Table Of Content

BUILDING GRAMMAR FOR THE TOEFL’ BT HRYHORIJ DYCZOK Table of Contents Poiet |= Parts af th 2 1 ‘Grammar Point 3 ~ Using Modal Verbs to Make Requests 3 Grammar Point 4 Ir-vaduerion 19 Preposions 14 Grammar Point 5 ~ Prepos:tions of Place u Grammar Poist 6 — Prepositions of Time 20 Grannis Point 7 = Prepositions of Pace ® Movement 26 EE Grammar Point 9 — Adjectives Grammar Poist 11 Comparatives Granmar Posst 11 = Oraer of Adjeeiives Grammar Poist 12 —Pavtiiple Adjcctives Grainne Point 12— Wor Pants Grasninar Point 14 — Adjective Clauses Grammar Point 15 — Adjective Clause. Grammar Point 16 Equatives ‘Grammar Point 17 —'The Superiaive Grammar Point 1S Skowing Cause and Fitna with ATaaaves Ed Gi Poiot 19—Vb, az Grammar Point 20 —Regular Verbs and Link Verbs Ey G Poist 21 = Verhale Genoa ans Infinit mn} ammat Pois1 22 Causative Verb: Lod Boist 21 The Passive Lu Grammar Point 24 — More Parteiptes as Subjects and Objects 123 Grammar Paint 25 — Adjective phi Tofnitives 1a ‘Grammar Point 26 — Modal Avssliey Varbs 17 G oie 27 Modal fs 18 Grammar Point 28 — Modals for Necessity 32 G Poict?2— Penbibtion vs Ch ra (Grammar Point 30—Modal Review 1S jrammar Poi Grammar Point 32 Grarnimur Point 33 Reputed Specs (Grammar Point 34— Speculating stout G Poict 32 = Cansi:tional Grammar Porst 36 Using “unless fat Poict 37 —Cond-tional | fet Poict 38 = Introduction to Novae x0 L L Granmar Point 39 — Cassifcation 1 - Types of Nouns i c Poise lI= C asctication )—Couataad Ni ra L Grammar Point 41 — Arles 177 c Poust4? = os Ls (Grammar Point 43 _ Noun Clause Coanestor/subjects 135 Geaininar Point 44 Arzcle Review TL Grannunar Point 45 ~Count/Non-ont Review 95 fet De Nowe Claus 156 3 = Sane c Bs se Reductions L om] a Post $0 —Totsoducs sect a Grammar Poist 51 ~ Adverbs and Link Veibs Grammar Point 93 ~ Adverb Clauses Grammar Point 54 Advert Clauses of Cause, Condition, and Contrast 216 Grammar Point 5 — Sverh Clause Reductions 218 Poet Sk Adverh Clause Reduction: wt 2 2 Grarrimar Point 57 Addverh Clause Reductions with" Aficr 23 Grammar Port 58 — Conjunctions 27 Grammar Porat 59 Word Darts isora Greek 2 Grammar Point 60 Paired Conjuactions 5 (Granmar Point 61 — Applied Conjunction Copyrighted matera’ Building Grammar Skills Grammar Point 1 - Parts of the sentence A sentence Grammatically speaking, a sentence is a group of wores that has a suject and predicate. Mere in:rortantly, however, a sentence is an expression of an idea. Sentences fan be ne werd long or one paragreah lang ~ she amy ¢nte commen element is that the listener gets :nformation, AIL sentences in English are constructed the same way. The ‘iss: rule ahout sentence structuce i Ua dhe must impurtut thing amast gu a. the beginning. These are many ways to slightly alice the sentence structar> in order to accomplish this, but in general, every sentence is constructed in the Farm Subjece- Verb - Object ‘The Subject ‘The subject is the aerson, place or thing that the sentence i liopostant thing in the sentence. A subject is usually a noun, pronce The subject is usually fellowed by a verb Theve cna he mone than one subject in a seotenee, but avuelly these is ane main subject. “& Note: The subject is nor always the “doer” of the action, Remember, in some 'stuations the receive: or te action may be more important rg In these eases, the ens reculi :¢ more important, or vou don't know wno éid the Pattern te Tonk Far ‘There can be many nouns togethe:. Tn this case, the LAST noaa in the lst ie the subject ~ the other nouns are acting as adjectives and mod¥ing that noun. Ths ‘an be important, because the final noun can be plural ard the therefore the vero nwust bbe clural also fee Thestone wall mas too high tase ver The glue bots were ent Pattern to look fur ‘There are some stvations ia whic the subjec:is nct the first thing in tae main clause, ‘but chese are rare — most of the rime, she subject i at the teginning, of che main clause: eg Inthe bel are ds woot Nov only does sh play ae san, buts &also an accompa! dancer arel) des isto an Lice i Mary Thor: ars se ota hos ti by mma Skills lag Gh The Verh ‘The verb in the sentence descrbes the subject or describes the action of the subject. The ver must "agree" with the subject in number fi the subject is singular, the verb must bain the singular forse) and in person (I/youhe/she/it ete) ‘There are many forms of verb structures in Enylish, and al] verbs are classified as either Maia or Auxiliary (helping). When you are examining a i118 imporsant tw understand chat all pacts ef the verb struuture are par, of the verb and they give important “nfer-naten abut rhe verb. Things to remember about subject-verb agreement > The serbyamust whips wpe owith the subject ~ aryancioss of how far amny the fiom: the verb Die byt the nd ofthe hal the glass mes son ‘Die books athe bosom of the box are fir sale Tan ‘expression of query” (cnost/some/none /a + of the... )isused asthe + the nown after the “the” isthe subject, ané the verb must agree with it Some ef theres i ome Mose af te people are gee [tae paired conjunctions eitser..or.. er aeither .. nar... introduce the subject, the one close: to the verb aflecs the ver Either the students o re each is scing tobe thew. Either the teacher cr th tadente aa erin io be there IF tae word "and? is pert of the subject, the subject is always plural and mest take a plara! vetb, even when hock of the items inthe sckjeet a7e nomecarr There ond the bread we sone The ganze and the eleboaion ae fished. However, wen the subject is one uni, ever: when there is an “and”, iis considered siagul: 23. Themacaroi and chase wes good. Gombe! Pian was poplar gome Words ike someone, something, nothing, nobedy, everyting, evezybudy sad expressions vata each are always considered stngular ~ however, sf wards ke some are used as adjectives, then they dem € affect the verb: ‘Sameiade ica the dor. — burSome people ave waiting. Bseryledy testa esis Nothie i e. In a command, there is no subject —it is understood to be “you”. Thersfore, the verb must always be ia the sceand person singular Form, Building Grammar Skills Sentence analysis shorthand ‘When you are analyzing a sentence, you aged w be able w quickly recognize the 'S—sunjec, vez, preposition phrases, ete. Here isa usetul “key” for s senlenves Un paper underline tae subject (an¢ aay adjective directly connect ge There ise ip icy spi srr es te the subjce) once underline the ver (the entice verb structure, including any auxiliary verbs, and “not ’) twice: eg The papi ace watts dn fre ous put parentheses around any preposition phrase: ee rap athe cor) Vo this set) ae oma str) fs Fa. put brackets arourd aay adjective leuse oc phrase eg Thommam |wvering laser) i cmenine {wiany dan’ ea) put square brackets asound any nous elause o: phrase eg. What want to kc i ution you wa orev. put angle brackets arnuré any subordinate clause ar phrase eg Uf yo son's all me, Ta meet yess am vie Exercise 4.1 Sentence analysis In each sentence, underline the subject oace and the verb twice. Marci the (C)or incorrect (. Then. fix any cristae | Bos is camming hore Califomia is the most populous state inthe U. 8. BT setical machematics are difficult 4. Tew the sports news on TY Tae night 5. Did ke cal yet? 6. ‘There is people waiting for you outside. mma Skills lag Gh 7 This going to -ain tomorrow. 8. Frank and Yoko was studying. for the test all night. 9. ‘Lhe pencils you gave me is very nice. 10. The Look ou the shelf atthe top of tie stairs are on sale 11. My now computer loots ne, but really it's nothing special 12. Yesterday I bought some new CDs 13, Befove taasistors, radios used to were cauch bigger. 15, Ther nee, ja the oom upstairs, san ecises, 16, ‘There have heen fire all over wcstate New York in she list few weeks 13, He, in the past Four months, nave taken $ exams and written, “1K The ehid:en i the backyard has aot yet brushed their teeth tnd. 19, ‘Taerenne min wegrapiy book ase shelf a the op af ve ti 20, Stop saying dha! 1H, Le.the box on the salt a the top of the sts 22. The ves fave ZIM) ques ions, 25. Thenehave 3 chiliven, 24 Theses, im the library, over 800 nev books. 25. Lathe Lamily th 26. Sit cowal 27. Under the fi 28. Please hanel me the papers. 29, He tuned on che compute: ancl let. 30. Soaze people like fishing, and some don. Building Grammar Skills Grammar point 2 - “There is” vs. “To have” {hese structures bora show a relatsonsh:p between the speaker an o:her 1 have” is used in Ue following situaiions, 1, Wenyhas se ownership or possession of an object ee Thowwa dog “The dg has Big eh 2. to tall: about ane specitic thing, rather than an idea: Thhave 2 chilven ‘Things to remember about “have”: % To make a question, us> tac ausiliary verb “da”, in she appropriate Did she ave a goo! tne? > When answering with a reduced form, remember tw use the avxiiary “do” NOT "nave! Fes, he did mot Yeu, he od Ni, Fein mot No, Tiaven't (Ifyou answer with No, /mven', you are maicing the present perfect tense rather than a simple tense) Haye ts also used wich » meals 28. Thad leach i Tok and dame on Cairo ve sary busy this lerncun Fics ae en eg, Lie inet ai 9 ye me een do ou See se sas? > aches and pains sg Lhawa headache Tease cin i cy back, mma Skills lag Gh “There Ia is usually us 1. When the subject is invisible wo the Listener eg, Thare ean oxi set opel ths tre ‘These ea by Wack sper ena p your back 2. To talk abeus general thing eg. There ave fats often my fol Dhere ave may people fn the sore 3. ‘When thete is no obvious owner 2g, ‘Theres lots of water ithe cance ‘These ave many brid cur the market these das A. To emphasize vometbing to the listener eg. Where tee mistahes in this mort Three semeene watting Patter Wao for ‘The real subjevi comes AFTER the verb, but eg. Thee an fue rege There ig novice Thew 15 some brane ferb “Wo be" mnast agcee wii Keep in mind: > The verb must aproe with the subjsc, rogarcless ofthe tense, and/or the stent of Exe subject from the verb ee, There give geen many problems ‘There ig. inmy epinien. no excuse for 2s actions kat these lurtter examples Thavea family ‘There ate dee boys ia my family Thave 2 brothers nt ‘There ate dee vooans There is alo: of space Thavye an apaitn