Bureau for International Narcotics and Law Enforcement Affairs

668 Pages·2010·2.87 MB·English

United States Department of State
Bureau for International Narcotics and Law
Enforcement Affairs

International
Narcotics Control
Strategy Report

Volume I
Drug and Chemical
Control
March 2010

Embargoed until
March 1, 2010
1:00 p.m.
INCSR 2010 Volume 1 Table of Contents

Table of Contents
Volume I
Introduction ................................................................................................................... 1
Legislative Basis for the INCSR ............................................................................................................ 2
Presidential Determination ..................................................................................................................... 6
Policy and Program Developments ........................................................................... 12
Overview for 2009 ................................................................................................................................. 13
Demand Reduction ............................................................................................................................... 18
Methodology for USG Estimates of Illegal Drug Production ............................................................ 20
Worldwide Illicit Drug Cultivation ........................................................................................................ 23
Worldwide Potential Illicit Drug Production ....................................................................................... 24
Parties to the 1988 UN Convention ..................................................................................................... 25
USG Assistance .......................................................................................................... 31
Department of State (INL) Budget ....................................................................................................... 32
International Training ........................................................................................................................... 37
International Law Enforcement Academies (ILEAs) .......................................................................... 37
Drug Enforcement Administration ...................................................................................................... 40
United States Coast Guard ................................................................................................................... 48
U.S. Customs and Border Protection .................................................................................................. 52
Chemical Controls ....................................................................................................... 58
Summary ................................................................................................................................................ 59
Methamphetamine .............................................................................................................................. 59
Background ........................................................................................................................................... 62
Diversion Methods .............................................................................................................................. 63
2009 Chemical Diversion Control Trends and Initiatives .................................................................... 64
The Road Ahead ................................................................................................................................. 67
Major Chemical Source Countries and Territories ............................................................................ 68
The Americas ...................................................................................................................................... 69
Asia ..................................................................................................................................................... 72
Europe ................................................................................................................................................. 77
Major Illicit Drug Manufacturing Countries ........................................................................................ 79
Asia ..................................................................................................................................................... 79
Latin America ...................................................................................................................................... 83
Methamphetamine Chemicals.............................................................................................................. 86
Ephedrine and Its Salts: Export Statistics ........................................................................................... 88
Pseudoephedrine and Its Salts: Export Statistics ............................................................................... 89
Ephedrine And Its Salts: Import Statistics ........................................................................................... 89
Pseudoephedrine and Its Salts: Import Statistics ............................................................................... 90
Country Reports .......................................................................................................... 93
Afghanistan............................................................................................................................................ 94
Albania ................................................................................................................................................. 103
Algeria .................................................................................................................................................. 108
Argentina .............................................................................................................................................. 112
Armenia ................................................................................................................................................ 116
Australia ............................................................................................................................................... 119
Austria .................................................................................................................................................. 124
Azerbaijan ............................................................................................................................................ 128
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INCSR 2010 Volume 1 Table of Contents

The Bahamas ....................................................................................................................................... 131
Bangladesh .......................................................................................................................................... 134
Belarus ................................................................................................................................................. 137
Belgium ................................................................................................................................................ 141
Belize .................................................................................................................................................... 145
Bolivia ................................................................................................................................................... 149
Bosnia and Herzegovina .................................................................................................................... 156
Brazil ..................................................................................................................................................... 160
Bulgaria ................................................................................................................................................ 166
Burma ................................................................................................................................................... 169
Cambodia ............................................................................................................................................. 176
Canada ................................................................................................................................................. 182
Cape Verde........................................................................................................................................... 187
Chile ...................................................................................................................................................... 190
China .................................................................................................................................................... 193
Colombia .............................................................................................................................................. 201
Costa Rica ............................................................................................................................................ 213
Cote D’Ivoire ........................................................................................................................................ 217
Croatia .................................................................................................................................................. 219
Cuba ..................................................................................................................................................... 223
Cyprus .................................................................................................................................................. 227
Czech Republic ................................................................................................................................... 231
Denmark ............................................................................................................................................... 236
Dominican Republic ............................................................................................................................ 239
Dutch Caribbean ................................................................................................................................. 244
Eastern Caribbean .............................................................................................................................. 248
Ecuador ................................................................................................................................................ 256
Egypt .................................................................................................................................................... 262
El Salvador ........................................................................................................................................... 265
Estonia ................................................................................................................................................. 269
Ethiopia ................................................................................................................................................ 273
Finland .................................................................................................................................................. 276
France ................................................................................................................................................... 282
French Caribbean ................................................................................................................................ 285
Georgia ................................................................................................................................................. 287
Germany ............................................................................................................................................... 292
Ghana ................................................................................................................................................... 296
Greece .................................................................................................................................................. 302
Guatemala ............................................................................................................................................ 307
Guinea-Bissau ..................................................................................................................................... 312
Guyana ................................................................................................................................................. 315
Haiti ....................................................................................................................................................... 318
Honduras .............................................................................................................................................. 323
Hong Kong ........................................................................................................................................... 327
Hungary ................................................................................................................................................ 331
Iceland .................................................................................................................................................. 336
India ...................................................................................................................................................... 339
Indonesia .............................................................................................................................................. 346
Iran ........................................................................................................................................................ 351
Iraq ........................................................................................................................................................ 358
Ireland ................................................................................................................................................... 362
Israel ..................................................................................................................................................... 366
Italy ....................................................................................................................................................... 370
Jamaica ................................................................................................................................................ 375
Japan .................................................................................................................................................... 380
Jordan .................................................................................................................................................. 383
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INCSR 2010 Volume 1 Table of Contents

Kazakhstan .......................................................................................................................................... 386
Kenya .................................................................................................................................................... 392
Kosovo ................................................................................................................................................. 396
Kyrgyz Republic .................................................................................................................................. 401
Laos ...................................................................................................................................................... 403
Latvia .................................................................................................................................................... 410
Lebanon ............................................................................................................................................... 414
Lithuania .............................................................................................................................................. 418
Macedonia ............................................................................................................................................ 421
Malaysia ............................................................................................................................................... 424
Maldives ............................................................................................................................................... 427
Malta ..................................................................................................................................................... 429
Mexico .................................................................................................................................................. 432
Moldova ................................................................................................................................................ 439
Mongolia ............................................................................................................................................... 444
Montenegro .......................................................................................................................................... 447
Morocco ............................................................................................................................................... 451
Mozambique......................................................................................................................................... 455
Namibia ................................................................................................................................................ 458
Nepal ..................................................................................................................................................... 460
The Netherlands .................................................................................................................................. 464
Nicaragua ............................................................................................................................................. 471
Nigeria .................................................................................................................................................. 475
North Korea.......................................................................................................................................... 480
Norway ................................................................................................................................................. 482
Pakistan ................................................................................................................................................ 486
Panama ................................................................................................................................................. 493
Paraguay .............................................................................................................................................. 497
Peru ...................................................................................................................................................... 500
Philippines ........................................................................................................................................... 508
Poland .................................................................................................................................................. 516
Portugal ................................................................................................................................................ 519
Romania ............................................................................................................................................... 522
Russia ................................................................................................................................................... 525
Saudi Arabia ........................................................................................................................................ 533
Serbia ................................................................................................................................................... 537
Sierra Leone ........................................................................................................................................ 541
Singapore ............................................................................................................................................. 545
Slovakia ................................................................................................................................................ 549
Slovenia ................................................................................................................................................ 552
South Africa ......................................................................................................................................... 554
South Korea ......................................................................................................................................... 560
Spain ..................................................................................................................................................... 564
Sri Lanka .............................................................................................................................................. 568
Suriname .............................................................................................................................................. 571
Sweden ................................................................................................................................................. 576
Switzerland .......................................................................................................................................... 580
Syria ...................................................................................................................................................... 586
Taiwan .................................................................................................................................................. 590
Tajikistan .............................................................................................................................................. 593
Tanzania ............................................................................................................................................... 597
Thailand ................................................................................................................................................ 601
Togo ...................................................................................................................................................... 607
Trinidad and Tobago ........................................................................................................................... 610
Turkey ................................................................................................................................................... 614
Turkmenistan ....................................................................................................................................... 618
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INCSR 2010 Volume 1 Table of Contents

United Arab Emirates .......................................................................................................................... 622
Uganda ................................................................................................................................................. 626
Ukraine ................................................................................................................................................. 628
United Kingdom .................................................................................................................................. 633
Uruguay ................................................................................................................................................ 639
Uzbekistan ........................................................................................................................................... 643
Venezuela ............................................................................................................................................. 648
Vietnam ................................................................................................................................................ 653
Zambia .................................................................................................................................................. 658
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INCSR 2010 Volume 1 Common Abbreviations

Common Abbreviations

ARS Alternative Remittance System
ATS Amphetamine-Type Stimulants
CARICC Central Asia Regional Information Coordination Center
CBP Customs and Border Protection
CBRN Caribbean Basin Radar Network
CFATF Caribbean Financial Action Task Force
DARE Drug Abuse Resistance Education
DEA Drug Enforcement Administration
DHS Department of Homeland Security
DOJ Department of Justice
DOS Department of State
DTO Drug Trafficking Organization
ESF Economic Support Fund
EU European Union
EXBS The Export Control and Related Border Security Assistance (EXBS) Program
FATF Financial Action Task Force
FBI Federal Bureau of Investigation
FinCEN Financial Crimes Enforcement Network
FIU Financial Intelligence Unit
FSA FREEDOM Support Act
GCC Gulf Cooperation Council
IBC International Business Company
ICE Immigration and Customs Enforcement
ICITAP International Criminal Investigative Training Assistance Program
ILEA International Law Enforcement Academy
IMF International Monetary Fund
INCSR International Narcotics Control Strategy Report
INM See INL
INL Bureau for International Narcotics Control and Law Enforcement
Affairs/(Matters)
IRS Internal Revenue Service
IRS-CID Internal Revenue Service, Criminal Investigation Division
JICC Joint Information Coordination Center
JIATF-S/-W Joint Interagency Task Force South and Joint Interagency Task Force West
LEDET Law Enforcement Detachment, frequently embarked on patrol vessels
MAOC-N Maritime Analysis and Operations Centre-Narcotics
MLAT Mutual Legal Assistance Treaty
MOU Memorandum of Understanding
NBRF Northern Border Response Force
NNICC National Narcotics Intelligence Consumers Committee
OAS Organization of American States
OAS/CICAD Inter-American Drug Abuse Control Commission
OFC Offshore Financial Center
OPBAT Operation Bahamas, Turks and Caicos
OPDAT Office of Overseas Prosecutorial Development Assistance and Training
SECI South East Europe Cooperative Initiative
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INCSR 2010 Volume 1 Common Abbreviations

SEED Support for East European Democracy Act (1994)
SOCA (British) Serious Organized Crime Agency
TIR Truck Trucks inspected and sealed by Customs at point of origin. (Transport
International Routier)
UN Convention 1988 United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and
Psychotropic Substances
UNODC United Nations Office for Drug Control and Crime
USAID Agency for International Development
USCG United States Coast Guard
USG United States Government
ha Hectare
HCl Hydrochloride (cocaine)
Kg Kilogram
Mt Metric Ton

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INCSR 2010 Volume 1 International Agreements

International Agreements

1988 UN Drug Convention—United Nations Convention against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and
Psychotropic Substances, 1988
UN Single Drug Convention—United Nations Single Convention on Narcotic Drugs, 1961 as amended
by the 1972 Protocol
UN Psychotropic Substances Convention—United Nations Convention on Psychotropic Substances, 1971
UNCAC–UN Convention against Corruption
UN Convention against Transnational Organized Crime—and its supplementing protocols:
 Trafficking in Persons Protocol—Protocol to Prevent, Suppress and Punish Trafficking
in Persons, Especially Women and Children, supplementing the United Nations
Convention against Transnational Organized Crime
 Migrant Smuggling Protocol—Protocol against the Smuggling of Migrants by Land, Air
and Sea, supplementing the United Nations Convention against Transnational Organized
Crime
 Firearms Protocol—Protocol against the Illicit Manufacturing of and Trafficking in
Firearms, Their Parts and Components and Ammunition, supplementing the United
Nations Convention against Transnational Organized Crime

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I
NTRODUCTION

1
INCSR 2010 Volume 1 Introduction
Legislative Basis for the INCSR
The Department of State’s International Narcotics Control Strategy Report (INCSR) has been prepared in
accordance with section 489 of the Foreign Assistance Act of 1961, as amended (the “FAA,” 22 U.S.C. §
2291). The 2010 INCSR, published in March 2010, covers the year January 1 to December 31, 2009 and
is published in two volumes, the second of which covers money laundering and financial crimes. In
addition to addressing the reporting requirements of section 489 of the FAA (as well as sections 481(d)(2)
and 484(c) of the FAA and section 804 of the Narcotics Control Trade Act of 1974, as amended), the
INCSR provides the factual basis for the designations contained in the President’s report to Congress on
the major drug-transit or major illicit drug producing countries initially set forth in section 591 of the
Kenneth M. Ludden Foreign Operations, Export Financing, and Related Programs Appropriations Act,
2002 (P.L. 107-115) (the “FOAA”), and now made permanent pursuant to section 706 of the Foreign
Relations Authorization Act, Fiscal Year 2003 (P.L. 107-228) (the “FRAA”).
Section 706 of the FRAA requires that the President submit an annual report no later than September 15
identifying each country determined by the President to be a major drug-transit country or major illicit
drug producing country. The President is also required in that report to identify any country on the majors
list that has “failed demonstrably . . . to make substantial efforts” during the previous 12 months to adhere
to international counternarcotics agreements and to take certain counternarcotics measures set forth in
U.S. law. U.S. assistance under the current foreign operations appropriations act may not be provided to
any country designated as having “failed demonstrably” unless the President determines that the provision
of such assistance is vital to U.S. national interests or that the country, at any time after the President’s
initial report to Congress, has made “substantial efforts” to comply with the counternarcotics conditions
in the legislation. This prohibition does not affect humanitarian, counternarcotics, and certain other types
of assistance that are authorized to be provided notwithstanding any other provision of law.
The FAA requires a report on the extent to which each country or entity that received assistance under
chapter 8 of Part I of the Foreign Assistance Act in the past two fiscal years has “met the goals and
objectives of the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic
Substances” (the “1988 UN Drug Convention”). FAA § 489(a)(1)(A).
Two years ago, pursuant to The Combat Methamphetamine Enforcement Act (CMEA) (The USA Patriot
Improvement and Reauthorization Act 2005, Title VII, P.L. 109-177), amending sections 489 and 490 of
the Foreign Assistance Act (22 USC 2291h and 2291) section 722, the INCSR was expanded to include
reporting on the five countries that export the largest amounts of methamphetamine precursor chemicals,
as well as the five countries importing the largest amounts of these chemicals and which have the highest
rate of diversion of the chemicals for methamphetamine production. This expanded reporting, which also
appears in this year’s INCSR and will appear in each subsequent annual INCSR report, also includes
additional information on efforts to control methamphetamine precursor chemicals, as well as estimates of
legitimate demand for these methamphetamine precursors, prepared by most parties to the 1988 UN Drug
Convention and submitted to the International Narcotics Control Board. The CMEA also requires a
Presidential determination by March 1 of each year on whether the five countries that legally exported
and the five countries that legally imported the largest amount of precursor chemicals (under FAA section
490) have cooperated with the United States to prevent these substances from being used to produce
methamphetamine or have taken adequate steps on their own to achieve full compliance with the 1988
UN Drug Control Convention. This determination may be exercised by the Secretary of State pursuant to
Executive Order 12163 and by the Deputy Secretary of State pursuant to State Department Delegation of
Authority 245.
Although the Convention does not contain a list of goals and objectives, it does set forth a number of
obligations that the parties agree to undertake. Generally speaking, it requires the parties to take legal
measures to outlaw and punish all forms of illicit drug production, trafficking, and drug money
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