Building the Churches of Kievan Russia

249 Pages·1995·21.939 MB·English

by  Pavel A. Rappoport

BUILDING THE CHURCHES
OF KIEVAN RUSSIA
To the memory of Eugenia G. Sheinina,
wife of Pavel A. Rappoport.
BUILDING THE CHURCHES
OF KIEV AN RUSSIA
Pavel A. Rappoport
O Routledge
§^^ Taylor & Francis Group
LONDON AND NEW YORK
First published 1995 by Ashgate Publishing
Published 2016 by Routledge
2 Park Square, Milton Park, Abingdon, Oxon OX 14 4RN
711 Third Avenue, New York, NY 10017, USA
Routledge is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group,
an informa business
Copyright © 1995 Alexander P. Rappoport
All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reprinted or reproduced
or utilised in any form or by any electronic, mechanical, or other
means, now known or hereafter invented, including photocopying and
recording, or in any information storage or retrieval system, without
permission in writing from the publishers.
Notice:
Product or corporate names may be trademarks or registered trademarks,
and are used only for identification and explanation
without intent to infringe.
British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data
Rappoport, Pavel A.
Building the Churches of Kievan Russia
I. Title
726.50947714
U.S. Library of Congress Cataloging in Publication Data
Rappoport, P.A. (Pavel Aleksandrovich)
Building the Churches of Kievan Russia / P.A. Rappoport.
p. cm. Includes index.
ISBN 0-86078-327-8.
1. Churches—Russia—Design and construction—History.
2. Church architecture—Russia—History. 3. Architecture,
Byzantine—Russia—History. 4. Kievan Rus. I. Title.
TH4221.R371995
690'8581947—dc20 94-42743
CIP
ISBN 9780860783275(hbk)
Transfered to Digital Printing in 2011
Contents
Note on translation and transliteration vii
List of illustrations ix
List of abbreviations xii
Foreword xiv
Cyril Mango
Acknowledgements xvii
Map xviii
Introduction 1
BUILDING MATERIALS
1 Brick 5
2 Stone 54
3 Lime and mortars 59
4 Ceramic floor tiles 69
5 'Resonators' 78
6 Window glass and mosaic 82
STRUCTURAL ELEMENTS
7 Foundations 89
8 Walls 109
9 Arches, vaults, openings 119
10 Staircases 129
11 Wooden elements in the buildings 133
12 Floors 145
13 Roofs 149
vi CONTENTS
THE ORGANIZATION OF CONSTRUCTION WORK
14 Laying the foundations and laying out the building on the site 161
15 The period of construction 168
16 The construction process 180
17 The size and structure of the building teams 193
18 The social position of the builders 207
Conclusion 212
Indexes 215
Note on translation and transliteration
The text of Building the Churches of Kievan Russia has been translated from
the original Russian. Where there is a standard English form for names,
for example, Kiev, Moscow, these have been used; otherwise names have
been translated using standard Russian spelling. For purposes of translit-
eration, the Library of Congress system, without diacritics, has been
followed.
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List of illustrations
Fig. \ A brick with traces of raindrops, Cathedral of the
Archangel Michael, Pereiaslavl'. 8
Fig. 2 Brick kiln in Suzdal'. Fagade, plan and reconstruction.
After A.D. Varganov. 11
Fig. 3 Brick kiln in Kiev. Reconstruction by V.A. Kharlamov. 15
Fig. 4 Brick kiln on the Protoka in Smolensk. Axonometric view. 15
Fig. 5 Brick kiln on the Protoka in Smolensk. View from west. 16
Fig. 6 Brick kiln on the Protoka in Smolensk. View from north-west. 16
Fig. 7 Brick kiln on the Protoka in Smolensk. Upper kiln. 17
Fig. 8 Brick kiln on the Protoka in Smolensk. Middle kiln. 18
Fig. 9 Brick kiln on the Protoka in Smolensk. Lower kiln. 19
Fig. 10 Brick kiln in Smolensk, Pushkin Street. Plan. 22
Fig. 11 Brick kiln in Smolensk, Pushkin Street. 1 - turf; 2 - sand;
3 - burnt sand; 4 - clay; 5 - burnt clay; 6 - crushed brick;
7 - mud bricks; 8 - brick; 9 - brick-kiln production; 10 - ash;
11 - hearth of the kiln; 12 - clay mortar; 13 - burnt clay
mortar; 14 - subsoil. 23
Fig. 12 Brick kiln in Smolensk, Pushkin Street. General view. 24
Fig. 13 Brick kiln in Smolensk, Pushkin Street. A detail. 25
Fig. 14 Brick kiln in Chernigov. 25
Fig. 15 Marks on the ends of bricks. Smolensk, church on
the Protoka. 32
Fig. 16 Marks on the ends of bricks. Smolensk, church in
Perekopnyi Lane. 33
Fig. 17 The marked end of a brick. Smolensk, the katholikon at
the Monastery of the Holy Trinity on the Klovka. 36
Fig. 18 Marks on the flat side of bricks. Polotsk, church on the fosse. 39
Fig. 19 The marked flat side of a brick. Polotsk, church on the fosse. 39
Fig. 20 A stamped brick. Smolensk, church on Bol'shaia Krasnoflot-
skaia Street. 40
Fig. 21 A brick with stamps. Smolensk, church on the Protoka. 41
ix