BY ORDER OF THE AIR FORCE MANUAL 11-217, SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE VOLUME 1 ...

297 Pages·2001·25.18 MB·English

BY ORDER OF THE AIR FORCE MANUAL 11-217,
SECRETARY OF THE AIR FORCE VOLUME 1
29 DECEMBER 2000
Flying Operations
INSTRUMENT FLIGHT PROCEDURES
NOTICE: This publication is available digitally on the AFDPO/PPP site at: http://afpubs.hq.af.mil.
_________________________________________________________________________________
OPR: HQ AFFSA/XOFD Certified by HQ AFFSA/CC
(Maj Bryan Bannach) (Col Richard Packard)
Supersedes AFMAN 11-217, Vol 1, Pages: 297
1 April 1996 Distribution: F
_________________________________________________________________________________
This instruction implements AFPD 11-2, Flight Rules and Procedures, by providing guidance and
procedures for standard Air Force instrument flying. Since aircraft flight instrumentation and mission
objectives are so varied, this instruction is necessarily general regarding equipment and detailed
accomplishment of maneuvers. The guidance found in this manual is both technique and procedurally
oriented. Instruction depicted in bold italics is considered procedure. Individual aircraft flight
manuals should provide detailed instructions required for particular aircraft instrumentation or
characteristics. This instruction, when used with related flight directives and publications, provides
adequate guidance for instrument flight under most circumstances, but is not a substitute for sound
judgment. Circumstances may require modification of prescribed procedures. Aircrew members
charged with the safe operation of United States Air Force aircraft must be knowledgeable of the
guidance contained in this manual. This publication applies to the Air National Guard (ANG) when
published in the ANGIND 2.
SUMMARY OF REVISIONS
This manual has been extensively rewritten and reformatted which requires a thorough review of the
entire manual. It is too difficult to mark all the changes found in this version of the manual due to
format restructuring, subject consolidation and paragraph numbering. However, the following
chapters or sections will require a more in-depth review. Chapter 1 has changes in the use of single
medium displays and the display of flight instrumentation. Chapter 2 has small changes in verbiage
and procedures. Chapters 3 and 4 have changes in helicopter instrument procedures based on the
current AF equipment inventory. Chapters 5 and 6 clarify procedures and include better
explanations concerning NAVAIDs and GPS while Chapter 7 contains updates to Area Navigation
(RNAV). Chapter 8 has considerable changes and updates to procedures, requiring a full review.
Chapter 9 has extensive changes to departure procedures. This chapter was written in a more
instructional tone to aid in understanding and represents the future vision of AFM 11-217. Chapter
10 on holding is a complete revision that now offers pilots holding options. Chapter 11 consists of
changes in procedures versus techniques. Chapters 13 and 14 have many changes and procedures
that incorporate FAA guidance with existing Air Force procedures/techniques. Chapter 16 has
2 AFMAN 11–217V1
changes to procedures as well as to the missed approach climb gradient. Chapter 23 on ICAO
procedures has significant changes throughout and must be reviewed. Chapter 25 has been updated
taking into account HUD modernization.
Chapter 1 - Basic Instrument Flying --Fixed Wing
Instrument Categories...................................................................................................................1.1.
Control and Performance Concept.................................................................................................1.2.
Use of Single Medium Displays.....................................................................................................1.3.
Display of Flight Instrumentation..................................................................................................1.4.
Chapter 2 - Instrument Flight Maneuvers--Fixed Wing
Basic Maneuvers...........................................................................................................................2.1.
Planning........................................................................................................................................2.2.
Individual Maneuvers....................................................................................................................2.3.
Basic Aircraft Control Maneuvers.................................................................................................2.4.
Unusual Attitudes.........................................................................................................................2.5.
Chapter 3 - Basic Instrument Flying--Helicopter
Instrument Categories...................................................................................................................3.1.
Control and Performance Concept.................................................................................................3.2.
Display of Flight Instrumentation..................................................................................................3.3.
Single-Medium Displays................................................................................................................3.4.
Chapter 4 - Instrument Flight Maneuvers--Helicopter
Application...................................................................................................................................4.1.
Planning........................................................................................................................................4.2.
The Instrument Takeoff (ITO)......................................................................................................4.3.
Individual Maneuvers....................................................................................................................4.4.
Emergency Descent.......................................................................................................................4.5.
Instrument Approaches.................................................................................................................4.6.
Altimeter Setting Procedures.........................................................................................................4.7.
Unusual Attitudes.........................................................................................................................4.8.
Chapter 5 - Navigation Instruments
Application...................................................................................................................................5.1.
Basic Systems...............................................................................................................................5.2.
Flight Director..............................................................................................................................5.3.
Chapter 6 - Navigation Aids (NAVAIDs)
Precautions...................................................................................................................................6.1.
VHF Omni-Directional Range (VOR)...........................................................................................6.2.
Tactical Air Navigation (TACAN)................................................................................................6.3.
VHF Omni-Directional Range/Tactical Air Navigation (VORTAC)...............................................6.4.
Distance Measuring Equipment (DME).........................................................................................6.5.
Instrument Landing System (ILS)..................................................................................................6.6.
Microwave Landing System (MLS)...............................................................................................6.7.
Marker Beacon.............................................................................................................................6.8.
AFMAN 11-217V1 3
Localizer Type Directional Aid (LDA)..........................................................................................6.9.
Simplified Directional Facility (SDF)...........................................................................................6.10.
Nondirectional Radio Beacon (NDB)..........................................................................................6.11.
Global Positioning System (GPS)................................................................................................6.12.
Inertial Navigation System (INS)................................................................................................6.13.
Chapter 7 - Navigation Procedures
Application...................................................................................................................................7.1.
Homing to a Station......................................................................................................................7.2.
Proceeding Direct to a Station.......................................................................................................7.3.
Course Intercepts..........................................................................................................................7.4.
Maintaining Course.......................................................................................................................7.5.
Station Passage.............................................................................................................................7.6.
Time and Distance Check..............................................................................................................7.7.
Groundspeed Check......................................................................................................................7.8.
Arc Interceptions..........................................................................................................................7.9.
Proceeding Direct to a VOR/DME or TACAN Fix......................................................................7.10.
Area Navigation (RNAV)...........................................................................................................7.11.
Chapter 8 - Planning an Instrument Flight
Altimeter Setting Procedures.........................................................................................................8.1.
U. S. NOTAM System (USNS).....................................................................................................8.2.
Navigation Options in the National Airspace System.....................................................................8.3.
Planning for En Route...................................................................................................................8.4.
Planning the Approach..................................................................................................................8.5.
Instrument Cockpit Check.............................................................................................................8.6.
Chapter 9 - IFR Departure Procedures
Introduction..................................................................................................................................9.1.
Preparing for an IFR Departure.....................................................................................................9.2.
How an Airport Becomes an Instrument Airport...........................................................................9.3.
Who ‘Produced’ the Procedure?....................................................................................................9.4.
Runway End Crossing Height or Screen Height.............................................................................9.5.
How Do You Know Who Produced the Procedure)......................................................................9.7.
Runway End Crossing Heights (ICAO).........................................................................................9.8.
Examples of Different TERPs Criteria...........................................................................................9.9.
Deviations from Standard Crossing Heights................................................................................9.10.
What is the Runway End Crossing Height...................................................................................9.11.
Determining Screen Heights During the Review Process.............................................................9.12.
No 40:1 OIS Penetrations...........................................................................................................9.13.
What is a Diverse Departure?......................................................................................................9.14.
Obstacles Penetrate the 40:1 OIS................................................................................................9.15.
Aircrew Notification...................................................................................................................9.16.
Methods to Avoid Obstacles.......................................................................................................9.17.
Basic Rules for all IFR Departures..............................................................................................9.18.
FAA Takeoff Weather Minimums...............................................................................................9.19.
Methods of IFR Departures.........................................................................................................9.20.
4 AFMAN 11–217V1
Diverse Departures.....................................................................................................................9.21.
Will ATC Clear Me for a Diverse Departure?..............................................................................9.22.
IFR Departure Procedures..........................................................................................................9.23.
The “Trouble T”.........................................................................................................................9.24.
Designing an IFR Departure Procedure.......................................................................................9.25.
Non-Standard Takeoff Weather Minimums.................................................................................9.26.
Minimum Climb Gradient............................................................................................................9.27.
Specific Routing..........................................................................................................................9.28.
Combination of All Three Methods.............................................................................................9.29.
Low Close-In Obstacles..............................................................................................................9.30.
Will ATC Clear Me for an IFR Departure Procedure?.................................................................9.31.
How to File an IFR Departure Procedure....................................................................................9.32.
SIDs/DPs Instead of IFR Departure Procedures..........................................................................9.33.
Standard Instrument Departures (SIDs).......................................................................................9.34.
SIDs are Optimized for ATC.......................................................................................................9.35.
Using SIDs.................................................................................................................................9.36.
SID Depictions...........................................................................................................................9.37.
Different Types of SIDs..............................................................................................................9.38.
Domestic SIDs............................................................................................................................9.39.
Military SIDs..............................................................................................................................9.40.
Climb Gradient Table..................................................................................................................9.41.
Climb Rate vs. Climb Gradient....................................................................................................9.42.
Determining the Climb Gradient in Feet per Nautical Mile...........................................................9.43.
Common Climb Conversions.......................................................................................................9.44.
Civil SIDs...................................................................................................................................9.45.
No Obstacles are Identified or Depicted......................................................................................9.46.
ATC Climb Gradients..................................................................................................................9.47.
Chapter 10 - Holding
Definition....................................................................................................................................10.1.
Basic...........................................................................................................................................10.2.
Holding Instructions....................................................................................................................10.3.
Holding Pattern Procedures.........................................................................................................10.4.
Holding Pattern Suggestions.......................................................................................................10.5.
Drift Corrections.........................................................................................................................10.6.
High Altitude Approach Plate Depiction (Postage Stamp)...........................................................10.7.
Descent.......................................................................................................................................10.8.
Chapter 11 - Arrival
En Route Descent Procedure/Technique.....................................................................................11.1.
Descent.......................................................................................................................................11.2.
High Altitude Procedures............................................................................................................11.3.
Low Altitude Procedures............................................................................................................11.4.
Radar Vectors.............................................................................................................................11.5.
Pilot Responsibilities...................................................................................................................11.6.
Standard Terminal Arrivals (STARs) and Flight Management System Procedures (FMSPs).........11.7.
AFMAN 11-217V1 5
Chapter 12 - High Altitude Approaches
Application.................................................................................................................................12.1.
Non-DME Teardrop Approaches................................................................................................12.2.
Radial Approaches......................................................................................................................12.3.
Radial and Arc Combination Approaches....................................................................................12.4.
Multiple Facility Approaches.......................................................................................................12.5.
Approach With Dead Reckoning (DR) Courses...........................................................................12.6.
Chapter 13 - Low Altitude Approaches
Purpose.......................................................................................................................................13.1.
Procedure Turns.........................................................................................................................13.2.
Holding Pattern in Lieu of Procedure Turn..................................................................................13.3.
Procedural Tracks.......................................................................................................................13.4.
Approach With Dead Reckoning (DR) Courses...........................................................................13.5.
Chapter 14 - Final Approach
Nonradar....................................................................................................................................14.1.
Radar..........................................................................................................................................14.2.
Visual Approach.........................................................................................................................14.3.
Contact Approach.......................................................................................................................14.4.
IAP with Visual Segment............................................................................................................14.5.
Charted Visual Flight Procedures (CVFPs)..................................................................................14.6.
Converging approaches...............................................................................................................14.7.
Chapter 15 - Landing from Instrument Approaches
Planning the Approach and Landing............................................................................................15.1.
Transitioning From Instrument to Visual Flight Conditions..........................................................15.2.
Approach Lighting Systems.........................................................................................................15.3.
Runway Lighting Systems...........................................................................................................15.4.
Runway Markings.......................................................................................................................15.5.
Circling Approaches....................................................................................................................15.6.
Side-Step Maneuver Procedures..................................................................................................15.7.
Chapter 16 - Missed Approach
Planning......................................................................................................................................16.1.
Missed Approach Point (MAP)...................................................................................................16.2.
Missed Approach/Departure Instructions....................................................................................16.3.
Actual Missed Approach.............................................................................................................16.4.
Accomplishing the Missed Approach...........................................................................................16.5.
Chapter 17 - 19 [Reserved]
Chapter 20 - Additional Information and Guidance
Altimeter Information..................................................................................................................20.1.
Automated Radar Terminal System (ARTS)................................................................................20.2.
Flight Considerations..................................................................................................................20.3.
Terminal Instrument Procedures (TERPs)...................................................................................20.4.
6 AFMAN 11–217V1
Turning Performance..................................................................................................................20.5.
Chapter 21 - Aircraft Equipment
Pressure Instruments...................................................................................................................21.1.
Attitude Instruments...................................................................................................................21.2.
Heading Systems.........................................................................................................................21.3.
Angle of Attack System..............................................................................................................21.4.
Radar Altimeters.........................................................................................................................21.5.
Chapter 22 - Spatial Disorientation
General Information....................................................................................................................22.1.
Orientation and Equilibrium........................................................................................................22.2.
Physiological Mechanics of Illusions............................................................................................22.3.
Types of Spatial Disorientation...................................................................................................22.4.
Causes of Spatial Disorientation..................................................................................................22.5.
Prevention of Spatial Disorientation Mishaps...............................................................................22.6.
Chapter 23 – International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO) Procedures
Introduction................................................................................................................................23.1.
Definitions..................................................................................................................................23.2.
Departure Procedures.................................................................................................................23.3.
Low Altitude Approach Procedures............................................................................................23.4.
Holding.......................................................................................................................................23.5.
Noise Abatement Procedures......................................................................................................23.6.
ICAO Altimeter Setting Procedures............................................................................................23.7.
Transponder Operating Procedures.............................................................................................23.8.
Chapter 24 – Category II and III ILS Approaches
Category II ILS Approach..........................................................................................................24.1.
Category IIIa ILS Approach.......................................................................................................24.2.
Chapter 25 – The Head Up Display (HUD)
General Use of HUDs.................................................................................................................25.1.
Use of HUDs in Instrument Flight...............................................................................................25.2.
HUD Limitations........................................................................................................................25.3.
Figures
Figure 1.1. Attitude Instrument Flying............................................................................................11
Figure 1.2. Instrument Cross-Check Technique..............................................................................13
Figure 1.3. Factors Influencing Cross-Check Techniques................................................................14
Figure 2.1. Typical Instrument Flight..............................................................................................19
Figure 2.2. Leading the Level Off...................................................................................................21
Figure 2.3. Use of Power...............................................................................................................23
Figure 2.4. Level Turns..................................................................................................................24
Figure 2.5. Vertical "S"- A.............................................................................................................28
Figure 2.6. Vertical "S"- B.............................................................................................................29
Figure 2.7. Vertical "S"- C and "S"- D ..........................................................................................30
AFMAN 11-217V1 7
Figure 2.8. Attitude Indications During Wingover..........................................................................31
Figure 2.9. Attitude Indications During Aileron Roll......................................................................32
Figure 2.10. Verify That an Unusual Attitude Exists.......................................................................33
Figure 3.1. Attitude Instrument Flying............................................................................................35
Figure 3.2. Attitude and Power Control..........................................................................................36
Figure 3.3. Instrument Cross-Check...............................................................................................38
Figure 3.4. Factors Influencing Cross-Check Techniques................................................................39
Figure 4.1. Typical Instrument Flight..............................................................................................43
Figure 4.2. The Instrument Takeoff................................................................................................45
Figure 4.3. Altitude Control...........................................................................................................46
Figure 4.4. Leading the Level Off...................................................................................................47
Figure 4.5. Bank Control................................................................................................................47
Figure 4.6. Level Turns..................................................................................................................49
Figure 4.7. Turns to Headings........................................................................................................50
Figure 4.8. Rate Climb...................................................................................................................52
Figure 4.9. Rate Descent................................................................................................................52
Figure 4.10. Climbing Turns...........................................................................................................53
Figure 4.11. Descending Turns.......................................................................................................54
Figure 4.12. Copter Only Approach...............................................................................................56
Figure 4.13. Copter TACAN..........................................................................................................57
Figure 4.14. Short Final Approach.................................................................................................58
Figure 4.15. Point in Space Approach............................................................................................59
Figure 4.16. Recognizing an Unusual Attitude................................................................................61
Figure 5.1. Navigation Instruments.................................................................................................64
Figure 5.2. Radio Magnetic Indicator (RMI) and Course Indicator (CI)..........................................64
Figure 5.3. Principle of TO-FROM Indicator..................................................................................65
Figure 5.4. Course Indicator Displays in Relation to the Selected Course.......................................66
Figure 5.5. ILS Course Indicator Presentations for a 5° Wide Localizer and a 1° Wide Glide
Slope (Front Course)...................................................................................................................67
Figure 5.6. Localizer Course Indicator Presentations for a 5° Wide Localizer (Back Course)..........68
Figure 5.7. Example of Course and Glide Slope Deviation Indications vs. Actual Displacement
Relative to Distance From Touchdown for a 5° Wide Localizer and a 1° Wide Glide Slope..........69
Figure 5.8. Bearing Distance Heading Indicator (BDHI).................................................................70
Figure 5.9. Typical Flight Director.................................................................................................71
Figure 5.10. Flight Director Computer Inputs (ILS Intercept Mode)...............................................74
Figure 5.11. Flight Director Inputs (ILS Final Approach Mode).....................................................75
Figure 6.1. Standard ILS Characteristics and Terminology.............................................................80
Figure 6.2. Normal Localizer Signal Coverage...............................................................................81
Figure 6.3. MLS Coverage Volumes..............................................................................................82
Figure 6.4. Global Positioning System (GPS).................................................................................86
Figure 7.1. Curved Flight Path as a Result of Homing with a Crosswind.........................................90
Figure 7.2. Proceeding Direct to Station.........................................................................................91
Figure 7.3. Inbound Course Interceptions (Course Indicator and RMI; HSI)..................................93
Figure 7.4. Inbound Course Interceptions (RMI Only)....................................................................94
Figure 7.5. Outbound Course Interceptions-Immediately After Station Passage (Course Indicator
and RMI: HSI).............................................................................................................................96
Figure 7.6. Outbound Course Interceptions-Immediately After Station Passage (RMI Only)...........98
8 AFMAN 11–217V1
Figure 7.7. Outbound Course Interceptions-Away From the Station (Course Indicator and
RMI; HSI)...................................................................................................................................99
Figure 7.8. Outbound Course Interceptions-Away From the Station (RMI Only)..........................101
Figure 7.9. Maintaining Course....................................................................................................102
Figure 7.10. Arc Interception from a Radial.................................................................................104
Figure 7.11. Radial Interception from an Arc................................................................................106
Figure 7.12. Correcting to Maintain an Arc..................................................................................107
Figure 7.13. Proceeding Direct to a DME Fix..............................................................................108
Figure 8.1. Setting the Altimeter..................................................................................................112
Figure 8.2. Altimeter Correction Factor: Actual ALSTG Exceeds Altimeter Upper Limit.............113
Figure 8.3. Altimeter Correction Factor: Actual Altimeter Setting Less Than Altimeter
Lower Limit................................................................................................................................114
Figure 8.4. Example 1-Off-Scale Altimeter...................................................................................114
Figure 8.5. Example 2 - Off-scale Altimeter Settings....................................................................115
Figure 8.6. ILS Approach............................................................................................................124
Figure 8.7. Review of the IAP......................................................................................................125
Figure 8.8. Visual Descent Point (VDP).......................................................................................128
Figure 9.1. IFR Departure Procedures..........................................................................................131
Figure 9.2. 40:1 Obstacle Identification Surface USAF/USN........................................................132
Figure 9.3. 40:1 Obstacle Identification Surface US Army............................................................133
Figure 9.4. DER Crossing Height Notification..............................................................................134
Figure 9.5. Jeppesen Airport Diagram page for Yeager Field........................................................137
Figure 9.6. Back of Airport Diagram page for CRW.....................................................................137
Figure 9.7. DoD FLIP’s Depiction of CRW’s IFR Departure Procedure.......................................137
Figure 9.8. IFR Departure Not Authorized...................................................................................140
Figure 9.9. IFR Departure Not Authorized...................................................................................140
Figure 9.10. IFR Departure Procedures with Only Non-Standard Takeoff Minimums...................140
Figure 9.11. IFR Departure Procedures with Only Non-Standard Takeoff Minimums...................140
Figure 9.12. Minimum Climb Gradient To Be Used with Standard Weather..................................141
Figure 9.13. Minimum Climb Gradient To Be Used with Standard Weather..................................141
Figure 9.14. IFR Departure Procedures with Specific Routing......................................................141
Figure 9.15. IFR Departure Procedures with Specific Routing......................................................141
Figure 9.16. IFR Departure Procedures Using a Combination of Methods....................................142
Figure 9.17. IFR Departure Procedures Using Combination - but an IFR Departure is Not
Authorized (NA).........................................................................................................................142
Figure 9.18. San Diego Int’l, CA..................................................................................................143
Figure 9.19. San Diego Int’l, CA..................................................................................................143
Figure 9.20. Example of How a Military SID is Published............................................................145
Figure 9.21. Obstacles Are Depicted............................................................................................146
Figure 9.22. Controlling Obstacle Info is Provided.......................................................................146
Figure 9.23. Climb Gradient Table...............................................................................................147
Figure 9.24. Civil Vector SID......................................................................................................148
Figure 9.25. Civil SID with ATC Gradient (Not Depicted)...........................................................149
Figure 9.26. Civil SID With Climb Gradient Depicted on the SID.................................................150
Figure 9.27. Civil SID With Climb Gradient Depicted on the SID.................................................150
Figure 9.28. Vector SID with No Climb Gradient Depicted..........................................................151
Figure 9.29. Vector SID with No Climb Gradient Depicted..........................................................151
AFMAN 11-217V1 9
Figure 9.30. Scholes Six Departure..............................................................................................153
Figure 9.31. BTR ILS RWY 13...................................................................................................155
Figure 9.32. ILS/DME RWY 11 (GJT)........................................................................................156
Figure 10.1. Holding Pattern........................................................................................................158
Figure 10.2. Charted Holding Pattern...........................................................................................159
Figure 10.3. Charted Holding Pattern...........................................................................................159
Figure 10.4. 70 Degree Method...................................................................................................162
Figure 10.5. “AIM” Method.........................................................................................................163
Figure 10.6. Copying Holding Instructions...................................................................................164
Figure 10.7. Minimum Holding Altitude.......................................................................................166
Figure 11.1. Feeder Routes (High Altitude)..................................................................................168
Figure 11.2. Cleared for the Approach While En Route to the Holding Fix...................................169
Figure 11.3. Leading the Turn at the IAF.....................................................................................170
Figure 11.5. Minimum Vector Altitude (MVA) Chart...................................................................172
Figure 12.1. Non-DME Teardrop-High Altitude Approach..........................................................176
Figure 12.2. Radial - High Altitude Approach..............................................................................177
Figure 12.3. Arc and Radial Combination Approach.....................................................................177
Figure 12.4. Determining Lead Point............................................................................................178
Figure 12.5. Multiple Facility Approach.......................................................................................179
Figure 12.6. Dead Reckoning Courses..........................................................................................179
Figure 13.1. Low Altitude Procedure at Heathrow.......................................................................180
Figure 13.2. Approach Depicting only the Final Approach Segment.............................................181
Figure 13.3. Approach using a DR Course...................................................................................182
Figure 13.4. Example of NoPT Routing.......................................................................................183
Figure 13.5. Procedure Turn Course Reversal..............................................................................184
Figure 13.6. Procedure Turn Area................................................................................................185
Figure 13.7. Procedure Turn Approach with no FAF Depicted.....................................................186
Figure 13.8. PT Fix Altitude.........................................................................................................187
Figure 13.9. PT Fix Altitude.........................................................................................................187
Figure 13.10. The 45/180 degree and the 80/260 degree...............................................................189
Figure 13.11. HILO PT with Descent at the Holding Fix..............................................................190
Figure 13.12. HILO PT with Descent on the Inbound Leg............................................................190
Figure 13.13. Procedure Track Approach (Straight in).................................................................191
Figure 13.14. Procedure Track Approach (Arcing Final) .............................................................191
Figure 13.15. Procedure Track Approach (Teardrop)...................................................................192
Figure 13.16. Procedure Track Approach (Arc to Radial).............................................................192
Figure 14.1. IAP with Visual Segment..........................................................................................204
Figure 14.2. Charted Visual Flight Procedure (CVFP) ................................................................205
Figure 14.3. Converging ILS Approach........................................................................................207
Figure 15.1. Downward Vision Angle..........................................................................................212
Figure 15.2. Visual Approach Slope Indicator (VASI)..................................................................214
Figure 15.3. Visual Signals Produced by PAPI.............................................................................217
Figure 15.4. Pulsating Visual Approach Slope Indicator (PVASI)................................................217
Figure 15.5. Fresnel Lens Optical Landing System (FLOLS)........................................................219
Figure 15.6. Runway Lighting Systems........................................................................................220
Figure 15.7. Runway Markings....................................................................................................222
Figure 15.8. Displaced Threshold Markings..................................................................................223
10 AFMAN 11–217V1
Figure 15.9. The Circling Approach.............................................................................................225
Figure 16.1. Missed Approach from the Circling Approach..........................................................230
Figure 20.1. Altimeter Settings.....................................................................................................231
Figure 20.2. Types of Altitude......................................................................................................232
Figure 20.3. Segments of Typical Straight-In Instrument Approach with Required Obstacle
Clearance (ROC)........................................................................................................................236
Figure 20.4. Descent Gradients by Segment for Typical Straight-In Instrument Approach............237
Figure 20.5. Obstruction Clearance Radius for Circling Approaches.............................................237
Figure 20.6. Flight Path Radius for Missed Approaches................................................................238
Figure 20.7. General Turning Performance (Constant Altitude, Steady Turn)...............................239
Figure 21.l. Correction for Compressibility on DR Computer.......................................................240
Figure 21.2. Airspeed Measurement.............................................................................................243
Figure 21.3. Altimeters.................................................................................................................245
Figure 21.4. Vertical Velocity Indicator (VVI).............................................................................246
Figure 21.5. FD-109 and Three-Axis Attitude Director Indicator (ADI).......................................247
Figure 21.6. deleted...........................................................................................................................
Figure 21.7. deleted...........................................................................................................................
Figure 21.8. Turn and Slip Indicators...........................................................................................248
Figure 21.9. Precession of Gyroscope Resulting from Applied Deflective Force...........................249
Figure 21.10. Magnetic Compass.................................................................................................250
Figure 21.11. Magnetic Compass Variations and Correction Card................................................251
Figure 22.1. Organs of Equilibrium..............................................................................................254
Figure 22.2. Vestibular (Inner Ear) System...................................................................................256
Figure 22.3. Somatosensory System -- The Seat-Of-The-Pants Sense...........................................258
Figure 22.4. Graveyard Spin/Spiral...............................................................................................260
Figure 22.5. The Coriolis Illusion and the Leans...........................................................................261
Figure 22.6. The Somatogravic Illusion........................................................................................262
Figure 22.7. Visual Illusions.........................................................................................................264
Figure 23.1. 45°/180° Course Reversal.........................................................................................278
Figure 23.2. 80°/260° Course Reversal.........................................................................................278
Figure 23.3. Base Turns...............................................................................................................279
Figure 23.4a. Comparison of FAA and ICAO Airspace................................................................280
Figure 23.4b. ICAO Course Reversal Entry Sector.......................................................................280
Figure 23.5. Procedure Turn Entry (45°/180° or 80°/260°)...........................................................281
Figure 23.6. Base Turn Entry.......................................................................................................281
Figure 23.7. Racetrack Pattern.....................................................................................................282
Figure 23.8. ICAO Holding Pattern Entry Sectors........................................................................284
Figure 25.1. Typical HUD Configuration (Instrument Flight Mode)..............................................290
Attachment
1. Glossary of References and Supporting Information.................................................................295