BSTJ 40: 4. July 1961: Project Echo: Antenna Steering System. (Klahne, R.; Norton, J.A.; Githens, J.A.)

8.7 MB·English

osucr eco
Antenna Steering System

My R. KEAIIN, J. A, NOICTON, and J. A. GETHIN

The Projet Beho ecperimen’ employed large serait eommaniaton
‘oneness free, These ar bly verted tenes
ft sensing auton wach nite att ad acraey poate
fot tke prsainy sale, Tle the dynam contrl of antnos how tbe
fepaced en price Ball Sytem enmveecatns, #2 wit ay ae Supt
debe face agen wai ny wlkng epee,

Ahh unease snemeasrowl be sted to optical or asdar
bite. informetinn ce
eters ura steting learns i eapected to be rare ecaranzita
een many antense snd tes are vere. Tae hte seal ee
fs Projet Keo and played he alloing se ps
“leering satellite postions by aevutste ain means
(oor ce, ete the hse etellit ort elements
2 es laos lena tse te Futare setlists postin

tourkeny at ea ten ae the ef bai

i. tre Hove pings vane pong ances for she aaa
Te the Bro eerie, thee lnvetions wee perform ye Ali
tack tlie oun etiork wal Sur Cael Space Plight Compts=
tion Contr, ski are loin he Natioval Nemopauties ne
<Adiainsstration, The pret ages ye rms teletype
too the sonmputer ef Wesson tte Pal Tolplame Tan tores
seen Castor Hil He el, New Seay, The Fst pion
eye dese psi design pnblems contesting the tees
of potinginformstin forn compte osuteuna sity al enor
there dt is eviews ig sige tab move the tenor to te
beet angle a the csi tins The son portion deseribes how
208 as gota spre TeSICAL AMMAN, FOEY 19

these prblems were mpttehid fn the anterne piating system prom
vide fr Projet leh."

1 Systm Canaidoations

Seer face fect she dos of a dana procesing sien fr ane
toni srerng, Fanetions posted by tee aye ele

4 saan of poedited poiting data from a omputer Ioeaon
‘othe eoanmtniation nina and temporary nage thexe porto
tach slit pes

2. srl ofthe date fons storage al synrhonization to ee time

3, erorebtok ng and rejection of ereonous cant

4 cenverson of liga orders into ale command sire 0
sonteol the antonna drive mechanisms

"The mos impneaat faetor acting Ue tsusmisoa fity, rege
ver, a dra oronstetion ecm ie the seating ines of
the Gite pointing ivormalays delivered fy ths compalan

“We wll uee the tern dota mnt to denote one sump of is informa
tion, and tae fenen date po iteveat todo incerval clo
foreeive pins © wide range of faterens i possible, and interests
Trade ats ca bo me helen data, rae rt stneage equi
nent, eompirs:y of he sonvetsion eqsgment, abd vl per
formance,

‘hero is «one extra, the poeiiiy of trating large numbers
daa points wi rt datespint ateresee Advantugss of Es ap
fron coi from twa eonsierines, Tis, the dist toaralag ee
emi process vor sindiorwan conversion of each poi inte
Ancnuicslent yeoman "Te mpi he aonvetsion equip
find ene lve fn Plait, Soe, Hse data terval i shor;

therefore cerns ‘hb unu” in Esai, erage, or gece from
Sotage cue enly maneateny elect. Dimaantagee secu fur. the
Tange emontty of daln spinal deserve one saelita pas. This
plore gn exctsive bas! Uae computer, Hho tasaraissiog, wd the
rg siti

‘Tile ter rl firs she posi ranamittira fewer vets of pnt
ings with ei devivative= at dara-point atoreals of any seconds,
nexpoation bowers ska wints sein “hese evivelisen poids o>
femstruction eon tina pti efron. Retin of dt for

“Se CASRN Sint aaa
ach pare obaine athe esperse of mone evens eloolations ye
the enpater ated ta comple conversa enipanent tthe aaenas
nei ad ter the data tare Hae tts al age
of rina storage Tectia one hed, ane the snnpleity fhe
daca conversion ipo a the antenna an the er

Wet bing cit intevale ate vor, hii eit a
more coniinased, Disree samples ot position and higher deivatives
Socom inital conditions in a integration proves whish extrude aver
asa dn interval lrmor i teeemitied data whieh are aot cetetea
fond removed ess the en tor the durion of the de ster
Houver, in this ease rani for satomuatie star ebeckia ete
spliced to die cred qsautities withont reining peoktvely Large
saat? dt

“To sunrise, Ce opened terval teen of severed Eas=
tors ‘These alae the loud imposed wa the Grvldard sorter in the
moder as copending sees aul ihersndee erntioey he
nt mal evafabty of Insure Uinks, ral Ue romplenity of the

Alta couverdon ecupnent edd at each atu

‘Othe drs seeders instnds the sth! nod for onyseson of
lu eanamnited gia data inte atten steering commands, There ate
‘wo authids, ‘Te Lis cuighys eleetronis doowling of liga pring,
fommeaads s9 equiva sag signsts “Thse may then be tse
Ainock snanber of antemnge ate nite A sexo mee ive en
fon of thet menon sat wetness form and a snbsrassen
Trunees the enesiad yosstions ani the digital comma sigs, Here
Agta ror sig thy aoe dsive, whieh ne ure ensly easertel
vg ence to artcts he attri sever. The Tate tet, pe
fev en prec anton contol requtes separate encoding imochaniszas
iu digi ubeccens ta eae ance mcm.

“The srtion sheesh yates whieh wae eg i tant
inti instrtions from the Coed enmapte to Hold atl cere
fouvezs dea into ante seeing dene

2 Syston Piston

To the des, ny oe fasts discus i Sesion Two gon
silreo Vocertatien egaing rape otal peethatiow nf the
Talla satellice plow eanphass at om appowel that would provide
ated pointing iste ctions afer each satelite pss, ‘Tbe experimental
TENG ran eee aramar monies soruNAL, JUN a

nature ofthe profess ected the wee tespensee trigonal
‘nvage mia, wel a reonably snp lpia tena reve

‘Of primer inettonee are the duis Tange of th sccog dal,
the egnversnn gv sbo rede, Yt we analog ial ree
by the eutesina cout ators

Ve Fro salts we te paced ix nerieut bite at ali
tunes 890 fo 1000 ie Mian. sngular tracking woes wun
Tie amr 15° per second an average veloties wacld be mate lower
ha

“To nse that data conversion eeoes would not aeteadio trans
sion whataster ties, lesign gore tolerates wm se a 0.09

‘Continuous threcaviw ae aero volages wene eee £8 output
of the eoaverter, 0 eummand each externa wn optical mount eral
‘nunc While etiveel eoverson ron ital Gr to ae eign epee
Bo, on sper teing sal inermeinty servos to. pesition synch
austnitir write wae mare estetive

Plein moducacon testes wane used ts yustion thes servos
gal inje romans were cmveried into pule-potion-mndulated
{PPM rignale. AY che sume Ur th rervo output haf yeti ere
toritoned iy pression roulver angle tans, Revue outpats pro-
there PPMT sgh of he are en, ‘The ty PEM saale sero com
fhe nn nse has to erate oar sigs Lak postion sh ore avis

se Supt Date Poacanaion

A four-sccon dala-pin interval eos, This allows the deep
From ofa engl stelle peo be (ranean ogee OD a mie
{eletyponr-er ehasnel fa approxintnly obese amount Lin akan
by the pers The ation of standard speed tletepeeriter wos nthence
by we fork Consension eqipment a2 aval av the Gord
canter enter to prahwe yambet-paper tletypewrites ape Bom.
tac remiss eutpcts THs ae ood be renvarited gaa reprodvel
fa ehe antern slo provide econen en da sctage

“The poling sh finished gro the arin h and elevation ontenna,
angies somone: far the geognap hie lwation ae Holga "ns a sp
plemented by: te vevage rites uf ion aindeloeation over lm a=
Feeding data ‘olor peraut a ur interpolation between daa
point,

28 PRpitatto- dno Coneetor rgueictioa

‘he das formal, rate fetes and ang wore chasse
the igitaltocanlogransorter suipmert, Pebly sein ood eon
Un: yr ust wo denote devimal data ine 8-124 binary code, withthe
fh ova f sh tage beng sada ingle nda muy bit
‘This ws pews Lercnae rota of wrly 14 vharuters yay uosded,
"qnenees of tape ehuraser call wiele repre the dkss-print tis,
‘deanuth susie, vlevason angle ath tate, and location mate. Pack
Twor is dented on the tp with i identi tag” code wih fl
los the word. Iu sti 2 idemtitying the word, these tgs conte
the switching of she words tothe propre estan within shew sonsion
‘els Tho ue of 42 males the peratiny hen depeen ox the resnense
a7 wore soa) muakes the eyton: sane taerane of eur ataodeed by
tnx links

‘The conversion unit assembles the date Sn ls, sychnonings 1
svt eal toe, an witcha to counting decoders, which proice p=
postio-oduiated sas proportional t the dial dat. "he fellow
ina poruerapks serie loge eaures ofthe eoastason wal. Meer
Tito? Mh esi owners aul sonveeon of te PNT signals to
see rns ane deserve neti

‘Able ingen ofthe digitl-tosnalng comvetson wi tow i
Fig. 1. pluto tope reer rss the tape cbasaetes in esqunce

=
and converts the infrotion to elctricl signs These aro introduce
ti shift registred to arene the sera in‘rmation fzom the tape
imo parcel wor, The wess-aseerbly Testor eutpu: eeds the wt
ing decoders wwe the tne-axparson cert. Tho oshor put vo che
Sine-somoui stent isthe eatput of Tord ime This ce
Fair provides the eaavesoa uast with ral time syzehrongution. Ror
fntpute re ab spied to the tog deviled the parits-eleck vier
"These actuate the cowl ont end deiernine the arton tekza Dy the

‘Consideration of ovens thes cove while n Wack of informal "#
read from te ope Misses che opens of Ube conversion wn Ase
Sue that Uh toe i toppod ser the enas hus rl ine ag. hie
{ie ists te wor in son inthe word-veribly ibe as the
tine yon emesporing ts he Lise forthe aext daa point, Ths tne
tron scompaced te tine cmpeaann eel ih ce contest the
Teevli manner. Au aint iden Larne Hnwessmpacion
dna eanges a clock leet alr Lal che nest dace point vk be
(lsd Tape ear ation i ntited. As the tape moses, each char-
fer is examind by ae deecdre the tape arate bing te is
fol tag, the eon ents of ihm anadesesmbly hgter arp eis) ene
Aig ta the righ cad the ne cg mtor is eore on the Bt

‘hie procesvonrnies wats ngineentesoe inthis issue, te
azamuthsqunty, Deteeien of te aaimsth tg aime that the a
‘uth nye si postion i He won-ansemably riser aad i ready Cor
Trasniacen tn the azimuth envating decoders. Whess a signal from the
Seimuth defer indicates that 3 ready Uy esoiee new ds, i is
are rd the new sairuil word is eased Com the worbassembiy
fegiser. Roading of tie Cpe ostsinue, wh exwinaton of eae ear
linen intrsd to che ordeaseorly repstas unt she eleeation
Tog ie encouniered. This eases the eval wore to be pl in te
Clevation dese, ‘The tate informatio ace sinus. After the
{at inforwaton lie boen Len tthe ate ries, ean oF te
tapi sine ati the next Fw tag isdetosvl Wi indicates shat
these sul forthe ex? Bk of ifocaion in the wandeeeerniily
Togter nd i being cone panel it lel ise, ence tha epee

Tin hr of te time-onsaaon ezeuitis designs chat Zr ata
bck inte pooper reece, Uae comparison sini wil nda eam
ote a aon tag i tact fs he evades. ‘This cummin
rks fe che fue ine, when i tg is read, the ent
Ione of che mur sennbly segs rd ae Ieatime eounr ds mt
ounpate, the stant ezesitenupes Ue tsa os advances tothe mst ise
gms renee eve or)

tag and mate another comparison. IF dese Hanes eorapars, i ter: pro
cree ag novmals ft ap a gies a alarm. I the comparison
ould become qo cura of the slenand proceeds 43 usual. Thus
ie the ever of ¢ time-comparicon faire. the system makes « euch
‘hock to son Hat hee nt sigs" got behind aay happen if an
rnin males hts hance ool ke tie aI te eoparion
‘hock sill fails, te slain alerts uperting personel, However, be
‘oe of tgnatiaaindroprts ot ens, teeters his ol fe
inc Sheva it wil ssmaiely eorce. el, gully ete any
ral rasntenaue rings est ho tated,

"The dant eeek hit wath ach ester hued the eras
i ul Ha pity orm deere Che wt ale mai ae the
swear Fe et tee es Ta so cr the
Het Ie i sn Ae ees ia Ine ern, Ue ening
tkeles mtinamsty seeds asisth nl clevation angles, whieh ate
‘uedavel with sl Latteredvel rate iforsation, This gives sh stern

sceling ela, la eons Bleek of inna. may ee
fed wit sstounyaoting th eyo aceaear

24 County Decoing

“The converse tigi poinsing commagndsjnvulvoren itera
‘conversion to EAL se Whi fs perforsed im hygesed sees
ing eres "The esr x vey se: the mle ie
fered elf toutes ih fg cons ewan At
{a oronstonee of atte pb, thie witb in saceed By one fe
feet elapad eye uf stil lak pase ose. Zeta deteston se
‘ty attanged the sounies tpt profes an outpnt pase when
"he mscter noes aon The Kane anv fy tt Te ar pe
se alia ie lek ove ed ei Tl
Avie 3, by

"This ive nmr Tovey praia ta Recent portion che
logical eonicetinne So single souaing decades are seen Mig. 2

Thy arranging thr sonates to teeysle fers reaches Rs peo content
sreesive zso-erasiag ostpre pres ate produced a tte “utes
‘and ttle pratt sok Pete aad Tal wane ste
in The vomiting sence: Minwowess by arrmging Mie tii Gn
tf the Alar pues tat
12H rue pose res TaN suUH Ay Se RL

Bema, 2

‘where © = total aur of ses inthe enanter, suomsive zero eros
Ings ttses te re abr degre fhm thn stat pleos by dhe same
san Tht

ten ste) @
raining 2 fen pn ane of gene a
uated a

‘Rar pe postion ie svn hy te digital quanity plana i te
counters The telatinaships berneen cotter eons, sa. ple, a
‘pute ate aly vw win Fig

‘Mtns @ mer ssw i fe ter i qual Sag come
sown, stonege of shat reser be posi laa the sounser es he
fanversion press prods, This roel ef the sniqze relaiorhip
Tete rounler route al ne Uae ese foe ensh ph

HTL

el asoitn sts

Vig. 2 Coating sseater oe
1 wabtine sont sysiom applications, the rpetiion eats of Hh
decoding proces is impartemt, Ths rate determizes tha bandseth of
sale that can 9e devi, ‘Phe dorcel elation yo ects, dee
ined by the nomber of slates in Tae cotter. Conner sages operat
AUS ue lives eg eRe anal wpe ioe

25 Inlrpaation

So far, counter decoding prrenes ave heen considered in whieh the
sonmting ma reste somes? snd interrupted. The gnerat tive
ler alee, Hlowecer ig tienen ay lle a
rate, the arietinum ean be pe

ced the esntents He eonater whe she deen process 2
fines, For exampir, couse a dawnceoating sequent emanier fa
Thich nabs of elk spat p= aor init ‘Ee un ting
Tress fetter Blt) aon ens aonars Tete thant
veil: wel ove mn pant cual to she mbes of ined
tee pals ix ellevively aio ts the eaanter Silene, © the aloes
ingot esi 1th net ns goal roving gy He ea
sgn nie eat ea The
Its of tes pa ee ete saat ram the counter sor
‘he ability to modify te wots. of eh eoler sed fr interpola
tem af npr dea over onch na terval, Angele poten commands
troponin the couilors atthe begining of ch date-poit ler
AXP tee ome thor, angular vrueity eons are plsed in war
fomaters, Te in erate deveined Yr Kae veoety counter deve
gor extracted nd ee ping sual to iter the nmber nf lock.
Dilses fen the position mater deers. Depending on the pitty
Brae velocity inturntion, se sp to Ube postion scutes ney ether
ikibited or iter meage fr ce dentin of his ers. Tn this
suantorinenvnenssof peston propio to avenge ely ate ede
fo the portion eonsand revel ies over the data interval

Tn the egiteltoransy ester, age psionm eomamands wre db
sevded to PPM sil povide mrs AON-egreo, 0: eons, cn
‘mot aad a moduliv3.¢-degres 7 fine commana. Deeg spend
jnataroesteqe dornaleounter, giving w dood reshui of O86
1S enunter elec freyuwney off ke pri atpate at 500-epe rate

aie information is ome with soe sjuensy of 8 me to PPME
signals having w lLke necting rata One a shee onepts fs ecules
i imee por sod wd mos the ecung uf desi stage pre