Byzantium and the Emergence of Muslim-Turkish Anatolia, ca. 1040–1130

230 Pages·2017·34.07 MB·English

by  Alexander Daniel Beihammer

Byza.nriwm and the Emer'gence
of Musfirn-Tunkfsh Anatolia,
ca. 1040-1130
The arrivalofthe Seljuk Turksin Anatoliaforms an indispensablepartofmod
ern Turkish discourse on national identity, but Western scholars, by contrast,
have rarelyincludedthe AnatolianTurksintheirdiscussionsaboutthe formation
ofEuropean nations or the transformation ofthe Near East. The Turkish pen
etration ofByzantine Asia Minorisprimarily conceived ofas a conflict among
empires, sedentary and nomadic groups, and religious and ethnic entities. This
bookproposesa new narrative, whichbeginswiththewaninginfluence ofCon
stantinople and Cairo over large parts ofAnatolia and the Byzantine-Muslim
borderlands, as well as the failure of the nascent Seljuk sultanate to supplant
them as a leadingsupra-regionalforce. Inboth ByzantineAnatolia and regions
ofthe Muslim heartlands, local elites and regional powers came to the fore as
holdersofpoliticalauthorityandrivals inincessantpowerstruggles.Turkishwar
rior groups quickly assumed a leading role in this process, not because of their
raids and conquests, but because of their intrusion into pre-existing social net
works. They exploited administrative tools and local resources and thus gained
the acceptance of local rulers and their subjects. Nuclei of lordships came into
being, which could evolve into larger territorial units. There was no Byzantine
decline or Turkish triumph, but rather, the drivingforce ofchangewas the suc
cessfulinteractionbetweenthese two spheres.
Alexander Daniel Beihanuner received his PhD from the University of
Vienna and isa memberofthe Institutfur Osterreichische Geschichtsforschung.
From 2001 to 2015, he taught at the University ofCyprus and is currently
Associate Professor of Byzantine History at the University of Notre Dame. He
has published widely on Byzantine official documents, diplomacy, and cross
cultural communication between Byzantium and the Muslim world, as well as
on Byzantine-Latin contacts and mutual perception in the crusader states and
the EasternMediterranean.
Byzantfurn and the
Birm.ingham.Byzantine and Ottom.an Studies
Erner'gence ofMusfirn
GeneralEditors
Leslie Brubaker
Turkish Anatolia,
A.A.M. Bryer
Rhoads Murphey ca. 1040-1130
John Haldon
Alexander Daniel Beihaltlltler
Birmingham Byzantine and Ottoman Studies is devoted to the history, culture
and archaeology of the Byzantine and Ottoman worlds of the East Mediterra
nean region from the fifth to the twentieth century. It provides a forum for the
publication ofresearch completed by scholars from the Centre for Byzantine,
OttomanandModernGreekStudiesatthe UniversityofBirmingham,andthose
withsimilar'researchinterests.
Forafull listoftitlesinthisseries,pleasevisithttps://www.routledge.com/series/BBOS
TheEmper-orTheophilos andtheEast, 829-842
Courtandfrontierin Byzantium duringthelastphaseoficonoclasm
Juan Signes Codofier
RebuildingAnatoliaafterthe MongolConquest
Islamicarchitecturein the landsofrum, 1240-1330
PatriciaBlessing
IInperialLineagesandLegaciesintheEasternMediterranean
Recordingthe imprintofRoman, Byzantine and Ottomanrule
EditedbyRhoadsMurphey
Byzantfumandthe EInergenceofMusliIn-TurkishAnatolia,
ea, 1040-1130
AlexanderDanielBeihammer
I~ ~~o~1~:n~R~up
Centrefor Byzantine, OttomanandModernGreekStudies
UniversityofBirmingham LONDONAND NEWYORK
Bbdleian Libraries
Contents
Listofmaps vu
Firstpublished2017
byRoutledge Acknowledgments IX
2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RN
andbyRoutledge
711ThirdAvenue, NewYork,NY 10017 Introduction: Conquests, modern nations, and lost fatherlands
RoutledgeisanimprintqftheTaylor& FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness
Sources, images, perceptions 26
©2017AlexanderDanielBeihammer
TherightofAlexanderDanielBeihammertobeidentifiedasauthorof
thisworkhasbeenassertedbyhiminaccordancewith sections77and PARTI
78ofthe Copyright,DesignsandPatentsAct 1988.
Firstencountersin Byzanrium/s eastern
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmay bereprintedorreproduced
orutilisedinanyform orbyanyelectronic,mechanical,orother JDarches, ca. 1040-71 49
means,nowknownorhereafterinvented,includingphotocopyingand
recording,orinany informationstorageorretrievalsystem, without
The eastern provinces, Turkish migrations, and the Seljuk
permissioninwritingfrom the publishers.
imperialproject 51
Trademarknotice:Productorcorporatenamesmaybetrademarks
orregisteredtrademarks,andare used onlyforidentificationand
explanationwithoutintenttoinfringe. 2 Byzantine-Seljukdiplomacyand the first Turkishfootholds 92
BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData
3 EmperorRomanos IV and SultanAlp Arslan, 1068-71 133
Acataloguerecordforthis bookisavailablefrom the BritishLibrary
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Acatalogrecordforthis bookhasbeenrequested
PART11
ISBN:978-1-138-22959-4(hbk) DecayofImper-ia!authorityand
ISBN: 978-1-315-27103-3(ebk)
regionalizationofpower, 1071-96 169
TypesetinBaskerville
bycodeMantra
BirminghamByzantineandOttomanStudiesVolume20 4 Sulayrnanb. Qutlumush and thefirst Turkish
lordships in Syria 171
5 Revolts and Byzantine-Turkish coalitions in
AsiaMinor, 1071-86 198
r« 6 Seljukrule between centralization and
..J..uJ MIX disintegration, 1086-98 244
Paperfrom
responsiblesources
!.~S
FseeC013604 PrintedandboundbyCPI Group (UK) Ltd,Croydon,CRO4YY 7 Turkish and Byzantine-Armenianlordships in Asia Minor 265
VI Contents
PARTIII
List ofDlaps
The crusades and the crystallization
ofMuslim.Anatolia, 1096-ca. 1130 305
8 Seljuk reactions to the First Crusade 307
9 New contactand conflictzones 358
Conclusions 387
Bibliography 395
Index 413
Muslimemiratesin the easternborderlandin the earlyeleventh
century
Xl
2 TurkmenattacksandtheSeljuk campaignsin the reign of
TughrilBeg andAlp Arslan Xll
3 Turkish raids on Byzantineterritory during the 1050sand 1060s xm
4 FrankishmercenarycommandersandTurkishwarlords XIV
5 Turkishlordshipsin Asia Minorin the 1080s and 1090s XV
6 Byzantiumandthe Muslim-Turkishemiratesin Asia Minorin
the time ofthe FirstCrusade XVI
7 ThesoutherncoastlandofAsia Minorin the time afterthe First
Crusade
XVll
8 Seljuk campaigns andByzantinedefensive measuresin western
Asia Minorin the years 1109~16 xvin
9 Asia Minorin about 1120 XIX
Acknowledglllents
Tarihyazmak, tarihyapmakkadarmiihimdir,
Yazan, yapanasadikkalmazsa
degismeyenhakikatinsanhgisasirtacakbirmahiyetalir
MustafaKerrralAtatiirk
o
tEAeu'tUlO~XpOVO~ElV' U1nO~. 0 tEAE1J1:UlO~tCOVFputxrov
UUtoKpUtOpCOV ElV' U1J1:0~. KtUAl!!OVOV
rteAt~EpU1tOUO!!tAOUV1tAT]crlOVrou,
EvtUU1toyVcOcrEtrou, EVtUo8UvU
oKnp 0EoqltAO~IIuAuwMyo~
AEyEt«0EACOeUVElV!!UAAOViti;;T]v».
A Kup0EoqltAEIIuAuwMyo,
IlocovKUT]!!Oron YEVOU~ !!U~, Kat1tocrT]E~UVtAT]crt
OttPUytKE~oou 1tEVtEAE~Et~ 1tEptElXUV.
ConstantineKavafis
My interest in Byzantine-Turkish contacts and the political transformation of
Anatoliafrom Byzantineterritoriesinto Muslim-Turkishprincipalitiesgoesback
to 2007 when I began working on a series ofarticles on the perception ofthe
Seljuk Turks in Byzantine historiography. My student years at the Institut fur
Osterreichische Geschichtsforschung (1992-1997) made me aware of the fact
that the AnatolianTurks share manycommonalitieswithall those entitieslying
atthecore ofthe genesis ofmodernEuropeannations,althoughthese Turkshave
hardlyever beenincludedin the relevantscholarlydiscussions. Thecurrentsitu
ation in Cyprus, where I had the privilege to teach over the past 15years, bears
a certainresemblance to whathappenedin medievalAnatoliaon a muchlarger
scale. Politicalandideologicaldiscourses,however, tendtoobfuscatethe realities
ofongoingtransformativeprocesses.
During my research, I had access to the resources of a number ofexcellent
libraries. This book profited especially from the Turkish collection of the
UniversityofCyprus,the libraryofthe InstitutfiirByzantinistikundNeograzistik
at the University of Vienna, the Austrian National Library, and Hesburgh
Library at the University of Notre Dame. Savvas Neocleous (Cyprus), Miriam
x Acknowledgments
Salzmann (Mainz), and Christopher Schabel (Cyprus)read drafts of the intro
duction and chapters 1-5 and contributed numerous linguistic improvements.
CharlesYost (NotreDame)undertook a thorough linguisticrevision ofchapters
6-9. An anonymousreader kindlyprovided mewith additionallinguistic com
ments on chapters 1-6. Another anonymous reader called my attention to the
valueofarchaeological evidence.MyrtoVeikou (Uppsala)wasextremelyhelpful in
discussingissuesofmodernarchaeologywithmeandprovided mewith numerous
bibliographical references. Theodore Galanopoulos prepared the maps and
Evgenia Chatziloizoucreated the indexfor thisvolume.I am deeply indebted to
allofthem, but,naturally,allerrors offact and interpretation are myown.
I also thank Gabriel Pappas, who offered manifold support in Cyprus and
on trips in Turkey. My special gratitude goes toJohn Haldon (Princeton) and
Rhoads Murphey (Birmingham) for accepting this book in the Birmingham
Byzantine and Ottoman Studies series, as well as to Michael Greenwood at
Taylor & Francis,Routledge,for his generoussupport during the production of
this book. The final stage of my work on this project coincided with my move
from Cyprusto theUniversity ofNotreDame. I am extremelygrateful toJohn
van Engen, Daniel Hobbins, Hildegund Muller, and ThomasNoble, aswell as
CharlesandLaurenYostfortheir muchappreciatedencouragement andsupport " ,,
duringmyfirstyearin theAmericanMidwest.
To mydeepestregret,myfriendJeanSchotz did not liveto seethecompletion , I
:~
ofthisbook.Those who know hiswork may assess how much I owe to him as ~I 1t
a constant source ofinspiration. Thisbook is dedicated with love to Ibrahim, ,--.',I
Siileyman,Roxelane,Danai,Wilhelm,and,aboveall,ChristianaandAristotelis.
.=
NotreDameandNicosia,
May 2016
.
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Map 7 Thesouthern coastlandofAsiaMinorin thetimeaftertheFirstCrusade
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