Building Resilient Regions

277 Pages·2019·7.978 MB·English

by  Chisato Asahi

New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives 35
Chisato Asahi Editor
Building
Resilient
Regions
New Frontiers in Regional Science:
Asian Perspectives
Volume 35
EditorinChief
YoshiroHigano,UniversityofTsukuba
New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspectives
Thisseriesisaconstellationofworksbyscholarsinthefieldofregionalscienceand
inrelateddisciplinesspecificallyfocusingondynamisminAsia.
Asia is the most dynamic part of the world. Japan, Korea, Taiwan, and Singapore
experiencedrapidandmiracleeconomicgrowthinthe1970s.Malaysia,Indonesia,
and Thailand followed in the 1980s. China, India, and Vietnam are now rising
countries in Asia and are even leading the world economy. Due to their rapid
economic development and growth, Asian countries continue to face a variety of
urgentissuesincludingregionalandinstitutionalunbalancedgrowth,environmental
problems, poverty amidst prosperity, an ageing society, the collapse of the bubble
economy,anddeflation,amongothers.
Asian countries are diversified as they have their own cultural, historical, and
geographical as well as political conditions. Due to this fact, scholars specializing
in regional science as an inter- and multi-discipline have taken leading roles in
providing mitigating policy proposals based on robust interdisciplinary analysis of
multifaceted regional issues and subjects in Asia. This series not only will present
unique research results from Asia that are unfamiliar in other parts of the world
because of language barriers, but also will publish advanced research results from
thoseregionsthathavefocusedonregionalandurbanissuesinAsiafromdifferent
perspectives.
The series aims to expand the frontiers of regional science through diffusion of
intrinsically developed and advanced modern regional science methodologies in
Asia and other areas of the world. Readers will be inspired to realize that regional
and urban issues in the world are so vast that their established methodologies still
have space for development and refinement, and to understand the importance of
the interdisciplinary and multidisciplinary approach that is inherent in regional
scienceforanalyzingandresolvingurgentregionalandurbanissuesinAsia.
Topicsunderconsiderationinthisseriesincludethetheoryofsocialcostandbenefit
analysis and criteria of public investments, socio-economic vulnerability against
disasters,foodsecurityandpolicy,agro-foodsystemsinChina,industrialclustering
inAsia,comprehensivemanagementofwaterenvironmentandresourcesinariver
basin,theinternational trade bloc andfoodsecurity, migration andlabor marketin
Asia, land policy and local property tax, Information and Communication
Technology planning, consumer “shop-around” movements, and regeneration of
downtowns,amongothers.
ResearcherswhoareinterestedinpublishingtheirbooksinthisSeriesshouldobtain
aproposalformfromYoshiroHigano(EditorinChief,[email protected])andreturn
thecompletedformtohim.
EditorinChief
YoshiroHigano,UniversityofTsukuba
ManagingEditors
MakotoTawada(GeneralManagingEditor),AichiGakuinUniversity
KiyokoHagihara,BukkyoUniversity
LilyKiminami,NiigataUniversity
EditorialBoard
YasuhiroSakai(AdvisorChiefJapan),ShigaUniversity
YasuhideOkuyama,UniversityofKitakyushu
ZhengWang,ChineseAcademyofSciences
HiroyukiShibusawa,ToyohashiUniversityofTechnology
SaburoSaito,FukuokaUniversity
MakotoOkamura,HiroshimaUniversity
MorikiHosoe,KumamotoGakuenUniversity
BudyPrasetyoResosudarmo,CrawfordSchoolofPublicPolicy,ANU
Shin-KunPeng,AcademiaSinica
GeoffreyJohnDennisHewings,UniversityofIllinois
EuijuneKim,SeoulNationalUniversity
SrijitMishra,IndiraGandhiInstituteofDevelopmentResearch
AmitrajeetA.Batabyal,RochesterInstituteofTechnology
YizhiWang,ShanghaiAcademyofSocialSciences
DanielShefer,Technion-IsraelInstituteofTechnology
AkiraKiminami,TheUniversityofTokyo
JorgeSerrano,NationalUniversityofMexico
BinhTran-Nam,UNSWSydney,RMITUniversityVietnam
NgocAnhNguyen,DevelopmentandPoliciesResearchCenter
Thai-HaLe,RMITUniversityVietnam
AdvisoryBoard
PeterNijkamp(Chair,ExOfficioMemberofEditorialBoard),TinbergenInstitute
RachelS.Franklin,BrownUniversity
MarkD.Partridge,OhioStateUniversity
JacquesPoot,UniversityofWaikato
AuraReggiani,UniversityofBologna
Moreinformationaboutthisseriesathttp://www.springer.com/series/13039
Chisato Asahi
Editor
Building Resilient Regions
Editor
ChisatoAsahi
DepartmentofUrbanScienceandPolicy,
FacultyofUrbanEnvironmentalSciences
TokyoMetropolitanUniversity
Hachioji,Tokyo,Japan
ISSN2199-5974 ISSN2199-5982 (electronic)
NewFrontiersinRegionalScience:AsianPerspectives
ISBN978-981-13-7618-4 ISBN978-981-13-7619-1 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-13-7619-1
©SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2019
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Preface
Theconceptofresiliencewithinacontextofsustainabilityiscloselyrelatedtorisk
andvulnerability.Riskisdefinedbyhazard,exposure,andvulnerability.Inorderto
achieve a sustainable society, common frameworks for managing risk components
have been built, mainly in the fields of climate change and disaster research. The
extenttowhichanareaorpeopleexposedtorisksaremorelikelytosufferdamage
determines the state of their sustained well-being. It is important to ask ourselves
whoexactlyisfacedwiththatriskandtoaddresstheirvulnerability.Similarly,ifwe
returnresiliencetoitscontextofwell-beinginrelationtosustainability,itcanbesaid
that resilience has a magnitude of power to restore a sense of well-being to people
suffering from damages. That is, the components of resilience are regarded as the
magnitudeandspeedatwhichwell-being,degradedbythedamage,recovers.
In Japan today, building resilience isimportant in a dual sense. First, thesocio-
economicstructureofJapanisinthemidstoflong-termchangesduetoadeclining
birthrateandanagingpopulation.Thesechangeshavecausedproblemsthroughout
social systems that had so far seen periods of high economic growth and stable
growth, resulting in a long-term decline of overall well-being through economic
slowdown and social distortion. Second, Japan is one of the most disaster-prone
countriesintheworld,whichreducesapopulation’swell-being.TheGreatHanshin-
AwajiEarthquakeof1995andtheGreatEastJapanEarthquakeof2011resultedin
enormous damage, with 6,437 and 22,199 dead and missing, respectively. In
addition, damage caused by earthquakes, volcanoes, storms, and floods occurs
everyyear.
The two issues described above are also closely related to each other from a
regionalstandpoint.Japan’seconomicgrowthhasbeenachievedthroughurbaniza-
tion, that is, the massive migration from rural areas to metropolitan areas. On the
other hand, local economies and local communities in rural areas that have histor-
ically supplied labor to cities have become vulnerable due to depopulation. In
addition,therearemanyregionswherethehazardofdisastershasincreasedbecause
forestry andagricultural practices essential torestoring ecosystemswereruined.In
urbanareas,rapidagingofthepopulationandagingofurbanfacilitiesresultedina
vii
viii Preface
dilutionoflocalcommunities,adecreaseindisaster-responseabilities,andadecline
inthewell-beingofurbaninhabitants.ThesearecommonproblemsinmanyAsian
countriesfacingeconomicgrowth,urbanization,andahigherdisasterrisk.
This book aims to approach, in a multidimensional way, the question of how
regions with increased vulnerability can hold on to resilience, that is, the potential
power to recover well-being. The basic viewpoint of this book is that regional
resilience should be built on the basis of individual well-being and that the goal,
plans,action,analysis,andevaluationformanagingresiliencearealwaysconsidered
from the point of view of an individual’s well-being, and not sacrificed by other
membersoftheregionorotherregions.Thisviewisinlinewiththe“noonewillbe
left behind,” a philosophy from “Transforming our World: The 2030 Agenda for
SustainableDevelopment”adoptedattheUnitedNationsSustainableDevelopment
Summit2015.
Thisbookconsistsoffourparts:(1)FromVulnerabletoResilient:AFramework
for Regional Context, (2) Case Study and Issues, (3) Design and Policy for a
Resilient Regional System, and (4) Evaluation of Regional Vulnerability and
Resilience.
One of the distinguishing features of this book is a bottom-up approach to
introducing cases: first, we discuss a region’s resilience and then follow with
theoretical management and evaluation. Using the basis of individual well-being,
werecognizethatchallengestoregionalresiliencearediverse.Byoverviewingthe
casefirst,weemphasizethepluralityofregionalissuesandexaminewhichsolutions
contributetotheconstructionofresilience.
Anotherapproachfeaturedinthebookisviewingregionalresiliencethroughthe
integratedframeworksofgeo-,eco-, andsocio-environment(GES) systemsshown
in Chap. 1. This GES framework enables us to comprehensively understand the
cases,policies,andevaluationsforresiliencedescribedinChap.3andbeyond.For
example, the case studies in Part 2 demonstrate effective approaches to recognize
and utilize endowments from GES frameworks, in order to enhance regional
resources. In Part 3, practical management tools for damages to socio-, eco-, or
geo-systems(suchaswasteandcontamination)arediscussed,aswellasananalysis
oftheroleofparksinconvertingdisasterdamagefromGESintogreaterresilience.
InPart4,evaluationsthatvisualizebothdamagetoandendowmentsfromgeo-and
ecosystemsbasedonindividualwell-beingareexplained,demonstratingthecasefor
economic and reconstruction evaluation. Furthermore, comprehensive analysis of
smart city projects presents an integrated and explicit viewpoint to evaluate GES
relationships.
Many academic experts in urban science contributed invaluably to this book.
Their areas of expertise represent a wide scope, from disaster prevention to civil
engineering,environment,greenspaces,regionaldevelopment,economic,financial,
real estate expertise, and so on. I thank all the authors for their enthusiastic contri-
butions to the challenging aims of this book and for their patience during the long
editing process. In particular, Professor Kiyoko Hagihara has led the discussion
throughoutthisbook,contributingoutstandingideasaccumulatedthroughherinter-
disciplinary approach to economics and engineering within environmental and
regionalissues.
Preface ix
I would also like to express my gratitude to the editorial board at the Japan
SectionoftheRegionalScienceAssociation,forincludingthisvolumeasoneofthe
epochal series of New Frontiers in Regional Science: Asian Perspective, and, in
particular, Professor Yoshiro Higano, who kindly reviewed the contents of this
volumeaseditorinchief.
Ihopethatthisbookwillserveevenalittleinbuildingtheresilienceofallregions
sufferingfromstructuralproblemsofurbanizationanddisastervulnerability.
Hachioji,Japan ChisatoAsahi
February,2019
Contents
PartI FromVulnerabletoResilient:AFrameworkforRegional
Context
1 SustainabilityandVulnerability:Well-BeingintheGeo-,
Eco-andSocio-environment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
KiyokoHagiharaandYoshimiHagihara
2 BuildingResilienceforVulnerability. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
FumikoKimura
PartII CaseStudyandIssues
3 SustainableActivitiesforRuralDevelopment. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 37
ShingoYokoyama
4 SmallActivitiestoTransmitEnvironmentalandCultural
Resources:TheCaseoftheTakasegawaRiverinKyoto. . . . . . . . . 53
NorikoHorie
5 ManagementofDepopulatedAreasViewedasConcept
ofGESEnvironment:TheCaseofKumogahatainKyoto. . . . . . . . 69
YoshinoriIdaandKiyokoHagihara
6 Resident’sAwarenessAboutInheritanceofGreenery
inGardens. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 87
ShogoMizukami
PartIII DesignandPolicyforaResilientRegionalSystem
7 TypesofSocialEnterprisesandVariousSocialProblems. . . . . . . . 107
FumikoKimura,KiyokoHagihara,NorikoHorie,andChisatoAsahi
8 OverviewsofWasteManagementPoliciesinJapan. . . . . . . . . . . . 125
ShigeruFujioka
xi