Bugs

66 Pages·2017·16.833 MB·English

by  Andrea Mills

Bugs
Author: Andrea Mills
Subject consultant: Kristie Reddick
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Contents
Project editors Allison Singer,
Satu Fox, Ishani Nandi 4 How it began
US Senior editor Shannon Beatty
US Editor Jill Hamilton
6 A world of bugs
Senior art editor Katie Knutton
Project art editor Joanne Clark
8 Senses
Editorial assistant Megan Weal
Additional design Bettina Myklebust Stovne
Art editors Nehal Verma, Kartik Gera 10 Eye spy
Assistant art editor Jaileen Kaur
Managing editors Laura Gilbert, 12 Time to eat
Alka Thakur Hazarika
Managing art editors Diane Peyton Jones,
14 On the move
Romi Chakraborty
Pre-production producer Dragana Puvacic
16 What is an insect?
Producer Srijana Gurung
Art director Martin Wilson
Publisher Sarah Larter 18 Incredible insects
Publishing director Sophie Mitchell
Educational consultant Jacqueline Harris 20 Beetles
First American edition, 2017
Published in the United States by
DK Publishing, 345 Hudson Street, New York, NY 10014 22 Bees and wasps
Copyright © 2017 Dorling Kindersley Limited
A Division of Penguin Random House LLC
17 18 19 20 21 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
001–298954–July/2017 24 True bugs
All rights reserved. Without limiting the rights under copyright reserved
above, no part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in or
introduced into a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form, or by any
means (electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise),
without the prior written permission of the copyright owner.
Published in Great Britain by Dorling Kindersley Limited
A catalog record for this book is available from the Library of Congress.
All imaPgrIiSenBst eN©d: 9Da7no8dr-li 1nb-go4 6uK5nin4dd- 6ien2r 0sCl8eh-yi4n Laimited oliath b e e tle
For further information see: www.dkimages.com G
DK books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk for
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A WORLD OF IDEAS:
SEE ALL THERE IS TO KNOW
www.dk.com
C
o
The scale boxes in this book show » Scale » Scale mmon field gras s h o p p er
how big a bug is compared to a
person’s hand—about 7 in
(203 mm) long—or thumb—
around 25/8 in (68 mm) long.
2
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Contents
g
u
b
y
d
a
ot l
p
26 True flies S e ven-s 48 Noise-makers
28 Wings 50 Glow in the dark
30 Butterflies and moths 52 Extreme survivors
32 Becoming a butterfly 54 Get to work
34 Crickets and grasshoppers 56 Top bugs
36 Dragonflies and damselflies 58 Bug facts and figures
38 Insect relatives 60 Glossary
40 Meet the experts 62 Index
42 Bug watch 64 Acknowledgments
44 A bug’s home
46 Defenses D e er tick
House spider
Blue morpho
b
utt
erfl
y
Desert locust
3
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How it began
540 MYA
Early arthropods—worm-like
The story of bugs begins with the story of
creatures with thick skin like
arthropods. Arthropods are the most successful an outer skeleton—move
along on the seafloor.
animal group of all time. They have hard outer
skeletons, legs with joints, and segmented bodies.
The first arthropods developed on Earth more
than 500 million years ago (MYA).
Ancient
griffenflies
looked a
lot like this 320 MYA 350 MYA
dragonfly, but Over time, insects on land develop Land arthropods grow in
much bigger. wings and are the first animals to size, too—like this huge
fly—and the only flying animals millipede, which could
for 100 million years. have been 7 ft (2 m) long!
Griffenfly
This early insect had
a long body and a
wingspan of up to
30 in (75 cm).
270 MYA
Dinosaurs first appear on
Earth. Some dinosaurs and
other animals hunt and eat
the bigger arthropods.
How do
Spider in amber
This ancient spider got
we know?
caught in sticky tree sap,
which hardened into a
Fossils are the remains of fossil. It shows that spiders
have looked the same
creatures preserved for many
since they first appeared
millions of years. They give us nearly 420 MYA.
a clear look at the arthropods
of the past.
4
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438–408 MYA
Most arthropods are small. Some, like
this sea scorpion, grow big and are
the first predators, or animals that
attack and eat other animals.
Trilobite
Tiny trilobites were common
on the seafloor. They had
two feelers (antennae) and a
body split in three sections,
like modern-day insects.
428 MYA
Millipedes come out of
the ocean and become
the first-ever animals
to walk on land.
230–73 MYA 100,000 years ago
Many arthropods The first humans
we see today, such appear. Arthropods
as insects and other have been here much
bugs, begin to appear. longer than we have!
Trilobite fossil ! WOW!
Preserved in rock, this
trilobite fossil is one of
many found on the Today, about
seafloor. Trilobites don’t
80 percent
exist today, so fossils are
our only way of knowing
of all known
what these very early
arthropods looked like. animals are
arthropods.
5
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W as p s nest
North America South America
This continent has grasslands, The Earth’s largest rain forest
forests, mountains, and deserts is the Amazon. It stretches
—and all kinds of bugs to match! across nine countries in South
One of these is the monarch America and is home to more
butterfly. Groups of monarchs than 2.5 million species of
travel 3,100 miles (5,000 km) insect. This continent has
from Canada to Mexico every many leaf-carrying ants and
year. This is called migration. mound-building termites.
m o narchs
g
Migratin Monarch butterfly Leafcutter a n t carrying part of a leaf L o cust swarm in Maurit
a
n
i
a
A world
Leafcutter ant
of bugs
Termite
Bbeu gfos ulinvde oalnl oevveerr yt hceo nwtoinrledn. tT ahnedy icna n Termite mound in Brazil
every climate. These creatures are the
ultimate survivors, making themselves
at home in sizzling hot deserts, on
snowy mountaintops, and
everywhere in between.
6
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W as p nest
Europe Asia
Europe is full of woodlands, farmlands, Bugs big and small
grasslands, and coastlines. Each habitat can be found in the
suits different bugs, including spiders, hot tropics and cold
ants, and butterflies. European wasps mountains of Asia.
make their nests from chewed wood. Originally from this
continent, the Asian
ladybug has been
introduced elsewhere
ntin g aphids to control pests, like
u aphids, that eat crops.
h
g
u
b
y
d
a
European wasp n l Asian ladybug
a
si
L o cust swarm in A Australia and
M
a
u
rit New Zealand
a
n
i
a Some of the world’s
biggest and most
fascinating bugs live
in Australia and New
Zealand. These include
stick insects, spiders,
centipedes, and moths
such as the Australian
C emperor gum moth.
a
t
e
r
p
Desert locust ill
ar of moth
an m
Australian emper or g u Australian emperor
gum moth
Africa
Africa is the hottest continent. Antarctica
More than half of its land is dry
The icy ground and freezing
or desert. Bugs must survive
temperatures of Antarctica are
in high temperatures and with
too much for most bugs. Only
little food or water. Here, locusts
the chironomid midge has what
swarm in the skies looking for
it takes to live here year-round.
crops to eat.
Chironomid midge
7
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Senses
HEARING
Bugs have super senses to help
them survive. They share the same
senses as humans—sight, smell,
touch, taste, and hearing. These
are used to find food, escape from
predators, and meet mates. Like
GRASSHOPPER
humans, bugs can sense hot or cold
and whether something is wet or Although bugs don’t have ears, they are
dry. They also know if they are the sveibnrsaittiivoen sto in s othuen dai. rM tharnoyu sgehn tshee sior usknidn .
right way up or upside down. Some have a tympanal organ, which is a
special feature on their bodies that helps
them hear. Grasshoppers have their
tympanal organ on their stomach.
SMELL
TOUCH
FIG WASP
Iafsnlseinecksetniteleeees nntaerhtnsd cie as aho tefrseife g tmnt oc hwoo iipcsnavaeiskeclsp rkc,te , hbh udaeuapr yieng ns gcss cn aueeuenspnsr eietsvns mret. hts Teehmehlneliee rd aa slsisleineer w .ngrl Wossse.n i alSttlghis ovap amesst ,e (ssBseuutnorgrsmosit uauivncsehde )ihtn thaghiersais.rtJ S oEaconWnam nttEeh epLne inbBciraEuk aeE gub TstpdL oa Eo olfsmenoe me lh ntaoh vveeiin r g
dogs can! air, allowing them to sense if there are
any predators or prey nearby.
8
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