Building Scientific Apparatus Fourth Edition

663 Pages·2009·8.23 MB·English

by  John H. Moore

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BUILDING
SCIENTIFIC
APPARATUS
Fourth Edition
Unrivalled in its coverage and unique in its hands-on His research has included plasma chemistry, high-energy electron
approach, this guide to the design and construction of scattering,andthedesignandfabrication ofinstrumentsforuse in
scientificapparatusisessentialreadingforallscientistsand thelaboratoryandonspacecraft.
studentsinthephysical,chemical,andbiologicalsciences
andengineering. christopher c. davis isProfessorofElectricalandCom-
puterEngineeringattheUniversityofMaryland.HeisaFellowof
Covering the physical principles governing the opera-
theInstituteofPhysics,andaFellowoftheInstituteofElectricaland
tion of the mechanical, optical and electronic parts of an
ElectronicsEngineers.Currentlyhisresearchdealswithfreespace
instrument, the fourth edition contains new sections on
optical and directional RF communication systems, plasmonics,
detectors, low-temperature measurements, high-pressure near-field scanning optical microscopy, chemical and biological
apparatus, and updated engineering specifications. There sensors, interferometry, optical systems, bioelectromagnetics, and
are over 400 figures and tables to permit specification of RFdosimetry.
the components of apparatus, many new to this edition.
Data on the properties of materials and components used michael a. coplan isProfessorandDirectoroftheChem-
by manufacturers are included. Mechanical, optical, and icalPhysicsProgramattheUniversityofMaryland.HeisaFellowof
theAmericanPhysicalSocietyandhasresearchprogramsinspace
electronicconstructiontechniquescarriedoutinthelabo-
science,electronscattering,andneutrondetection.
ratory,aswellas thoseletouttospecializedshops,arealso
described. Step-by-step instruction, supported by many
sandra c. greer isProfessorEmeritaofChemistryandBio-
detailed figures, is given for laboratory skills such as sol-
chemistryandProfessorofChemicalandBiomolecularEngineer-
dering electrical components, glassblowing, brazing,
ingattheUniversityofMarylandandisnowProvostandDeanof
and polishing. theFacultyatMillsCollegeinOakland,California.SheisaFel-
lowoftheAmericanPhysicalSocietyandtheAmericanAssoci-
john h. moore is Professor Emeritus at the University of ation for the Advancement of Science, and recipient of the
Maryland. He is a Fellow of the American Physical Society and American Chemical Society Francis P. Garvan–John M. Olin
the American Association for the Advancement of Science. Medal.
BuildingScientificApparatuscoversawiderangeoftopics hands-onadvicetoenablethereadertoputtheseprinciples
criticaltothe construction,use, andunderstandingofsci- into practice. The style of the book is very user-friendly
entific equipment. It serves as a reference to a wealth of andthetextisskillfullyillustratedandinformedbynumer-
technicalinformation,butisalsowritteninafamiliarstyle ous figures. The book is a mine of useful information
that makes it accessible as an introductory text.This new ranging from tables of the properties of materials to lists
edition includes updates throughout, and will continue to of manufacturers and suppliers. This book would be an
serve as a bookshelf standard in laboratories around the invaluable resource in any laboratory in the physical sci-
world.Ineverlike tobetoofarfromthisbook! encesandbeyond.
JasonHafner, Rice University, Houston, Texas GeorgeKing,University ofManchester
Formanyyears,BuildingScientificApparatushasbeenthe Theconstructionofnovelequipmentisoftenaprerequi-
firstbookIreachfortoremindmyselfofanexperimental site for cutting-edge scientific research. Jack Moore and
technique, ortostart learning a new one.And ithasbeen his coauthors have made this task easier and more effi-
one of the first references I’ve recommended to new stu- cient by concentrating several careers’ worth of equip-
dents. With valuable additions (e.g. tolerances table for ment-building experience into a single volume – a
machining, formula for aspheric lenses, expanded infor- thoroughly revised and updated edition of a 25-year-old
mation on detector signal-to-noise ratios, solid-state classic. Covering areas ranging from glassblowing to
detectors...) and updated lists of suppliers, the newest electron optics and from temperature controllers to
addition will be a welcome replacement for our lab’s lasers,theinvaluableinformationinthisbookisdestined
well-thumbed previouseditions ofBSA. to save years of collective frustration for students and
BrianKing,McMaster University,Canada scientists. It is a ‘‘must-have’’ on the shelf of every
research lab.
Ilikethisbookalot.Itiscomprehensiveinitscoverageof Nicholas Spencer, Eidgeno¨ssische Technische
awiderangeoftopicsthatanexperimentalistinthephys- Hochschule, Zu¨rich.
icalsciencesmayencounter.Itusefullyextendsthescope
ofpreviouseditionsandhighlightsnewtechnicaldevelop- This book is a unique resource for the beginning experi-
ments and ways to apply them. The authors share a rich menter, and remains valuable throughout a scientist’s
pool of knowledge and practical expertise and they have career. Professional engineers I knowalso ownand enjoy
produced a unique and authoritativeguide tothe building usingthe book.
of scientific apparatus. The book provides lucid descrip- EricZimmerman, UniversityofColoradoatBoulder,
tions of underlying physical principles. It is also full of Colorado
BUILDING
SCIENTIFIC
APPARATUS
Fourth Edition
John H. Moore F Christopher C. Davis F Michael A. Coplan,
with a chapter by Sandra C. Greer
CAMBRIDGEUNIVERSITYPRESS
Cambridge, New York, Melbourne, Madrid, Cape Town, Singapore,
São Paulo, Delhi, Dubai, Tokyo
Cambridge University Press
The Edinburgh Building, Cambridge CB2 8RU, UK
Published in the United States of America by Cambridge University Press, New York
www.cambridge.org
Information on this title: www.cambridge.org/9780521878586
© J. Moore, C. Davis, M. Coplan, and S. Greer 2009
This publication is in copyright. Subject to statutory exception and to the
provision of relevant collective licensing agreements, no reproduction of any part
may take place without the written permission of Cambridge University Press.
First published in print format 2009
ISBN-13 978-0-511-58009-3 eBook (EBL)
ISBN-13 978-0-521-87858-6 Hardback
Cambridge University Press has no responsibility for the persistence or accuracy
of urls for external or third-party internet websites referred to in this publication,
and does not guarantee that any content on such websites is, or will remain,
accurate or appropriate.
To our families

CONTENTS
Preface xiii
1 MECHANICAL DESIGN AND 1.4.4 RetainingRings 29
FABRICATION 1 1.4.5 Soldering 30
1.4.6 Brazing 31
1.1 Tools andShop Processes 2 1.4.7 Welding 33
1.1.1 HandTools 2 1.4.8 Adhesives 34
1.1.2 MachinesforMakingHoles 2 1.4.9 DesignofJoints 34
1.1.3 TheLathe 4 1.4.10 JointsinPipingandPressureVessels 37
1.1.4 MillingMachines 7 1.5 Mechanical Drawing 39
1.1.5 ElectricalDischargeMachining(EDM) 9 1.5.1 DrawingTools 39
1.1.6 Grinders 9 1.5.2 BasicPrinciplesofMechanicalDrawing 40
1.1.7 ToolsforWorkingSheetMetal 10 1.5.3 Dimensions 44
1.1.8 Casting 10 1.5.4 Tolerances 46
1.1.9 ToleranceandSurfaceQualityforShopProcesses 12 1.5.5 FromDesigntoWorkingDrawings 48
1.2 Properties of Materials 12 1.6 PhysicalPrinciplesofMechanicalDesign 49
1.2.1 ParameterstoSpecifyPropertiesofMaterials 13 1.6.1 BendingofaBeamorShaft 50
1.2.2 HeatTreatingandColdWorking 14 1.6.2 TwistingofaShaft 52
1.2.3 EffectofStressConcentration 16 1.6.3 InternalPressure 52
1.3 Materials 18 1.6.4 VibrationofBeamsandShafts 54
1.3.1 IronandSteel 18 1.6.5 ShaftWhirlandVibration 55
1.3.2 NickelAlloys 20 1.7 Constrained Motion 57
1.3.3 CopperandCopperAlloys 21 1.7.1 KinematicDesign 57
1.3.4 AluminumAlloys 22 1.7.2 PlainBearings 59
1.3.5 OtherMetals 22 1.7.3 BallBearings 60
1.3.6 Plastics 23 1.7.4 Linear-MotionBearings 61
1.3.7 GlassesandCeramics 24 1.7.5 Springs 62
1.4 JoiningMaterials 25 1.7.6 Flexures 63
1.4.1 ThreadedFasteners 25 Cited References 66
1.4.2 Rivets 28 GeneralReferences 66
1.4.3 Pins 29 Chapter1 Appendix 68
vii
viii CONTENTS
3.2.6 Outgassing 98
2
WORKING WITH GLASS 76 3.3 Pressureand FlowMeasurement 98
3.3.1 MechanicalGauges 98
2.1 Properties ofGlasses 76 3.3.2 Thermal-ConductivityGauges 100
2.1.1 ChemicalCompositionandChemicalPropertiesofSome 3.3.3 Viscous-DragGauges 101
LaboratoryGlasses 76 3.3.4 IonizationGauges 101
2.1.2 ThermalPropertiesofLaboratoryGlasses 77 3.3.5 MassSpectrometers 103
2.1.3 OpticalPropertiesofLaboratoryGlassware 78 3.3.6 Flowmeters 103
2.1.4 MechanicalPropertiesofGlass 78 3.4 Vacuum Pumps 104
2.2 LaboratoryComponents Availablein 3.4.1 MechanicalPumps 105
Glass 78 3.4.2 VaporDiffusionPumps 109
2.2.1 TubingandRod 78 3.4.3 EntrainmentPumps 112
2.2.2 DemountableJoints 79 3.5 Vacuum Hardware 115
2.2.3 ValvesandStopcocks 80 3.5.1 Materials 115
2.2.4 GradedGlassSealsandGlass-to-MetalSeals 81 3.5.2 DemountableVacuumConnections 118
2.3 LaboratoryGlassblowing Skills 81 3.5.3 Valves 120
2.3.1 TheGlassblower’sTools 81 3.5.4 MechanicalMotionintheVacuumSystem 123
2.3.2 CuttingGlassTubing 82 3.5.5 TrapsandBaffles 124
2.3.3 PullingPoints 83 3.5.6 MolecularBeamsandGasJets 127
2.3.4 SealingOffaTube:TheTest-TubeEnd 84 3.5.7 ElectronicsandElectricityinVacuo 130
3.6 Vacuum-System Design and
2.3.5 MakingaT-Seal 85
2.3.6 MakingaStraightSeal 87 Construction 131
2.3.7 MakingaRingSeal 87 3.6.1 SomeTypicalVacuumSystems 132
2.3.8 BendingGlassTubing 88 3.6.2 DifferentialPumping 138
2.3.9 Annealing 88 3.6.3 TheConstructionofMetalVacuumApparatus 139
2.3.10 SealingGlasstoMetal 89 3.6.4 SurfacePreparation 142
2.3.11 GrindingandDrillingGlass 91 3.6.5 LeakDetection 143
Cited References 92 3.6.6 UltrahighVacuum 144
GeneralReferences 92 CitedReferences 145
GeneralReferences 145
3
VACUUM TECHNOLOGY 93
4
3.1 Gases 93 OPTICAL SYSTEMS 147
3.1.1 TheNatureoftheResidualGasesinaVacuum
System 93 4.1 OpticalTerminology 147
3.1.2 GasKineticTheory 93 4.2 Characterization and Analysis of Optical
3.1.3 SurfaceCollisions 95 Systems 150
3.1.4 BulkBehaviorversusMolecularBehavior 95 4.2.1 SimpleReflectionandRefractionAnalysis 150
3.2 GasFlow 95 4.2.2 Paraxial-RayAnalysis 151
3.2.1 ParametersforSpecifyingGasFlow 95 4.2.3 NonimagingLightCollectors 162
3.2.2 NetworkEquations 96 4.2.4 ImagingSystems 162
3.2.3 TheMasterEquation 96 4.2.5 ExactRayTracingandAberrations 166
3.2.4 ConductanceFormulae 97 4.2.6 TheUseofImpedancesinOptics 174
3.2.5 PumpdownTime 98 4.2.7 GaussianBeams 179