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BUILDING DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION HANDBOOK Frederick PDF

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BUILDING DESIGN AND CONSTRUCTION HANDBOOK Frederick S. Merritt (Deceased) Editor Jonathan T. Ricketts Editor Sixth Edition McGRAW-HILL NewYork SanFrancisco Washington,D.C. Auckland Bogota´ Caracas Lisbon London Madrid MexicoCity Milan Montreal NewDelhi SanJuan Singapore Sydney Tokyo Toronto LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Buildingdesignandconstructionhandbook / FrederickS.Merritt,editor, JonathanT.Ricketts,editor.—6thed. p. cm. ISBN0-07-041999-X 1. Building—Handbooks,manuals,etc. I. Merritt,FrederickS. II. Ricketts,JonathanT. TH151.B825 2000 690—dc21 00-058388 Copyright(cid:1)2001,1994,1982,1975,1965,1958byTheMcGraw-HillCom- panies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. ExceptaspermittedundertheUnitedStatesCopyrightActof1976,nopart of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any formorby any means,orstoredinadatabaseorretrievalsystem,withoutthepriorwritten permissionofthepublisher. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 DOC/DOC 0 6 5 4 3 2 1 0 ISBN0-07-041999-X ThesponsoringeditorforthisbookwasLarryS.Hagerandthe productionsupervisorwasSherriSouffrance.ItwassetinTimesRoman byPro-ImageCorporation. PrintedandboundbyR.R.Donnelley&SonsCompany. McGraw-Hillbooksareavailableatspecialquantitydiscountstouseaspre- miumsandsalespromotions,orforuseincorporatetrainingprograms.For moreinformation,pleasewritetotheDirectorofSpecialSales,Professional Publishing,McGraw-Hill,TwoPennPlaza,NewYork,NY10121-2298.Or contactyourlocalbookstore. Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper. Information contained in this work has been obtained by The McGraw-HillCompanies,Inc.(‘‘McGraw-Hill’’)fromsourcesbe- lievedtobereliable.However,neitherMcGraw-Hillnoritsauthors guarantee the accuracy or completeness of any information pub- lished herein and neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the under- standing that McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying infor- mationbutarenotattemptingtorenderengineeringorotherpro- fessional services. If such services are required,the assistanceof anappropriateprofessionalshouldbesought. CONTRIBUTORS DavidJ.Akers CivilEngineer,SanDiego,California(SECT.4:BuildingMaterials) James M. Bannon Chief Electrical Engineer, STV Incorporated, Douglassville, Pennsyl- vania(SECT.15:ElectricalSystems) Robert F.Borg Chairman, Kreisler Borg Florman General Construction Company,Scars- dale,NewYork(SECT.17:ConstructionProjectManagement) Robert W. Day Chief Engineer, American Geotechnical, San Diego, California (SECT. 6: SoilMechanicsandFoundations) Steven D. Edgett Edgett-Williams Consulting Group, Mill Valley, California (SECT. 16: VerticalCirculation) DaveFlickinger NationalRoofingContractorsAssociation(NRCA),TechnicalServiceSec- tion,Rosemont,Illinois(SECT.12:RoofSystems) Gregory P. Gladfelter Gladfelter Engineering Group, Kansas City, Missouri (SECT. 14: Plumbing—Water-Supply,Sprinkler,andWastewaterSystems) BruceGlidden President,Glidden&Co.,Ltd.,Bridgeville,Pennsylvania(SECT.7:Structural SteelConstruction) David P. Gustafson Vice President of Engineering, Concrete Reinforcing Steel Institute, Schaumburg,Illinois(SECT.9:ConcreteConstruction) AlanD.Hinklin Director,Skidmore,Owings&Merrill(SECT.2:TheBuildingTeam) Edward S. Hoffman President, Edward S. Hoffman, Ltd., Structural Engineers, Chicago (SECT.9:ConcreteConstruction) LawrenceE.McCabe ChiefEngineer—MechanicalSTVGroup,Douglassville,Pennsylva- nia(SECT.13:Heating,Ventilation,andAirConditioning) FrederickS.Merritt ConsultingEngineer,WestPalmBeach,Florida(SECT.11:Wall,Floor, andCeilingSystems) David W. Mock Gee & Jenson, West Palm Beach, Florida (SECT. 3: Protection against Hazards ColmanJ.Mullin SeniorEstimator,BechtelCorporation,SanFrancisco,California(SECT. 19:ConstructionCostEstimating) Tom Nevling, RCDD Independent Consultant, Lancaster, Pennsylvania (SECT. 18: Com- municationsSystems) BrianL.Olsen Poole Fire ProtectionEngineering,Inc.,Olathe,Kansas(SECT.14:Plumb- ing—Water-Supply,Sprinkler,andWastewaterSystems) JonathanT.Ricketts ConsultingEngineer,PalmBeachGardens,Florida(SECT.1:System Fundamentals) John‘‘Buddy’’Showalter AmericanForest&PaperAssociation,Washington,D.C.(SECT. 10:WoodConstruction) xxi xxii CONTRIBUTORS Akbar Tamboli, Michael Xing, Mohsin Ahmed Thornton-Tomasetti Engineers, Newark, NewJersey(SECT.5:StructuralTheory) Allen M. Williams Edgett-Williams Consulting Group, Mill Valley, California (SECT. 16: VerticalCirculation) Thomas G. Williamson APA—The Engineered Wood Association, Tacoma, Washington (SECT.10:WoodConstruction) DonS.Wolford ConsultingEngineer,Middletown,Ohio(SECT.8:Cold-FormedSteelCon- struction) Wei-Wen Yu Univesity of Missouri–Rolla, Rolla, Missouri (SECT. 8: Cold-Formed Steel Construction) ABOUT THE EDITORS Frederick S. Merritt (deceased) was a consulting engineer for many years, with experienceinbuildingandbridgedesign,structuralanalysis,andconstructionman- agement.AFellowoftheAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineersandaSeniorMem- ber of ASTM, he was a former senior editor of Engineering News-Record and an author/editor of many books, including McGraw-Hill’s Standard Handbook for CivilEngineersandStructuralSteelDesigner’sHandbook. Jonathan T. Ricketts is a consulting engineer with broad experience in general civilengineeringenvironmentaldesignandconstructionmanagement.Aregistered engineerinseveralstates,heisanactivememberoftheAmericanSocietyofCivil Engineers, the National Society of Professional Engineers, the American Water WorksAssociation,andiscoeditorofMcGraw-Hill’sStandardHandbookforCivil Engineers. PREFACE ThesixtheditionoftheBuildingDesignandConstructionHandbookmaintainsthe originalobjectivesofpreviouseditionswhichgainedwidespreadacceptanceamong users.Theseobjectivesaretoprovideinasinglevolumeacompendiumofthebest of the current knowledge and practices in building design and construction. This information would be of greatest use to those who haveto makedecisions affectingtheselectionofengineeringmaterialsandconstructionmethods.Emphasis isplacedonfundamentalprinciplesandpracticalapplications,withspecialattention to simplified procedures. Frequent reference is made to other sources where addi- tional authoritative information may be obtained, such as architectural and engi- neering societies, manufacturers associations, and the Internet. An extensive index is provided to assist the reader in locating topics within the book. Many new contributors and sections have been added in this edition to provide the reader with the latest developments and knowledge in the building industry. These developments include the expansion of data technology and communication systemswithin thebuildingsystem,revisionstowindandseismicloadings,andan expansion of the information on fire sprinkler systems. To present the necessary information in a single volume, obsolete and less-importantinformationintheear- lier editions has been deleted. The editor is very grateful to the contributors, not only for their care, skill, and knowledge used in preparing the sections, but also for their considerablesacrifices of personal time to prepare the sections. Jonathan T. Ricketts xxiii CONTENTS Contributors xxi Preface xxiii Section 1 System Fundamentals JonathanT. Ricketts 1.1 1.1 PrinciplesofArchitecture / 1.1 1.2 SystemsDesignandAnalysis / 1.3 1.3 TraditionalDesignProcedures / 1.4 1.4 TraditionalConstructionProcedures / 1.5 1.5 RoleoftheClientinDesignandConstruction / 1.8 1.6 BuildingCosts / 1.8 1.7 MajorBuildingSystems / 1.9 1.8 ValueEngineering / 1.22 1.9 ExecutionofSystemsDesign / 1.29 1.10 BuildingCodes / 1.36 1.11 ZoningCodes / 1.38 1.12 OtherRegulations / 1.40 1.13 SystemsDesignbyTeam / 1.40 1.14 ProjectPeerReview / 1.41 1.15 ApplicationofSystemsDesign / 1.41 Section 2 The BuildingTeam-Managingthe BuildingProcess Alan D. Hinklin 2.1 2.1 ProfessionalandBusinessRequirementsofArchitecturalEngineers / 2.2 2.2 ClientObjectivesforBuildings / 2.2 2.3 ProgramDefinition / 2.4 2.4 OrganizationoftheBuildingTeam / 2.4 2.5 Client-A/EAgreement / 2.6 2.6 A/ELiabilityandInsurance / 2.8 2.7 DefinitionofProjectPhases / 2.10 2.8 SchedulingandPersonnelAssignments / 2.11 2.9 AcceleratedDesignandConstruction / 2.12 2.10 DesignManagement / 2.13 2.11 InternalRecordKeeping / 2.14 2.12 CodesandRegulations / 2.14 2.13 Permits / 2.15 2.14 EnergyConservation / 2.16 2.15 TheInteriorEnvironment / 2.16 2.16 CostEstimatingandValueEngineering / 2.18 2.17 TechnicalSpecifications / 2.18 2.18 UpfrontDocuments / 2.22 2.19 QualityControlforArchitectsandEngineers / 2.23 2.20 BiddingandContractAward / 2.24 2.21 ConstructionScheduling / 2.24 2.22 ShopDrawingReview / 2.25 v vi CONTENTS 2.23 RoleofArchitectorEngineerDuringConstruction / 2.26 2.24 TestingandBalancingofBuildingSystems / 2.29 2.25 PostconstructionOperationandMaintenance / 2.29 2.26 RecordDrawings / 2.30 2.27 Follow-UpInterviews / 2.30 2.28 ManagementofDisputes / 2.30 2.29 ProfessionalEthics / 2.31 Section 3 Protectionagainst Hazards DavidW. Mock 3.1 3.1 RiskManagement / 3.1 3.2 WindProtection / 3.3 3.3 ProtectionagainstEarthquakes / 3.11 3.4 ProtectionagainstWater / 3.15 3.5 ProtectionagainstFire / 3.28 3.6 LightningProtection / 3.48 3.7 ProtectionagainstIntruders / 3.50 Section 4 BuildingMaterials DavidJ. Akers 4.1 CEMENTITIOUSMATERIALS 4.1 TypesofCementitiousMaterials / 4.1 4.2 PortlandCements / 4.2 4.3 AluminousCements / 4.5 4.4 NaturalCements / 4.6 4.5 Limes / 4.6 4.6 Low-TemperatureGypsumDerivatives / 4.8 4.7 OxychlorideCements / 4.9 4.8 MasonryCements / 4.9 4.9 FlyAshes / 4.9 4.10 SilicaFume(Microsilica) / 4.10 AGGREGATES 4.11 Normal-WeightAggregates / 4.11 4.12 HeavyweightandLightweightAggregates / 4.14 ADMIXTURESFORCONCRETE 4.13 ChemicalandMineralAdmixtures / 4.14 4.14 FibersforConcreteMixes / 4.18 4.15 MiscellaneousAdmixtures / 4.19 MORTARSANDCONCRETES 4.16 Mortars / 4.19 4.17 Portland-CementConcrete / 4.21 4.18 PolymerConcretes / 4.26 4.19 ConcreteMasonryUnits / 4.27 BURNED-CLAYUNITS 4.20 Brick-ClayorShale / 4.28 4.21 StructuralClayTile / 4.30 4.22 CeramicTiles / 4.32 4.23 ArchitecturalTerraCotta / 4.32 BUILDINGSTONES 4.24 PropertiesofBuildingStones / 4.32 4.25 FreezingandThawingofStone / 4.35 CONTENTS vii GYPSUMPRODUCTS 4.26 Gypsumboard / 4.35 4.27 GypsumLath / 4.37 4.28 GypsumSheathingBoard / 4.37 4.29 GypsumPartitionTileorBlock / 4.37 4.30 GypsumPlank / 4.37 GLASSANDGLASSBLOCK 4.31 WindowGlass / 4.38 4.32 GlassBlock / 4.40 WOOD 4.33 MechanicalPropertiesofWood / 4.44 4.34 EffectsofHygroscopicPropertiesofWood / 4.44 4.35 CommercialGradesofWood / 4.46 4.36 DestroyersandPreservatives / 4.48 4.37 GluesandAdhesivesforWood / 4.50 4.38 PlywoodandOtherFabricatedWoodBoards / 4.51 4.39 WoodBibliography / 4.52 STEELANDSTEELALLOYS 4.40 TypesofIronsandSteels / 4.52 4.41 PropertiesofStructuralSteels / 4.58 4.42 HeatTreatmentandHardeningofSteels / 4.61 4.43 EffectsofGrainSize / 4.62 4.44 SteelAlloys / 4.62 4.45 WeldingFerrousMaterials / 4.68 4.46 EffectsofSteelProductionMethods / 4.70 4.47 EffectsofHotRolling / 4.72 4.48 EffectsofPunchingandShearing / 4.73 4.49 CorrosionofIronandSteel / 4.74 4.50 SteelandSteelAlloyBibliography / 4.75 ALUMINUMANDALUMINUM-BASEDALLOYS 4.51 Aluminum-AlloyDesignations / 4.75 4.52 FinishesforAluminum / 4.76 4.53 StructuralAluminum / 4.76 4.54 WeldingandBrazingofAluminum / 4.77 4.55 BoltedandRivetedAluminumConnections / 4.79 4.56 PreventionofCorrosionofAluminum / 4.79 4.57 AluminumBibliography / 4.80 COPPERANDCOPPER-BASEDALLOYS 4.58 Copper / 4.80 4.59 Brass / 4.81 4.60 NickelSilvers / 4.82 4.61 Cupronickel / 4.83 4.62 Bronze / 4.83 4.63 CopperBibliography / 4.84 LEADANDLEAD-BASEDALLOYS 4.64 ApplicationsofLead / 4.84 4.65 LeadBibliography / 4.85 NICKELANDNICKEL-BASEDALLOYS 4.66 PropertiesofNickelandItsAlloys / 4.85 4.67 NickelBibliography / 4.86 PLASTICS 4.68 GeneralPropertiesofPlastics / 4.86 4.69 FillersandPlasticizers / 4.87 4.70 MoldingandFabricatingMethodsforPlastics / 4.87 viii CONTENTS 4.71 ThermosettingPlastics / 4.88 4.72 ThermoplasticResins / 4.90 4.73 Elastomers,orSyntheticRubbers / 4.92 COMBINATIONOFPLASTICSANDOTHERMATERIALS 4.74 High-PressureLaminates / 4.93 4.75 ReinforcedPlastics / 4.93 4.76 LaminatedRubber / 4.94 4.77 PlasticsBibliography / 4.95 PORCELAIN-ENAMELEDPRODUCTS 4.78 PorcelainEnamelonMetal / 4.96 4.79 PorcelainBibliography / 4.96 ASPHALTANDBITUMINOUSPRODUCTS 4.80 AsphaltsforDampproofingandWaterproofing / 4.97 4.81 BituminousRoofing / 4.97 4.82 AsphaltShingles / 4.98 4.83 AsphaltMasticsandGrouts / 4.99 4.84 BituminousPavements / 4.99 4.85 AsphaltBibliography / 4.99 JOINTSEALS 4.86 CalkingCompounds / 4.100 4.87 Sealants / 4.100 4.88 Gaskets / 4.101 4.89 JointSealsBibliography / 4.101 PAINTSANDOTHERCOATINGS 4.90 VehiclesorBinders / 4.102 4.91 PigmentsforPaints / 4.103 4.92 ResinsforPaints / 4.104 4.93 CoatingsBibliography / 4.105 Section 5 Structural Theory AkbarTamboli,Michael Xing, and MohsinAhmed 5.1 5.1 DesignLoads / 5.2 5.2 StressandStrain / 5.17 5.3 StressesataPoint / 5.24 5.4 Torsion / 5.28 5.5 StraightBeams / 5.30 5.6 CurvedBeams / 5.52 5.7 BucklingofColumns / 5.58 5.8 Graphic-StaticsFundamentals / 5.62 5.9 RoofTrusses / 5.63 5.10 GeneralToolsforStructuralAnalysis / 5.67 5.11 ContinuousBeamsandFrames / 5.78 5.12 LoadDistributiontoBentsandShearWalls / 5.101 5.13 Finite-ElementMethods / 5.110 5.14 StressesinArches / 5.115 5.15 Thin-ShellStructures / 5.119 5.16 Cable-SupportedStructures / 5.128 5.17 Air-StabilizedStructures / 5.138 5.18 StructuralDynamics / 5.140 5.19 EarthquakeLoads / 5.162 5.20 FloorVibrations / 5.183 5.21 WissandParmeleeRatingFactorforTransientVibrations / 5.185 5.22 Reiher-MeisterScaleforSteady-StateVibrations / 5.186 5.23 MurrayCriterionforWalkingVibrations / 5.188

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