Bulbous Plants: Biotechnology PDF
Preview Bulbous Plants: Biotechnology
B BULBOUS PLANTS Bulbous plants are those with organs for u Bulbous plants are those with organs for B B BULBBOUULSBOPLUASNTPSLANTS nBuutrlibeonutsstpolraangtse aarnedtthhoessee winitchludoergtaunbserfso,r u l bu cnorumtnrusite,rniaetnntBdsutsobtlobruroaalugbgsees.paaTnlanhdndettsyhteahcsreaeesnietnhbcoileunsdecoelruwtnduiaebthmertusoe,rbngetaarnlss, for lb olB BULBOUS PLANTS corms, and bulbs. They can be ornamental o ubu ocroroemrdsie,bdalinenbd,uletr,bhieuhenlerbtrbssb.ataoTccreheaogoeeuyusascnaodnor trbhpeeepsroeeernirnnneacinlmaulnd.eeinattlua.blers, us soulbBioBteiochtencolhongyology ImorpIomerptdaoirnbttaclneoter,mxeahxsm,aemarpnpbdlleeasbscuelooboffsu.sTsusuhchecoyhrpclaappnnltaesbnreatesornernnaairmaele.ntal Pl Plsou Biotechnology or edible, herbaceous or perennial. a aPs Biotechnology pIomtapptooot,arttsoaw,nsetweeteextpapomotatpattoloe,,syyaamomf, ,asrarurocrwohrwooprtol,aoantnt,dsanadre n nlP Important examples of such plants are ts tal dpaholtdiaaathsol.i,ass.wpoeteatto,psowtaeteot,pyoatamto,,ayrarmo,warroroowt,roaontd, and B: s:ntan i Bst dahlias. o :s This bodoakhfloiacsu.ses mainly on economically t ioB : e B Thisimbpooortkanftocfouosdescrmopasi,ntlhyeoirnperocpoangoamtioincally c tii h eoo imThpsiostrrabttaoengotiTekshf,foiospoclabdunostoeckgrsrofoompwcsuath,sineatslhnymdeoiardnienvpleeycrloooopnpnmaoeegmcnoati,ntciooamlnliycally n ctt o hee stirmapttueobgreitreasnq,itumpapllfiaootynor,ttdaangntrdcorfoowcropotdshp, captrrhnoopedtesir,cdtetipohvnree.oilropIptapmgrisoaeptniaotg,nation lo ncch h tusbtreadrtiveigqdieuedassl,tiritnapytt,loeagnaisnteesdcg,tripooclanrwnost:tphgGrpeaonnrweodtrthaedlcaetnBvidoieonloldo.epgvymIetloepinsmt,ent, gy olnno oo Aspectst,uEbdeibrleqPulaanlittsy,,MaenddicicnraolpPlapnrtso,taencdtion. It is l dtiuvbiFdeloerwdeqruiidnnagitlvoiPtiydlae,nsdteasc.niTtndihtoeoncbrsoso:eopkctGwiopeinlnrloseb:tereauGclseteinofBuenlrio.atolloItgByiioslogy K. gyloog G gy Adsipveicdtesd, Edinibtole Psleacnttsio, nMse:diGciennaelrPallanBtsi,oalongdy . botanistAs,sbpieoclotsg,isEtds,ibfolerePsltaenrsts,,inMdeudsitcriianlaisltsP,lants, and R y FAloswpeeenrcvitinsr,goEFnPldomlaiwbneelentrsit.nPaTgllaihPsneltatssnb,,tosMp.oTeokhdliweiccbyiilnoloambkleaPwkuliaelslnrebtsfseu,,luastnoedful to ama K.G K.G w K bFoltoacwnoniessrteisrn,vgbbaotiPoitoallanonnigisstittssss,.t,sTbN,ihGfooeOlorsgbeiosswttosoe,krrfkoswi,rneiignlsltdiebnuressr,tuuirnsriadaelulfiussttlrsit,aolists, at .R.G.RK.G. Ramawat and ebnovtaairrneaoissn,tsame,nbndeivonbiloritoogatenilscimthssn,teosfnloo,trgaeipslstisotsetlirsnis,vc,oyilpvneoddmluicswatyirktiheamlrisastk,s,ers, &J am.Ram . a micropropogation. M aawJ.M. Mérillon (eds.) ceonnsveirrvoatnciomonnesisentrsvt,aatNliioGsntOisssts,, wpNoGorOlkisicnywgormikniangrkueirnraslr,ural .M wamaat KK.G.G.. RRaammaawwaat taandnd areas, and biotechnologists involved with é tw& acroeanss,eravnadmtioibcnriooispttersoc,phoNngoGalOtoigosnis.wtsoirnkvinoglveidn wruitrhal rillo &JatJ.M KJ..MG..MRéarmilloanw(eadtsa.) nd mairceraosp,raonpdogbatioiotenc.hnologists involved with n .M&. J.M. Mérillon (eds.) ( M e .J micropropogation. ds M.Mré J.M. Mérillon (eds.) .) é.ill rMo i n l loré(e nid l ls (o. e ) n K20419 d s( .e )d s . ) 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487 711 Third Avenue New York, NY 10017 an informa business 2 Park Square, Milton Park A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK www.crcpress.com Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK BULBOUS PLANTS Biotechnology BULBOUS PLANTS Biotechnology Editors K.G. Ramawat Formerly, Professor and Head, Botany Department M.L. Sukhadia University, Udaipur, India J.M. Mérillon Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Bordeaux 2 Institute of Wine and Vine Villenave d’Ornon, France p, A SCIENCE PUBLISHERS BOOK GL--Prelims with new title page.indd ii 4/25/2012 9:52:40 AM CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20131118 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4665-8968-1 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. Reason- able efforts have been made to publish reliable data and information, but the author and publisher cannot assume responsibility for the validity of all materials or the consequences of their use. The authors and publishers have attempted to trace the copyright holders of all material reproduced in this publication and apologize to copyright holders if permission to publish in this form has not been obtained. If any copyright material has not been acknowledged please write and let us know so we may rectify in any future reprint. Except as permitted under U.S. Copyright Law, no part of this book may be reprinted, reproduced, transmitted, or utilized in any form by any electronic, mechanical, or other means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying, microfilming, and recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without written permission from the publishers. For permission to photocopy or use material electronically from this work, please access www. copyright.com (http://www.copyright.com/) or contact the Copyright Clearance Center, Inc. (CCC), 222 Rosewood Drive, Danvers, MA 01923, 978-750-8400. CCC is a not-for-profit organiza- tion that provides licenses and registration for a variety of users. For organizations that have been granted a photocopy license by the CCC, a separate system of payment has been arranged. Trademark Notice: Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks, and are used only for identification and explanation without intent to infringe. Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Preface We are pleased to present this unique book on plants with special storage organs such as tubers, corms and bulbs. Tubers, corms and bulbs are various types of modifi ed plant structures that are enlarged to store nutrients. They are used by plants to survive the winter or dry months and provide energy and nutrients for regrowth during the next growing season. Multiple storage organs are produced by such plants, therefore they represent a method of asexual reproduction. Both stem and root modifi cations can produce such organs. These are mostly underground. Root crops, tuber crops and corm crops are special terms used to refer to specifi c types of farm crops collectively called root and tuber crops. A bulbous plant is an ornamental or edible plant, herbaceous or perennial species which produce fl eshly storage organs including true bulbs as well as corms, tubers, rhizomes, and tuberous roots. Plants from diverse taxa produce these structures which may provide food, medicine or fl owers and saplings for the next generation. Therefore, this generalized term is used for the book. Starchy root and tuber crops, also referred to as roots and tubers and tuberous crops, are plants that are grown for their modifi ed, thickened root or stem which generally develop underground. These organs are rich in carbohydrate and are commonly used as staple, livestock feed, or as raw materials for the production of industrial products such as starch and alcohol, or processed into various food products. With the ever increasing world population, increasing the potential of these plants and agrotechnology for higher yield is focus of current research. Root crops and tuber crops have very high yield potential although their protein, mineral and vitamin content are generally low compared to cereals. However, taro and yams contain up to 6% protein of good quality and the potato tuber provides some minerals and vitamin C. The orange- fl eshed sweet potato is also well known as a rich source of beta-carotene, a precursor of vitamin A. These crops are known for their high dry matter production, with a potential of 2.1 tons per hectare from underground storage organs. In contrast, cereals have achieved about 1.5 tons. In any review of tuberous plants, fl ower and medicinal plants having storage organs needs to be included. Several tuber/bulb bearing plants are excellent ornamentals. A section in the book is devoted to such plants by vi Bulbous Plants: Biotechnology bringing together in one place the information growers need to propagate and cultivate their eye-catching plants. Dahlia tubers are a tuberous perennial plant much appreciated for the colorful Dahlia fl owers. Dahlia fl owers make great cut fl owers. A section is devoted to medicinal plants having such storage organs. Medicinal plants are sources of important therapeutic aid for healing human diseases. The depletion of the wild resources has prompted conservation, propagation, and enhancement of resources for medicinal plants. Micropropagation offers an alternate method to propagate and improve medicinal plants through selection of high-yield lines and their effi cient cloning. Biotechnological approaches such as cloning, haploid production, process of tuber formation, vegetative seeds production, use of molecular markers in genetics and breeding, genetic transformation for improvement have been employed for development and production of desired characters. This requires a deep understanding of structure and functioning of tuberous plants then only conservation, characterization and improvement technologies can be developed. This book aimed at providing comprehensive information about biology, propagation strategies, genetics and genetic resources, plant growth and development, tuber quality, crop management, biological understanding and improvement through various biotechnological and molecular tools to all those who are interested in propagation, cultivation, improvement and protection of such crops. Important new tools have been developed in the area of molecular genetics, and our understanding of tuber plants physiology has been revolutionized due to amenability of the plants to genetic transformation. The chapters are written by recognized international specialists in their respective fi elds of research. The book is divided in following sections to encompass entire spectrum of developments in this fi eld-General biological aspects, edible plants, medicinal plants, and fl owering plants. This book will be useful to botanists, biologists, foresters, industrialists, environmentalists, policy makers, conservationists, NGOs working in rural areas for village people, and biotechnologist involved in micropropagation. We would like to acknowledge cooperation, patience and support of our contributors who have put their serious efforts to ensure the high scientifi c quality of this book with up to date information. We wish to thank our publishers for their support and timely publication. K.G. Ramawat J.M. Mérillon Contents Preface v Section A: Edible Crops 1. Hormonal Regulation of Tuber Formation in Potato 3 Nina P. Aksenova, Lidiya I. Sergeeva, Oksana O. Kolachevskaya and Georgy A. Romanov 2. Bioreactor Technologies for Mass Propagation of Potato: 37 Future Prospects Rokka Veli-Matti, Kämäräinen-Karppinen Terttu, Virtanen Elina and Pirttilä Anna Maria 3. Genetic Diversity and Population Structure in Five 50 Cultivated Dioscorea spp. (Dioscoreaceae) using Molecular Markers Elizabeth Ann Veasey, Eduardo de Andrade Bressan, Marcos Vinícius Bohrer Monteiro Siqueira, Aline Borges, Wellington Ferreira do Nascimento, Thiago Fonseca Mezette, Lidinalva de Resende Gomes da Silva, Danielle Muniz da Silva and Gabriel Dequigiovanni 4. Improvement Strategies for Cocoyam 75 (Xanthosoma sagittifolium (L.) Schott): Conventional Breeding to Tissue Culture Technology Tsafack Takadong Julie Judith and Charles Gilbert 5. Status and Prospects of Biotechnology Applications to 92 Conservation, Propagation and Genetic Improvement of Yam Morufat Balogun and Badara Gueye 6. In vitro Regeneration of Sugar Beet (Beta vulgaris L.) 113 Songul Gurel and Ekrem Gurel 7. Biology and Biotechnology of Crocus 152 Mahdi Ahouran viii Bulbous Plants: Biotechnology 8. Environmental and Life Cycle Cost Assessment of 177 Cassava Ethanol Shabbir H. Gheewala, Sébastien Bonnet and Thapat Silalertruksa Section B: Flowering Plants 9. Genetic Transformation and Metabolic Engineering 197 of Lilium Pejman Azadi, Valentine Otang Ntui, Dong Poh Chin and Masahiro Mii 10. Molecular Markers in Caladium: Development, 214 Characterization and Applications Zhanao Deng 11. Genetic Control of Anthocyanin Synthesis in Dahlia 228 (Dahlia variabilis) Sho Ohno, Ayumi Deguchi and Munetaka Hosokawa 12. Flowering in South African Iridaceae 248 Luise Ehrich 13. In vitro Regeneration of Alstroemeria: A Review 270 Amir Ghaffar Shahriari, Abdolreza Bagheri and Zolfaghar Shahriari Section C: Medicinal Plants 14. The Current Impact and Potential of Biotechnology to 287 Improve the Capacity of Orange-fl eshed Sweet Potato (Ipomoea batatas) to Prevent Vitamin A Defi ciency Betty J. Burri 15. Tuberous Medicinal Plants of India: Biology and 311 Biotechnology Varsha Sharma and Kishan Gopal Ramawat 16. Medicinal Bulbous Plants: Biology, Phytochemistry and 338 Biotechnology Sayantani Nath, Partha Sarathi Saha and Sumita Jha 17. Conservation of Tuberous Medicinal Plants of Western 370 Ghats through Biotechnological Approach P.N. Krishnan, Dhanya B. Pillai and K. Satheeshkumar Index 419 Color Plate Section 427 Section A Edible Crops
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