Building Design and Construction Handbook, 6th Edition

1722 Pages·2000·16.03 MB·English

by  Frederick S. Merritt

BUILDING DESIGN
AND CONSTRUCTION
HANDBOOK
Frederick S. Merritt (Deceased)
Editor
Jonathan T. Ricketts
Editor
Sixth Edition
McGRAW-HILL
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LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Buildingdesignandconstructionhandbook / FrederickS.Merritt,editor,
JonathanT.Ricketts,editor.—6thed.
p. cm.
ISBN0-07-041999-X
1. Building—Handbooks,manuals,etc. I. Merritt,FrederickS.
II. Ricketts,JonathanT.
TH151.B825 2000
690—dc21 00-058388
Copyright(cid:1)2001,1994,1982,1975,1965,1958byTheMcGraw-HillCom-
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ABOUT THE EDITORS
Frederick S. Merritt (deceased) was a consulting engineer for many years, with
experienceinbuildingandbridgedesign,structuralanalysis,andconstructionman-
agement.AFellowoftheAmericanSocietyofCivilEngineersandaSeniorMem-
ber of ASTM, he was a former senior editor of Engineering News-Record and an
author/editor of many books, including McGraw-Hill’s Standard Handbook for
CivilEngineersandStructuralSteelDesigner’sHandbook.
Jonathan T. Ricketts is a consulting engineer with broad experience in general
civilengineeringenvironmentaldesignandconstructionmanagement.Aregistered
engineerinseveralstates,heisanactivememberoftheAmericanSocietyofCivil
Engineers, the National Society of Professional Engineers, the American Water
WorksAssociation,andiscoeditorofMcGraw-Hill’sStandardHandbookforCivil
Engineers.
CONTENTS
Contributors xxi
Preface xxiii
Section 1 System Fundamentals JonathanT. Ricketts 1.1
1.1 PrinciplesofArchitecture / 1.1
1.2 SystemsDesignandAnalysis / 1.3
1.3 TraditionalDesignProcedures / 1.4
1.4 TraditionalConstructionProcedures / 1.5
1.5 RoleoftheClientinDesignandConstruction / 1.8
1.6 BuildingCosts / 1.8
1.7 MajorBuildingSystems / 1.9
1.8 ValueEngineering / 1.22
1.9 ExecutionofSystemsDesign / 1.29
1.10 BuildingCodes / 1.36
1.11 ZoningCodes / 1.38
1.12 OtherRegulations / 1.40
1.13 SystemsDesignbyTeam / 1.40
1.14 ProjectPeerReview / 1.41
1.15 ApplicationofSystemsDesign / 1.41
Section 2 The BuildingTeam-Managingthe BuildingProcess
Alan D. Hinklin 2.1
2.1 ProfessionalandBusinessRequirementsofArchitecturalEngineers / 2.2
2.2 ClientObjectivesforBuildings / 2.2
2.3 ProgramDefinition / 2.4
2.4 OrganizationoftheBuildingTeam / 2.4
2.5 Client-A/EAgreement / 2.6
2.6 A/ELiabilityandInsurance / 2.8
2.7 DefinitionofProjectPhases / 2.10
2.8 SchedulingandPersonnelAssignments / 2.11
2.9 AcceleratedDesignandConstruction / 2.12
2.10 DesignManagement / 2.13
2.11 InternalRecordKeeping / 2.14
2.12 CodesandRegulations / 2.14
2.13 Permits / 2.15
2.14 EnergyConservation / 2.16
2.15 TheInteriorEnvironment / 2.16
2.16 CostEstimatingandValueEngineering / 2.18
2.17 TechnicalSpecifications / 2.18
2.18 UpfrontDocuments / 2.22
2.19 QualityControlforArchitectsandEngineers / 2.23
2.20 BiddingandContractAward / 2.24
2.21 ConstructionScheduling / 2.24
2.22 ShopDrawingReview / 2.25
v
vi CONTENTS
2.23 RoleofArchitectorEngineerDuringConstruction / 2.26
2.24 TestingandBalancingofBuildingSystems / 2.29
2.25 PostconstructionOperationandMaintenance / 2.29
2.26 RecordDrawings / 2.30
2.27 Follow-UpInterviews / 2.30
2.28 ManagementofDisputes / 2.30
2.29 ProfessionalEthics / 2.31
Section 3 Protectionagainst Hazards DavidW. Mock 3.1
3.1 RiskManagement / 3.1
3.2 WindProtection / 3.3
3.3 ProtectionagainstEarthquakes / 3.11
3.4 ProtectionagainstWater / 3.15
3.5 ProtectionagainstFire / 3.28
3.6 LightningProtection / 3.48
3.7 ProtectionagainstIntruders / 3.50
Section 4 BuildingMaterials DavidJ. Akers 4.1
CEMENTITIOUSMATERIALS
4.1 TypesofCementitiousMaterials / 4.1
4.2 PortlandCements / 4.2
4.3 AluminousCements / 4.5
4.4 NaturalCements / 4.6
4.5 Limes / 4.6
4.6 Low-TemperatureGypsumDerivatives / 4.8
4.7 OxychlorideCements / 4.9
4.8 MasonryCements / 4.9
4.9 FlyAshes / 4.9
4.10 SilicaFume(Microsilica) / 4.10
AGGREGATES
4.11 Normal-WeightAggregates / 4.11
4.12 HeavyweightandLightweightAggregates / 4.14
ADMIXTURESFORCONCRETE
4.13 ChemicalandMineralAdmixtures / 4.14
4.14 FibersforConcreteMixes / 4.18
4.15 MiscellaneousAdmixtures / 4.19
MORTARSANDCONCRETES
4.16 Mortars / 4.19
4.17 Portland-CementConcrete / 4.21
4.18 PolymerConcretes / 4.26
4.19 ConcreteMasonryUnits / 4.27
BURNED-CLAYUNITS
4.20 Brick-ClayorShale / 4.28
4.21 StructuralClayTile / 4.30
4.22 CeramicTiles / 4.32
4.23 ArchitecturalTerraCotta / 4.32
BUILDINGSTONES
4.24 PropertiesofBuildingStones / 4.32
4.25 FreezingandThawingofStone / 4.35
CONTENTS vii
GYPSUMPRODUCTS
4.26 Gypsumboard / 4.35
4.27 GypsumLath / 4.37
4.28 GypsumSheathingBoard / 4.37
4.29 GypsumPartitionTileorBlock / 4.37
4.30 GypsumPlank / 4.37
GLASSANDGLASSBLOCK
4.31 WindowGlass / 4.38
4.32 GlassBlock / 4.40
WOOD
4.33 MechanicalPropertiesofWood / 4.44
4.34 EffectsofHygroscopicPropertiesofWood / 4.44
4.35 CommercialGradesofWood / 4.46
4.36 DestroyersandPreservatives / 4.48
4.37 GluesandAdhesivesforWood / 4.50
4.38 PlywoodandOtherFabricatedWoodBoards / 4.51
4.39 WoodBibliography / 4.52
STEELANDSTEELALLOYS
4.40 TypesofIronsandSteels / 4.52
4.41 PropertiesofStructuralSteels / 4.58
4.42 HeatTreatmentandHardeningofSteels / 4.61
4.43 EffectsofGrainSize / 4.62
4.44 SteelAlloys / 4.62
4.45 WeldingFerrousMaterials / 4.68
4.46 EffectsofSteelProductionMethods / 4.70
4.47 EffectsofHotRolling / 4.72
4.48 EffectsofPunchingandShearing / 4.73
4.49 CorrosionofIronandSteel / 4.74
4.50 SteelandSteelAlloyBibliography / 4.75
ALUMINUMANDALUMINUM-BASEDALLOYS
4.51 Aluminum-AlloyDesignations / 4.75
4.52 FinishesforAluminum / 4.76
4.53 StructuralAluminum / 4.76
4.54 WeldingandBrazingofAluminum / 4.77
4.55 BoltedandRivetedAluminumConnections / 4.79
4.56 PreventionofCorrosionofAluminum / 4.79
4.57 AluminumBibliography / 4.80
COPPERANDCOPPER-BASEDALLOYS
4.58 Copper / 4.80
4.59 Brass / 4.81
4.60 NickelSilvers / 4.82
4.61 Cupronickel / 4.83
4.62 Bronze / 4.83
4.63 CopperBibliography / 4.84
LEADANDLEAD-BASEDALLOYS
4.64 ApplicationsofLead / 4.84
4.65 LeadBibliography / 4.85
NICKELANDNICKEL-BASEDALLOYS
4.66 PropertiesofNickelandItsAlloys / 4.85
4.67 NickelBibliography / 4.86
PLASTICS
4.68 GeneralPropertiesofPlastics / 4.86
4.69 FillersandPlasticizers / 4.87
4.70 MoldingandFabricatingMethodsforPlastics / 4.87
viii CONTENTS
4.71 ThermosettingPlastics / 4.88
4.72 ThermoplasticResins / 4.90
4.73 Elastomers,orSyntheticRubbers / 4.92
COMBINATIONOFPLASTICSANDOTHERMATERIALS
4.74 High-PressureLaminates / 4.93
4.75 ReinforcedPlastics / 4.93
4.76 LaminatedRubber / 4.94
4.77 PlasticsBibliography / 4.95
PORCELAIN-ENAMELEDPRODUCTS
4.78 PorcelainEnamelonMetal / 4.96
4.79 PorcelainBibliography / 4.96
ASPHALTANDBITUMINOUSPRODUCTS
4.80 AsphaltsforDampproofingandWaterproofing / 4.97
4.81 BituminousRoofing / 4.97
4.82 AsphaltShingles / 4.98
4.83 AsphaltMasticsandGrouts / 4.99
4.84 BituminousPavements / 4.99
4.85 AsphaltBibliography / 4.99
JOINTSEALS
4.86 CalkingCompounds / 4.100
4.87 Sealants / 4.100
4.88 Gaskets / 4.101
4.89 JointSealsBibliography / 4.101
PAINTSANDOTHERCOATINGS
4.90 VehiclesorBinders / 4.102
4.91 PigmentsforPaints / 4.103
4.92 ResinsforPaints / 4.104
4.93 CoatingsBibliography / 4.105
Section 5 Structural Theory AkbarTamboli,Michael Xing,
and MohsinAhmed 5.1
5.1 DesignLoads / 5.2
5.2 StressandStrain / 5.17
5.3 StressesataPoint / 5.24
5.4 Torsion / 5.28
5.5 StraightBeams / 5.30
5.6 CurvedBeams / 5.52
5.7 BucklingofColumns / 5.58
5.8 Graphic-StaticsFundamentals / 5.62
5.9 RoofTrusses / 5.63
5.10 GeneralToolsforStructuralAnalysis / 5.67
5.11 ContinuousBeamsandFrames / 5.78
5.12 LoadDistributiontoBentsandShearWalls / 5.101
5.13 Finite-ElementMethods / 5.110
5.14 StressesinArches / 5.115
5.15 Thin-ShellStructures / 5.119
5.16 Cable-SupportedStructures / 5.128
5.17 Air-StabilizedStructures / 5.138
5.18 StructuralDynamics / 5.140
5.19 EarthquakeLoads / 5.162
5.20 FloorVibrations / 5.183
5.21 WissandParmeleeRatingFactorforTransientVibrations / 5.185
5.22 Reiher-MeisterScaleforSteady-StateVibrations / 5.186
5.23 MurrayCriterionforWalkingVibrations / 5.188
CONTENTS ix
Section 6 Soil Mechanicsand Foundations RobertW. Day 6.1
6.1 Introduction / 6.1
6.2 FieldExploration / 6.3
6.3 LaboratoryTesting / 6.23
6.4 EffectiveStressandStressDistribution / 6.43
6.5 SettlementAnalyses / 6.50
6.6 BearingCapacityAnalyses / 6.61
6.7 RetainingWalls / 6.76
6.8 Foundations / 6.88
6.9 FoundationExcavations / 6.96
6.10 GradingandOtherSiteImprovementMethods / 6.97
6.11 Geosynthetics / 6.115
Section 7 Structural Steel Construction BruceGlidden 7.1
7.1 CodesandSpecifications / 7.2
7.2 MillMaterials / 7.2
7.3 Fasteners / 7.8
7.4 Fabrication / 7.17
7.5 QualityAssurance / 7.17
STRUCTURALFRAMINGSYSTEMS
7.6 WallBearingFraming / 7.18
7.7 SkeletonFraming / 7.20
7.8 Long-SpanFraming / 7.22
7.9 SteelandConcreteFraming / 7.29
BRACINGSYSTEMS
7.10 BracingDesignConsiderations / 7.30
7.11 FrameBracing / 7.31
7.12 BracingforIndividualMembers / 7.36
FLOORANDROOFSYSTEMS
7.13 Floor-FramingDesignConsiderations / 7.39
7.14 RoofFramingSystems / 7.44
DESIGNOFMEMBERS
7.15 BasesforASDandLRFD / 7.44
7.16 DesignAidsandReferences / 7.45
7.17 ServiceabilityCriteria / 7.47
7.18 TensionMembers / 7.49
7.19 ColumnsandOtherCompressionMembers / 7.50
7.20 BeamsandOtherFlexuralMembers / 7.57
7.21 PlateGirders / 7.67
7.22 WeborFlangeLoad-BearingStiffeners / 7.76
7.23 Bearing / 7.79
7.24 CombinedAxialCompressionandBending / 7.80
7.25 CombinedAxialTensionandBending / 7.82
7.26 CompositeConstruction / 7.83
7.27 MembersSubjecttoTorsion / 7.89
7.28 MembersSubjecttoCyclicLoading / 7.90
DESIGNOFCONNECTIONS
7.29 CombinationsofFasteners / 7.91
7.30 LoadCapacityofBolts / 7.91
7.31 LoadCapacityofWelds / 7.93
7.32 Bearing-TypeBoltedConnections / 7.96
7.33 Slip-CriticalBoltedConnections / 7.100
7.34 EccentricallyLoadedWeldedConnections / 7.101
x CONTENTS
7.35 TypesofBeamConnections / 7.103
7.36 BeamsSplices / 7.113
7.37 ColumnSplices / 7.114
STEELERECTION
7.38 ErectionEquipment / 7.117
7.39 ClearanceforErectingBeams / 7.117
7.40 ErectionSequence / 7.119
7.41 Field-WeldingProcedures / 7.120
7.42 ErectionTolerances / 7.121
7.43 AdjustingLintels / 7.123
CORROSIONPROTECTION
7.44 CorrosionofSteel / 7.124
7.45 PaintingSteelStructures / 7.125
7.46 PaintSystems / 7.125
7.47 Field-PaintingSteel / 7.126
7.48 SteelinContactwithConcrete / 7.127
FIREPROTECTIONOFSTRUCTURALSTEEL
7.49 EffectofHeatonSteel / 7.129
7.50 FireProtectionofExterior / 7.129
7.51 MaterialsforImprovingFireResistance / 7.130
7.52 PiercedCeilingsandFloors / 7.131
7.53 Fire-ResistanceRatings / 7.133
7.54 Bibliography / 7.134
Section 8 Cold-FormedSteel Construction DonS. Wolford
and Wei-Wen Yu 8.1
COLD-FORMEDSHAPES
8.1 MaterialforCold-FormedSteelShapes / 8.2
8.2 UtilizationofColdWorkofForming / 8.7
8.3 TypesofCold-FormedShapes / 8.8
DESIGNPRINCIPLESFORCOLD-FORMEDSTEELSHAPES
8.4 SomeBasicConceptsofCold-FormedSteelDesign / 8.10
8.5 StructuralBehaviorofFlatCompressionElements / 8.14
8.6 UnstiffenedCold-FormedElementsSubjecttoLocalBuckling / 8.17
8.7 StiffenedCold-FormedElementsSubjecttoLocalBuckling / 8.17
8.8 ApplicationofEffectiveWidths / 8.21
8.9 MaximumFlat-WidthRatiosofCold-FormedSteel / 8.22
8.10 UnitStressesforCold-FormedSteel / 8.22
8.11 LaterallyUnsupportedCold-FormedBeams / 8.22
8.12 AllowableShearStrengthinWebs / 8.23
8.13 ConcentricallyLoadedCompressionMembers / 8.23
8.14 CombinedAxialandBendingStresses / 8.25
JOININGOFCOLD-FORMEDSTEEL
8.15 WeldingofCold-FormedSteel / 8.25
8.16 ArcWeldingofCold-FormedSteel / 8.26
8.17 ResistanceWeldingofCold-FormedSteel / 8.31
8.18 BoltingofCold-FormedSteelMembers / 8.33
8.19 Self-TappingScrewsforJoiningSheetSteelComponents / 8.40
8.20 SpecialFastenersforCold-FormedSteel / 8.41
COLD-FORMEDSTEELFLOOR,ROOF,ANDWALLCONSTRUCTION
8.21 SteelRoofDeck / 8.42