Building States, Building Peace: Global and Regional Involvement in Sri Lanka and Myanmar

288 Pages·2014·2.267 MB·English

by  Amaia Sánchez-Cacicedo (auth.)

Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies
Series Editor: Oliver P. Richmond, Professor, School of International Relations, University
of St. Andrews, UK.
Editorial Board: Roland Bleiker, University of Queensland, Australia; Henry F. Carey,
Georgia State University, USA; Costas Constantinou, University of Keele, UK; A.
J. R. Groom, University of Kent, UK; Vivienne Jabri, King’s College London, UK;
Edward Newman, University of Birmingham, UK; Sorpong Peou, Sophia University,
Japan; Caroline Kennedy-Pipe, University of Sheffield, UK; Professor Michael Pugh,
University of Bradford, UK; Chandra Sriram, University of East London, UK; Ian
Taylor, University of St. Andrews, UK; Alison Watson, University of St. Andrews, UK;
R. B. J. Walker, University of Victoria, Canada; Andrew Williams, University of St.
Andrews, UK.
Titles include:
Roland Bleiker
AESTHETICS AND WORLD POLITICS
Claire Duncanson
FORCES FOR GOOD?
Military Masculinities and Peacebuilding in Afghanistan and Iraq
Kirsten Fisher
TRANSITIONAL JUSTICE FOR CHILD SOLDIERS
Accountability and Social Reconstruction in Post-Conflict Contexts
Daria Isachenko
THE MAKING OF INFORMAL STATES
Statebuilding in Northern Cyprus and Transdniestria
Stefanie Kappler
LOCAL AGENCY AND PEACEBUILDING
EU and International Engagement in Bosnia-Herzegovina, Cyprus and South Africa
Roger Mac Ginty
INTERNATIONAL PEACEBUILDING AND LOCAL RESISTANCE
Hybrid Forms of Peace
SM Farid Mirbagheri
WAR AND PEACE IN ISLAM
A Critique of Islamic/ist Political Discourses
Audra L. Mitchell
LOST IN TRANSFORMATION
Violent Peace and Peaceful Conflict in Northern Ireland
Frank Möller
VISUAL PEACE
Images, Spectatorship and the Politics of Violence
Chavanne L. Peercy
LOCAL LEADERSHIP IN DEMOCRATIC TRANSITION
Michael Pugh
LIBERAL INTERNATIONALISM
The Interwar Movement for Peace in Britain
O liver P. Richmond, and Audra Mitchell (editors)
HYBRID FORMS OF PEACE
From Everyday Agency to Post-Liberalism
Amaia Sánchez-Cacicedo
BUILDING STATES, BUILDING PEACE
Global and Regional Involvement in Sri Lanka and Myanmar
Emil Souleimanov
UNDERSTANDING ETHNOPOLITICAL CONFLICT
Karabakh, South Ossetia and Abkhazia Wars Reconsidered
Lynn M. Tesser
ETHNIC CLEANSING AND THE EUROPEAN UNION
An Interdisciplinary Approach to Security, Memory, and Ethnography
Rethinking Peace and Conflict Studies
Series Standing Order ISBN 978–1–4039–9575–9 (hardback) & 978–1–4039–9576–6 (paperback)
You can receive future titles in this series as they are published by placing a standing order. Please
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Building States, Building
Peace
Global and Regional Involvement in
Sri Lanka and Myanmar
Amaia Sánchez-Cacicedo
© Amaia Sánchez-Cacicedo 2014
Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2014 978-1-137-27415-1
All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this
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in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988.
First published 2014 by
PALGRAVE MACMILLAN
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registered in England, company number 785998, of Houndmills, Basingstoke,
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ISBN 978-1-349-44553-0 ISBN 978-1-137-27416-8 (eBook)
DOI 10.1057/9781137274168
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To my parents
This Page Intentionally Left Blank
Contents
List of Illustrations x
Acknowledgements x i
List of Abbreviations x iii
Maps xv
Part I A Critical View on ‘Global’ Liberal
Peacebuilding and Statebuilding
1 Introduction: The Way of Terrain 3
1.1 T he gap: perceptions of legitimacy and ‘global’
international norms 6
1.2 N on-material variables: why on the margins? 8
1.3 E xternal engagement: rightly tilting the balance? 9
1.4 D issecting the domestic 1 0
1.5 W hy Sri Lanka and Myanmar? 1 1
1.6 T he collection of empirical material 12
1.7 S tructure of the book 1 5
2 Challenging Liberal Peacebuilding, as Part of Liberal
Internationalism 18
2.1 I ntroduction 1 8
2.2 U nderstanding liberal peacebuilding, embedded in liberal
internationalism 1 9
2.3 C hallenges to liberal peacebuilding: a conceptual framework 29
2.4 C onclusion 5 0
Part II Lessons from the Sri Lankan Case:
2002–2009
3 Evolution of the Sri Lankan Conflict Up to 2002 55
3.1 I ntroduction 5 5
3.2 O rigins, causes and dynamics of the
ethno-political conflict 5 6
3.3 I nternationalization and attempts at peace until 2002 64
3.4 T he 2002 peace process 8 2
3.5 C onclusion 8 7
vii
viii Contents
4 Sri Lanka’s 2002 Peace Process and a Military Termination 8 9
4.1 I ntroduction 8 9
4.2 U nexpected endgame 9 1
4.3 D omestic politics and the peace process 93
4.4 T he tsunami of December 2004: a lost opportunity 100
4.5 T he killing of Foreign Minister Lakshman Kadirgamar:
a landmark event 1 05
4.6 A new president and a home-grown peace 107
4.7 T he Geneva talks in 2006: the last straw 110
4.8 R eluctance to officially declare the return to war 113
4.9 C onclusion 1 14
5 External Involvement in Sri Lanka’s Peace Process 117
5.1 I ntroduction 1 17
5.2 E xternal actors: motivations and approaches 119
5.3 T he interface between external and domestic actors 128
5.4 E xternal reaction to a faltering peace process 136
5.5 R eality strikes 1 42
5.6 C onclusion 1 48
Part III The Region to the Fore:
External Involvement in Asia
6 Power Shifts in Asia: External Involvement in
Intra-State Conflicts 153
6.1 I ntroduction 1 53
6.2 R egionalism and regional hegemony 155
6.3 T he regional versus the global: India and China’s
neighbourhood policies 158
6.4 C hina and India’s rise: implications for Asia and beyond 164
6.5. T he rise of Asian powers and its smaller neighbours 168
6.6 C onclusion 1 72
7 The Case of Myanmar: What Role for the Region? 1 73
7.1 I ntroduction 1 73
7.2 W hy does Myanmar matter? 174
7.3 E xternal interest in Myanmar: resources and geopolitics
surpass norms 1 75
7.4 T he normative approach of the different players 177
7.5 M yanmar’s reaction to outside involvement and
its foreign policy 1 96
7.6 R ecent developments and way forward 201
7.7 Conclusion 204
Contents ix
Part IV Conclusion
8 Conclusion: What Indeed Is ‘Good and Appropriate’? 207
8.1 T he sovereignty norm: the dispute endures 209
8.2 T he material and the normative: both count 209
8.3 I nstrumentalization in reverse 2 10
8.4 B roader issues for analysis 2 11
Notes 2 14
Index 2 69