expressions 183 Selection: if and if...else 184 One-Way Selection 185 Two-Way Selection 187 Compound (Block of) Statements 191 Multiple Selections: Nested if 192 Comparing if...else Statements with a Series of if Statements 196 UsingPseudocodetoDevelop,Test,andDebugaProgram 196 Input Failure and the if Statement 199 Confusion Between the Equality Operator (==) and the Assignment Operator (=) 202 Conditional Operator (?:) 203 switch Structures 204