Burton’s Microbiology for the Health Sciences

500 Pages·2014·1.2 MB·English

by  Paul G. Engelkirk

Burton’s
Microbiology
for the
Health Sciences
TENTH EDiTioN
Paul G. Engelkirk, PhD, MT(ASCP), SM(NRCM)
Microbiology Consultant and Co-Founder
Biomedical Educational Services (Biomed Ed)
Round Rock, Texas
Janet Duben-Engelkirk, EdD, MT(ASCP)
Biotechnology/Education Consultant and Co-Founder
Biomedical Educational Services (Biomed Ed)
Round Rock, Texas
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Acquisitions Editor: Michael Nobel
Product Manager: Paula C. Williams
Marketing Manager: Shauna Kelley
Production Project Manager: Priscilla Crater
Designer: Terry Mallon
Manufacturing Coordinator: Margie Orzech
Compositor: S4Carlisle Publishing Services
Tenth Edition
© 2015 Wolters Kluwer Health
2001 Market Street
Philadelphia, PA 19103 USA
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© 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, a Wolters Kluwer business, © 2007 Lippincott Williams &
Wilkins, © 2004 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 2000 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, © 1996
Lippincott-Raven, © 1992, 1988, 1983, 1979 JB Lippincott Co.
Printed in China
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
ISBN 978-1-4511-8632-1
Cataloging-in-Publication data available on request from the Publisher.
DISCLAIMER
Care has been taken to confirm the accuracy of the information present and to describe generally
accepted practices. However, the authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or
omissions or for any consequences from application of the information in this book and make no
warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the currency, completeness, or accuracy of the contents
of the publication. Application of this information in a particular situation remains the professional
responsibility of the practitioner; the clinical treatments described and recommended may not be
considered absolute and universal recommendations.
The authors, editors, and publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and
dosage set forth in this text are in accordance with the current recommendations and practice at the
time of publication. However, in view of ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the
constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and drug reactions, the reader is urged to check
the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and for added warnings and
precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new or infrequently
employed drug.
Some drugs and medical devices presented in this publication have Food and Drug Administration
(FDA) clearance for limited use in restricted research settings. It is the responsibility of the health care
provider to ascertain the FDA status of each drug or device planned for use in their clinical practice.
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Dedicated to our parents,
teachers, mentors, colleagues,
and friends who have encouraged
and helped us to fulfill our dreams.
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About the Authors
Paul G. Engelkirk, PhD, MT(ASCP), SM(NRCM), is a in technical education from the University of Akron.
retired professor of biological sciences from the Science She obtained her doctorate in allied health education
Department at Central Texas College in Killeen, Texas, and administration from a combined program at the
where he taught introductory microbiology for 12 years. University of Houston and Baylor College of Medicine
Before joining Central Texas College, he was an associ- in Houston, Texas.
ate professor at the University of Texas Health Science Dr. Duben-Engelkirk began her career in clinical
Center in Houston, Texas, where he taught diagnos- laboratory science education teaching students “on the
tic microbiology to medical laboratory science students bench” in a medical center hospital in Akron, Ohio. She
for 8 years. Prior to his teach- then became Senior Edu-
ing career, Dr.  Engelkirk cation Coordinator and
served 22 years as an officer Associate Professor for
in the U.S. Army Medical the Clinical Laboratory
Department, supervising Science Program at the
various immunology, clini- University of Texas Health
cal pathology, and micro- Science Center at Houston,
biology laboratories in where she taught clinical
Germany, Vietnam, and the chemistry and related sub-
United States. He retired jects for 12 years. In 1992,
from the Army with the Dr.  Duben-Engelkirk as-
rank of Lieutenant Colonel. sumed the position of
Dr. Engelkirk received Director of Allied Health
his bachelor’s degree in and Clinical Laboratory
biology from New York Science Education at Scott
University and his master’s and White Hospital in
and doctorate degrees (both Temple, Texas, wherein her
in microbiology and pub- responsibilities included
lic health) from Michigan teaching microbiology and
State University. He received additional medical technol- clinical chemistry. In 2006, Dr. Duben-Engelkirk assumed
ogy and tropical medicine training at Walter Reed Army the position of chair of the biotechnology department at
Hospital in Washington, D.C., and specialized training the Texas Bioscience Institute and Temple College, where
in anaerobic bacteriology, mycobacteriology, and virol- she was responsible for curriculum development and
ogy at the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention administration of the biotechnology degree programs. As
in Atlanta, Georgia. a result of her efforts, the college received the prestigious
Dr. Engelkirk is an author of four microbiology Bellwether Award for innovative programs or practices.
textbooks, 10 additional book chapters, five medical She and her husband, Paul, are currently co-owners of a
laboratory-oriented self-study courses, and many sci- biomedical educational consulting business.
entific articles. He also served for 14 years as coeditor Dr. Duben-Engelkirk was coeditor of a widely used
of four separate newsletters for clinical microbiology clinical chemistry textbook and has coauthored three mi-
laboratory personnel. Dr. Engelkirk has been engaged in crobiology textbooks with Paul (clinical anaerobic bacte-
various aspects of clinical microbiology for over 50 years riology; laboratory diagnosis of infectious diseases; and
and is a past president of the Rocky Mountain Branch this book). She has authored or coauthored numerous
of the American Society for Microbiology. He and his book chapters, journal articles, self-study courses, news-
wife, Janet, currently provide biomedical educational letters, and other educational materials over the course of
services through their consulting business, Biomedical her career.
Educational Services (Biomed Ed), located in Round Dr. Duben-Engelkirk has received many awards dur-
Rock, Texas. Dr. Engelkirk’s hobbies include traveling, ing her career, including Outstanding Young Leader in
hiking, nature photography, writing, and relaxing on his Allied Health, the American Society for Clinical Labora-
back deck. tory Science’s Omicron Sigma Award for outstanding ser-
vice, and Teaching Excellence Awards. Her professional
Janet Duben-Engelkirk, EdD, MT(ASCP), has over interests include instructional technology, computer-
40 years of experience in clinical laboratory science and based instruction, and distance education. Dr. Duben-
higher education. She received her bachelor’s degrees in Engelkirk enjoys traveling, reading, writing, music, yoga,
biology and medical technology and her master’s degree movies, hiking, and photography.
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Preface
Microbiology—the study of microbes—is a fascinating improvement of the artwork. The book is divided into
subject that impacts our daily lives in numerous ways. Mi- eight major sections, containing a total of 21 chapters.
crobes live on us and in us and virtually everywhere around Each chapter contains a Chapter Outline, Learning Objec-
us. They are vital in many industries. Microbes are essen- tives, Self- Assessment Exercises, and information about
tial for the cycling and recycling of elements such as car- the contents on . Interesting historical information,
bon, oxygen, and nitrogen, and provide most of the oxygen in the form of “Historical Notes,” is spread throughout
in our atmosphere. They are used to clean up toxic wastes. the book and is presented in appropriate chapters. Infor-
Microbes are used in genetic engineering and gene ther- mation summarizing important bacterial pathogens has
apy. And, of course, many microbes cause disease. In recent been relocated from an appendix to Chapter 19. There
years, the public has been bombarded with news reports are more Case Studies than in the ninth edition, and
about microbe-associated medical problems such as swine these, along with their answers, are located in the book
flu, bird flu, severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS), rather than on . The number of Critical Thinking
hantavirus pulmonary syndrome, flesh-eating bacteria, questions has been increased and are located on .
mad cow disease, superbugs, black mould in buildings,
West Nile virus, bioterrorism, anthrax, smallpox, food re-
calls as a result of Escherichia coli and Salmonella contami-
nation, and epidemics of meningitis, hepatitis, influenza, Student-Friendly Features
tuberculosis, whooping cough, and diarrheal diseases.
The authors have made every attempt to create a
student-friendly book. The book can be used by all types
of students, including those with little or no science back-
Written for Healthcare
ground and mature students returning to school after an
Professionals absence of several years. It is written in a clear and con-
cise manner. It contains more than 50 Study Aid boxes,
Burton’s Microbiology for the Health Sciences has been written which explain difficult concepts and similar-sounding
primarily for nurses and other healthcare professionals. This terms. Key points are highlighted. New terms are defined
book provides students of these professions with vital micro- in the text and are included in a Glossary at the back of
biology information that will enable them to carry out their the book.
duties in an informed, safe, and efficient manner, and pro- Answers to Self-Assessment Exercises contained in
tect themselves and their patients from infectious diseases. the book can be found in Appendix A. Appendix C con-
It is appropriate for use in any introductory microbiology tains useful formulas for conversion of one type of unit
course, as it contains all of the concepts and topics recom- to another (e.g., Fahrenheit to Celsius and vice versa).
mended by the American Society for Microbiology for such Because Greek letters are commonly used in microbiol-
courses. Unlike many of the lengthy introductory microbi- ogy, the Greek alphabet can be found in Appendix D.
ology texts on the market, all of the material in this book can
be covered in a typical undergraduate microbiology course.
Chapters of special importance to students of the
Additional Resources
healthcare professions include those dealing with disin-
fection and sterilization (Chapter 8), antibiotics and other
antimicrobial agents (Chapter 9), epidemiology and pub- Burton’s Microbiology for the Health Sciences, 10th edition,
lic health (Chapter 11), healthcare-associated infections includes additional resources for both instructors and
and infection control (Chapter 12), how infectious dis- students that are available on the book’s companion Web
eases are diagnosed (Chapter 13), how microbes cause site at http://thePoint.lww.com/Engelkirk10e.
disease Chapter 14), how our bodies protect us from
pathogens and infectious diseases (Chapters 15 and 16),
and the major viral, bacterial, fungal, and parasitic dis- instructor Resources
eases of humans (Chapters 17 through 21).
Approved adopting instructors will be given access to the
following additional resources:
• Image Bank
New to the Tenth Edition
• Test Generator
• Lesson Plans
The most obvious changes in the tenth edition are • PowerPoint Slides
an increased number of full-color illustrations and • Clinical Microbiology Laboratory Procedures Manual
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vi Preface
• Guidelines for Handling Microorganisms in the Teaching more details, including the passcode you will need to
Laboratory gain access to the Web site.
• Instructor’s Guide
• Answers to Critical Thinking Questions
To our Readers
• Laboratory Activities
Student Resources As you will discover, the concise nature of this book makes
each sentence significant. Thus, you will be intellectually
Students who have purchased Burton’s Microbiology for the challenged to learn each new concept as it is presented.
Health Sciences, 10th edition, have access to the following It is our hope that you will enjoy your study of microbi-
additional resources: ology and be motivated to further explore this exciting
field, especially as it relates to your occupation. Many stu-
• Animations covering various topics in the text
dents who have used this textbook in their introductory
• Interactive Quiz Bank
microbiology course have gone on to become infection
• Student Guide
control nurses, epidemiologists, medical laboratory pro-
• Additional Self-Assessment Exercises for each chapter
fessionals, and microbiologists.
• Lists of new terms in each chapter
• Review of Key Points
• Special “A Closer Look,” “Increase Your Knowledge,” our Thanks
and “Critical Thinking” sections to provide addi-
tional insight as well as interesting facts on selected
We are deeply indebted to the late Gwen Burton, Ph.D.—
topics from the text
sole author of the first four editions of this book and coau-
• Appendix 1: Microbial Intoxications
thor of the next four. Her spirit lives on in the pages of
• Appendix 2: Phyla and Medically Important Genera
this, the tenth edition. We can only hope that she would
Within the Domain Bacteria
be as proud of what her creation has become as we are.
• Appendix 3: Basic Chemistry Concepts
We are also grateful to all of the Lippincott Williams &
• Appendix 4: Responsibilities of the Clinical Microbiol-
Wilkins people who helped with the editing and publi-
ogy Laboratory
cation of this book, including Paula Williams, Product
• Appendix 5: Clinical Microbiology Procedures
Development Editor; Michael Nobel, Acquisitions E ditor;
• Appendix 6: Preparing Solutions and Dilutions
Leah Thomson, Marketing Manager; Priscilla Crater,
Purchasers of the text can access the resources on- Production Project Manager; and Terry Mallon, Designer.
line at the Burton’s Microbiology for the Health Sciences,
10th edition, Web site at http://thePoint.lww.com/ Paul G. Engelkirk, PhD, MT(ASCP), SM( NRCM)
Engelkirk10e. See the inside front cover of this text for Janet Duben-Engelkirk, EdD, MT(ASCP)
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User’s Guide
In today’s health careers, a thorough understanding of microbiology is more
important than ever. Burton’s Microbiology for the Health Sciences, Tenth Edition, not
only provides the conceptual knowledge you will need but also teaches you how to
apply it. This User’s Guide introduces you to the features and tools of this innovative
textbook. Each feature is specifically designed to enhance your learning experience,
preparing you for a successful career as a health professional.
Chapter Opener Features
The features that open each chapter are an introduction
to guide you through the remainder of the lesson.
Chapter Outline
Serves as a “roadmap” to the material ahead.
Learning Objectives
Highlight important concepts—helping you to
organize and prioritize learning.
Introduction
Familiarizes you with the material covered
in the chapter.
Chapter Features
The following features appear throughout the body of
the chapter. They are designed to hone critical thinking
skills and judgment, build clinical proficiency, and promote
comprehension and retention of the material.
Historical Note Boxes
Provide insight into the history
and development of microbiology
and healthcare.
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Spotlighting Boxes
These are a new feature
spotlighting healthcare careers.
Study Aid Boxes
Summarize key information, explain
difficult concepts, and differentiate
similar-sounding terms.
Clinical Procedure Boxes
Set forth step-by-step instructions
for common procedures.
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