BY ORDER OF THE COMMANDER AIR EDUCATION AND TRAINING COMMAND AIR ...

278 Pages·2017·4.51 MB·English

BY ORDER OF THE COMMANDER AIR EDUCATION AND TRAINING
AIR EDUCATION AND TRAINING COMMAND MANUAL 11-248
COMMAND
17 AUGUST 2016
CERTIFIED CURRENT 04 FEBRUARY 2020
Flying Operations
T-6 PRIMARY FLYING

COMPLIANCE WITH THIS PUBLICATION IS MANDATORY

ACCESSIBILITY: Publications and forms are available on the e-Publishing website at
www.e-publishing.af.mil for downloading or ordering.
RELEASABILITY: There are no releasability restrictions on this publication.

OPR: HQ AETC/A3VU Certified by: HQ USAF/A3V
(Lt Col Jim E. Martin)
Pages: 278

This instruction implements AFPD 11-2, Aircraft Rules and Procedures, and supports AFI 11-
202, Volume 3, General Flight Rules. Along with local procedures, this instruction prescribes
standard procedures to be used by all aircrew operating Air Force T-6 aircraft. The
MAJCOM/A3 is waiver authority for this instruction unless specified elsewhere. File a copy of
all approved waivers with this instruction. This AFI applies to all Regular Air Force and Air
Force Reserve Command pilots and all Air National Guard associate instructor pilots flying the
T-6A. Attachment 1 contains a glossary of references and supporting information used in this
publication.
Forward unit supplements to HQ AETC/A3V for coordination prior to publication. Submit
suggested improvements to this publication via AF Form 847, Recommendation for Change of
Publication, through command Stan/Eval channels to AETC/A3VO.
This publication requires the collection and or maintenance of information protected by Title 5
United States Code (USC) Section 552a, The Privacy Act of 1974. The authorities to collect or
maintain the records prescribed in the publication are 37 USC § 301a, Incentive Pay; Public Law
(PL) 92-204, Appropriation Act for 1973; PL 93-570 § 715, Appropriation Act for 1974; PL 93-
294, Aviation Career Incentive Act of 1974; Executive Order 9397, Numbering System for
Federal Accounts Relating to Individual Persons, as amended; Department of Defense (DoD)
Directive 7730.57, Aviation Career Incentive Act and Required Annual Report; and AFI 11-401,
Aviation Management. The applicable SORN, F011 AF XO A, Aviation Resource Management
2 AETCMAN11-248 17 AUGUST 2016
System (ARMS), is available at:
http://dpcld.defense.gov/Privacy/SORNsIndex/tabid/5915/Category/11159/department-of-
the-air-force.aspx
Ensure that all records created as a result of processes prescribed in this publication are
maintained in accordance with Air Force Manual (AFMAN) 33-363, Management of Records,
and disposed of in accordance with the Air Force Records Disposition Schedule (RDS) located in
the Air Force Records Information Management System (AFRIMS).
The authorities to waive wing/unit level requirements in this publication are identified with a
Tier (“T-0, T-1, T-2, T-3”) number following the compliance statement. See AFI 33-360,
Publications and Forms Management, for a description of the authorities associated with the Tier
numbers. Submit requests for waivers through the chain of command to the appropriate Tier
waiver approval authority, or alternately, to the publication OPR for non-tiered compliance
items.
The use of the name or mark of any specific manufacturer, commercial product, commodity, or
service in this publication does not imply endorsement by the Air Force.

Chapter 1— GENERAL INFORMATION 14
1.1. General. ................................................................................................................... 14
1.2. Using This Manual. ................................................................................................. 14
1.3. Introduction. ............................................................................................................ 14
1.4. Safety. ..................................................................................................................... 14
1.5. Flight Discipline. .................................................................................................... 15
1.6. Checklist Discipline. ............................................................................................... 15
1.7. Single-engine Mentality. ......................................................................................... 16
1.8. Cockpit/Crew Resource Management (CRM). ....................................................... 16
1.9. Risk Management. .................................................................................................. 17
1.10. Mission Preparation. ............................................................................................... 17
1.11. Fuel Considerations. ............................................................................................... 19
1.12. Mission Briefing. .................................................................................................... 19
1.13. Debrief. ................................................................................................................... 19
1.14. Tandem Seat Challenges. ........................................................................................ 20
1.15. Transfer of Aircraft and Systems Control. .............................................................. 20
AETCMAN11-248 17 AUGUST 2016 3
1.16. Clearing. .................................................................................................................. 21
Figure 1.1. Clock Positions. ...................................................................................................... 23
Figure 1.2. FCP Canopy Code, Elevation. ................................................................................ 24
Figure 1.3. FCP Canopy Code, Azimuth................................................................................... 25
1.17. Radio Procedures. ................................................................................................... 26
1.18. GPS Usage. ............................................................................................................. 27
1.19. Emergency Procedures............................................................................................ 27
1.20. Tabletop and Standup EPs. ..................................................................................... 29
Figure 1.4. A-A-B-C-D-E-F Method of Accomplishing Practice EPs. ..................................... 31
Chapter 2— BASIC T-6 FLIGHT PRINCIPLES 32
2.1. Introduction. ............................................................................................................ 32
2.2. Control Effects. ....................................................................................................... 32
Figure 2.1. Control Axes. .......................................................................................................... 32
2.3. Use of Controls. ...................................................................................................... 32
Table 2.1. General T-6 Airspeeds and Power Settings. ........................................................... 33
2.4. Trim. ....................................................................................................................... 34
Figure 2.2. Trim Tab Locations. ............................................................................................... 34
2.5. Coordination. .......................................................................................................... 35
2.6. Power and Torque Effects. ...................................................................................... 35
Figure 2.3. Slipstream Effect. .................................................................................................... 36
Figure 2.4. P-Factor. .................................................................................................................. 37
Figure 2.5. Torque. .................................................................................................................... 37
Figure 2.6. Gyroscopic Effects. ................................................................................................. 38
2.7. Composite Flight. .................................................................................................... 38
2.8. Basic Instrument Flight. .......................................................................................... 39
2.9. Straight-and-level Flight (Figure 2.7.). ................................................................... 39
Figure 2.7. Straight-and-level Flight. ........................................................................................ 40
2.10. Turns. ...................................................................................................................... 41
2.11. Adverse Yaw. .......................................................................................................... 42
4 AETCMAN11-248 17 AUGUST 2016
2.12. Coordinated and Uncoordinated Flight. .................................................................. 42
Figure 2.8. Coordinated and Uncoordinated Flight. .................................................................. 43
Chapter 3— GROUND OPERATIONS 44
3.1. Introduction. ............................................................................................................ 44
3.2. Preflight Check. ...................................................................................................... 44
3.3. Seating Position in the Aircraft. .............................................................................. 45
3.4. Cockpit Organization. ............................................................................................. 45
3.5. Interior Inspection. .................................................................................................. 45
3.6. Engine Start............................................................................................................. 45
3.7. OBOGS Check. ....................................................................................................... 45
3.8. Radio Procedures. ................................................................................................... 46
3.9. Taxi. ........................................................................................................................ 46
3.10. Overspeed Governor Check. ................................................................................... 47
3.11. Before Takeoff and Lineup Checks. ....................................................................... 47
3.12. After Landing. ......................................................................................................... 47
3.13. Full Stop and (or) Taxi Back. ................................................................................. 47
3.14. Engine Shutdown and Before Leaving Aircraft. ..................................................... 47
3.15. Postflight Inspection. .............................................................................................. 48
3.16. Abnormal Procedures. ............................................................................................ 48
Chapter 4— TAKEOFF, CLIMB, AND LEVEL OFF 49
4.1. Introduction. ............................................................................................................ 49
4.2. Lineup Check. ......................................................................................................... 49
4.3. Takeoff. ................................................................................................................... 49
Figure 4.1. FCP Takeoff Pitch Attitude. ................................................................................... 51
4.4. Crosswind Takeoff. ................................................................................................. 51
Figure 4.2. Skipping on Takeoff. .............................................................................................. 52
4.5. After Becoming Airborne. ...................................................................................... 52
4.6. After Becoming Airborne (Crosswind). ................................................................. 52
Figure 4.3. Crabbing Into Crosswind After Takeoff. ................................................................ 53
AETCMAN11-248 17 AUGUST 2016 5
4.7. Abnormal Procedures. ............................................................................................ 53
4.8. Turns After Takeoff. ............................................................................................... 53
4.9. Climbs. .................................................................................................................... 53
Chapter 5— TRAFFIC PATTERNS AND LANDINGS 55
5.1. Introduction. ............................................................................................................ 55
5.2. Letdown and Traffic Entry...................................................................................... 55
5.3. Aircraft Configuration. ........................................................................................... 55
5.4. Overhead Pattern and Landing................................................................................ 57
Figure 5.1. Normal Traffic Pattern. ........................................................................................... 57
Table 5.1. Overhead Pattern Parameters. ................................................................................. 57
5.5. Initial. ...................................................................................................................... 59
5.6. Break. ...................................................................................................................... 59
5.7. Inside or Closed Downwind.................................................................................... 60
5.8. Perch and Final Turn. .............................................................................................. 61
Figure 5.2. Perch Point Reference. ............................................................................................ 61
5.9. Final. ....................................................................................................................... 63
5.10. Straight-in Approach. .............................................................................................. 63
5.11. Normal landing. ...................................................................................................... 64
5.12. Touch-and-go landing. ............................................................................................ 67
5.13. Closed Traffic (Closed Pull-up) (Figure 5.3.). ........................................................ 67
Figure 5.3. Closed Pull-up. ........................................................................................................ 68
5.14. Abnormal Pattern Procedures. ................................................................................ 69
5.15. Go-around. .............................................................................................................. 69
5.16. Final Irregularities. .................................................................................................. 70
5.17. Landing Irregularities. ............................................................................................ 71
5.18. Emergency Landing Patterns (ELP). ...................................................................... 74
Figure 5.4. Forced Landing ORM 3-2-1. .................................................................................. 76
Figure 5.5. GPS Use During HAPL/ELPs. ............................................................................... 81
Figure 5.6. Emergency Landing Pattern (Typical). ................................................................... 83
6 AETCMAN11-248 17 AUGUST 2016
Table 5.2. Checkpoints for ELP. .............................................................................................. 83
Chapter 6— CONTACT 90
6.1. Introduction. ............................................................................................................ 90
6.2. Checks. .................................................................................................................... 90
6.3. Maneuvering at Increased G Loading. .................................................................... 90
6.4. Area Orientation (Figure 6.1.). ............................................................................... 92
Figure 6.1. Area Orientation. .................................................................................................... 93
6.5. Energy Management. .............................................................................................. 94
6.6. Power-on Stalls. ...................................................................................................... 95
6.7. ELP Stalls. .............................................................................................................. 96
6.8. Traffic Pattern Stalls. .............................................................................................. 97
6.9. Secondary Stall. ...................................................................................................... 99
6.10. Slow Flight. ............................................................................................................. 99
6.11. Stability Demonstration. ......................................................................................... 101
6.12. Inadvertent Departure from Controlled Flight. ....................................................... 102
6.13. Intentional Spin Entry (Emphasizing Departure Recognition and Recovery). ....... 102
6.14. Intentional Spin Entry (Emphasizing Near Steady State Spin Recognition and
Recovery). ................................................................................................................ 103
6.15. Contact Recoveries from Abnormal Flight. ............................................................ 104
Figure 6.2. Nose-high Recovery. .............................................................................................. 105
Figure 6.3. Nose-low Recovery. ................................................................................................ 106
6.16. Aerobatics. .............................................................................................................. 106
Table 6.1. Summary of Entry Airspeeds and Power Settings for Aerobatics. ......................... 107
6.17. Aileron .................................................................................................................... 107
Figure 6.4. Aileron Roll. ........................................................................................................... 108
6.18. Lazy Eight (Figure 6.5.). ......................................................................................... 108
Figure 6.5. Lazy Eight. .............................................................................................................. 109
6.19. Barrel Roll (Figure 6.6). ......................................................................................... 110
Figure 6.6. Barrel Roll............................................................................................................... 111
AETCMAN11-248 17 AUGUST 2016 7
6.20. Loop (Figure 6.7.). .................................................................................................. 112
Figure 6.7. Loop. ....................................................................................................................... 113
6.21. Immelmann (Figure 6.8.). ....................................................................................... 114
Figure 6.8. Immelmann. ............................................................................................................ 114
6.22. Split-S (Figure 6.9.). ............................................................................................... 115
Figure 6.9. Split-S. .................................................................................................................... 115
6.23. Cuban Eight (Figure 6.10.). .................................................................................... 116
Figure 6.10. Cuban Eight. ........................................................................................................... 117
6.24. Cloverleaf (Figure 6.11.)......................................................................................... 117
Figure 6.11. Cloverleaf................................................................................................................ 118
6.25. Chandelle (Figure 6.12.). ........................................................................................ 119
Figure 6.12. Chandelle. ............................................................................................................... 119
Chapter 7— INSTRUMENT FLYING 121
7.1. Introduction. ............................................................................................................ 121
7.2. RCP Instrument Procedures. ................................................................................... 121
7.3. Use of Vision-Restricting Device (VRD). .............................................................. 121
7.4. EFIS and GPS Display Options. ............................................................................. 121
7.5. Task Management. .................................................................................................. 121
7.6. Cockpit Organization. ............................................................................................. 121
7.7. Control and Performance Concept. ......................................................................... 122
Table 7.1. Common Instrument Pitch and Power Settings. ..................................................... 122
7.8. Instrument Flight Maneuvers. ................................................................................. 123
7.9. Turns and Turns To Headings. ................................................................................ 123
7.10. Airspeed Changes. .................................................................................................. 123
7.11. Constant Airspeed Climbs and Descents. ............................................................... 124
7.12. Constant Rate Climbs and Descents. ...................................................................... 124
7.13. Instrument Slow Flight. .......................................................................................... 124
7.14. Steep Turns. ............................................................................................................ 125
7.15. Vertical-S. ............................................................................................................... 125
8 AETCMAN11-248 17 AUGUST 2016
7.16. Confidence Maneuvers. .......................................................................................... 125
7.17. Unusual Attitude Recoveries. ................................................................................. 126
7.18. Spatial Disorientation Demonstrations. .................................................................. 127
7.19. Application of Instrument Flight Maneuvers. ......................................................... 128
7.20. Instrument Takeoff (ITO) and Climb. .................................................................... 128
7.21. Level Off. ................................................................................................................ 128
7.22. Instrument Departures. ............................................................................................ 129
7.23. Course Intercepts. ................................................................................................... 129
Figure 7.1. Inbound Course Intercepts. ..................................................................................... 131
Figure 7.2. Outbound Course Intercepts (Away from the Station). .......................................... 132
7.24. Arc and Radial Intercepts........................................................................................ 133
7.25. Fix-to-fix. ................................................................................................................ 133
7.26. In-flight Checks. ..................................................................................................... 134
Figure 7.3. Fix-to-fix Example. ................................................................................................. 135
Figure 7.4. Visualize the HSI. ................................................................................................... 136
7.27. Holding. .................................................................................................................. 138
7.28. Penetration Approach. ............................................................................................ 138
7.29. Enroute Descents. ................................................................................................... 138
Figure 7.5. EADI Descent Calculation. ..................................................................................... 140
7.30. Final Approach. ...................................................................................................... 140
7.31. Transition to Landing. ............................................................................................. 141
7.32. Circling Approach. .................................................................................................. 142
7.33. Missed Approach. ................................................................................................... 143
7.34. Climbout. ................................................................................................................ 143
Chapter 8— NAVIGATION 144
Section 8A— General 144
8.1. Introduction. ............................................................................................................ 144
8.2. General .................................................................................................................... 144
8.3. Mission Analysis. .................................................................................................... 144
AETCMAN11-248 17 AUGUST 2016 9
8.4. Radio Procedures. ................................................................................................... 145
8.5. Task Management and (or) Cockpit Organization. ................................................. 145
8.6. Ground Ops. ............................................................................................................ 145
Section 8B— IFR Navigation 146
8.7. Introduction. ............................................................................................................ 146
8.8. Mission Analysis. .................................................................................................... 146
8.9. Route Planning. ....................................................................................................... 146
Figure 8.1. AF Form 70 Example. ............................................................................................ 148
8.10. Ground Ops. ............................................................................................................ 148
8.11. Departure. ............................................................................................................... 149
8.12. Enroute. ................................................................................................................... 149
8.13. Arrival. .................................................................................................................... 150
Figure 8.2. Typical IFR Navigation Flight. ............................................................................... 150
Section 8C— VFR Navigation 150
8.14. Introduction. ............................................................................................................ 150
8.15. Mission Analysis. .................................................................................................... 151
8.16. Route Planning. ....................................................................................................... 151
8.17. VFR Departure. ....................................................................................................... 152
8.18. Flying the Route. ..................................................................................................... 152
8.19. Abnormal Procedures. ............................................................................................ 152
Section 8D— Low-Level VFR Navigation 153
8.20. Introduction. ............................................................................................................ 153
8.21. Mission Analysis. .................................................................................................... 153
8.22. Scheduling and Filing. ............................................................................................ 155
8.23. Briefing. .................................................................................................................. 155
8.24. Flying the Route. ..................................................................................................... 155
8.25. Abnormal Procedures. ............................................................................................ 157
10 AETCMAN11-248 17 AUGUST 2016
Chapter 9— TWO-SHIP FORMATION 159
Section 9A— General 159
9.1. Introduction. ............................................................................................................ 159
Section 9B— Formation Missions 159
9.2. Introduction. ............................................................................................................ 159
9.3. Responsibilities. ...................................................................................................... 159
9.4. Visual Signals. ........................................................................................................ 164
9.5. In-flight Checks. ..................................................................................................... 164
9.6. Fuel and G Awareness. ........................................................................................... 165
9.7. FENCE Check. ........................................................................................................ 165
9.8. Battle Damage (BD) Check. ................................................................................... 165
9.9. Mission Analysis. .................................................................................................... 166
9.10. Mission Briefing. .................................................................................................... 166
9.11. G-awareness Exercise. ............................................................................................ 167
9.12. KIO and Terminate Procedures. ............................................................................. 167
9.13. Lost Wingman Procedures. ..................................................................................... 168
9.14. Practice Lost Wingman Procedures. ....................................................................... 169
9.15. Formation Breakout. ............................................................................................... 169
9.16. Lost Sight Procedures. ............................................................................................ 170
9.17. Lead Changes. ......................................................................................................... 170
9.18. Speed Brake Exercise. ............................................................................................ 171
Section 9C— Maneuvering Fundamentals 172
9.19. Introduction. ............................................................................................................ 172
Figure 9.1. HCA and AA. ......................................................................................................... 172
Figure 9.2. AA. .......................................................................................................................... 173
Figure 9.3. 30 and 45 AA. ......................................................................................................... 173
Figure 9.4. Lift and Velocity Vectors........................................................................................ 174
Figure 9.5. POM. ....................................................................................................................... 174
Figure 9.6. Lead Pursuit. ........................................................................................................... 175