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BY THE PEOPLE DEBATING AMERICAN GOVERNMENT BY THE PEOPLE DEBATING AMERICAN GOVERNMENT | FOURTH EDITION JAMES A. MORONE Brown University ROGAN KERSH Wake Forest University Oxford University Press is a department of the University of Oxford. It furthers the University’s objective of excellence in research, scholarship, and education by publishing worldwide. Oxford is a registered trade mark of Oxford University Press in the UK and certain other countries. Published in the United States of America by Oxford University Press 198 Madison Avenue, New York, NY 10016, United States of America. © 2019, 2018, 2016, 2014 by Oxford University Press For titles covered by Section 112 of the US Higher Education Opportunity Act, please visit www.oup.com/us/he for the latest information about pricing and alternate formats. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without the prior permission in writing of Oxford University Press, or as expressly permitted by law, by license, or under terms agreed with the appropriate reproduction rights organization. Inquiries concerning reproduction outside the scope of the above should be sent to the Rights Department, Oxford University Press, at the address above. You must not circulate this work in any other form and you must impose this same condition on any acquirer. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Names: Morone, James A., 1951- author. | Kersh, Rogan, author. Title: By the people: debating American government / James A. Morone, Brown University, Rogan Kersh, Wake Forest University. Description: Fourth Edition. | New York: Oxford University Press, [2018] | Includes bibliographical references and index. Identifiers: LCCN 2018049760 (print) | LCCN 2018050653 (ebook) | ISBN 9780190928629 (ebook) | ISBN 9780190928711 (Paperback) | ISBN 9780190928636 (Looseleaf) Subjects: LCSH: United States—Politics and government—Textbooks. | United States. Constitution. Classification: LCC JK276 (ebook) | LCC JK276 .M67 2019 (print) | DDC 320.473—dc23 LC record available at https://lccn.loc.gov/2018049760 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Printed by LSC Communications, United States of America Many teachers and colleagues inspired us. We dedicate this book to four who changed our lives. Their passion for learning and teaching set the standard we aim for every day—and on every page that follows. Richard O’Donnell Murray Dry Jim Barefield Rogers Smith By the People comes from the Gettysburg Address. Standing on the battlefield at Gettysburg, President Abraham Lincoln delivered what may be the most memorable presidential address in American history— defining American government as a government “of the people, by the people, for the people.” Here is the full address. F our score and seven years ago our fathers brought forth on this continent, a new nation, conceived in liberty, and dedicated to the proposition that all men are created equal. Now we are engaged in a great civil war, testing whether that nation, or any nation so conceived and so dedicated, can long endure. We are met on a great battle-field of that war. We have come to dedicate a portion of that field, as a final resting place for those who here gave their lives that that nation might live. It is altogether fitting and proper that we should do this. But, in a larger sense, we can not dedicate—we can not consecrate—we can not hallow—this ground. The brave men, living and dead, who struggled here, have consecrated it, far above our poor power to add or detract. The world will little note, nor long remember what we say here, but it can never forget what they did here. It is for us the living, rather, to be dedicated here to the unfinished work which they who fought here have thus far so nobly advanced. It is rather for us to be here dedicated to the great task remaining before us—that from these honored dead we take increased devotion to that cause for which they gave the last full measure of devotion—that we here highly resolve that these dead shall not have died in vain—that this nation, under God, shall have a new birth of freedom—and that government of the people, by the people, for the people, shall not perish from the earth. Brief Contents About the Authors Preface Acknowledgments PART I IDEAS AND RIGHTS 1 The Spirit of American Politics 2 The Ideas That Shape America 3 The Constitution 4 Federalism and Nationalism 5 Civil Liberties 6 The Struggle for Civil Rights PART II POLITICAL BEHAVIOR 7 Public Opinion 8 Political Participation 9 Media, Technology, and Government Campaigns and Elections 10 Political Parties 11 Interest Groups 12 PART III POLITICAL INSTITUTIONS Congress 13 The Presidency 14 Bureaucracy 15 The Judicial Branch 16 PART IV POLICYMAKING Public Policymaking and Budgeting 17 Foreign Policy 18 APPENDIX I The Declaration of Independence APPENDIX II The Constitution of the United States of America APPENDIX III The Federalist Papers nos. 1, 10, and 51 Glossary Notes Credits Index Presidential Elections, Congressional Control, 1789–2019 Contents Cover Half Title Title Page Copyright Dedication Dedication Brief Contents About the Authors Preface Acknowledgments PART I IDEAS AND RIGHTS 1 The Spirit of American Politics Who Governs? WHAT DO YOU THINK? WHO GOVERNS? How Does American Politics Work? Ideas Institutions Interests Individuals History What Does Government Do? Context: Government in Society No Big Government! What Government Does A Chronic Problem COMPARING NATIONS 1.1 U.S. Taxpayers Less Burdened Than Other Advanced Countries The Hidden Government The Best of Government Who Are We? COMPARING NATIONS 1.2 Aging Populations INFO DATA Demographics in America: How Are Race and Ethnicity Changing Over Time? WHAT DO YOU THINK? GETTING ENGAGED IN POLITICS—OR NOT Conclusion: Your Turn Chapter Summary Key Terms Study Questions 2 The Ideas That Shape America A Nation of Ideas BY THE NUMBERS American Ideas Liberty “The Land of the Free” The Two Sides of Liberty WHAT DO YOU THINK? NEGATIVE VERSUS POSITIVE LIBERTY The Idea of Freedom Is Always Changing Self-Rule One Side of Self-Rule: Democracy Another Side of Self-Rule: A Republic A Mixed System Limited Government The Origins of Limited Government And Yet . . . Americans Keep Demanding More Government COMPARING NATIONS 2.1 Satisfaction With How Democracies Are Working Limits on Government Action When Ideas Clash: Democracy and Limited Government WHAT DO YOU THINK? DEMOCRACY VERSUS LIMITED GOVERNMENT Individualism Community Versus Individualism COMPARING NATIONS 2.2 Should Government Take Care of the Poor? The Roots of American Individualism: Opportunity and Discord Golden Opportunity Social Conflict Who We Are: Individualism and Solidarity? WHAT DO YOU THINK? INDIVIDUALISM VERSUS SOLIDARITY The American Dream Spreading the Dream Challenging the Dream Is the System Tilted Toward the Wealthy? Does the American Dream Promote the Wrong Values? COMPARING NATIONS 2.3 Social Mobility Around the World Equality