BSTJ 40: 1. January 1961: Considerations on the Solar Cell. (Kleinman, D.A.)

13.6 MB·English

Considerations on the Solar Cell

By B.A, KLFTNMAN
Catan ved Soptomber | 1)

‘The etetonefleieny sl cle red by nee mad nick
i ti fet of he sear wpe ele abarpon cure are contained
Tha engl function ey obned by numeri snseaton. The method
ested by nebo sly of the eee of cfs roennbinaon, boy
enmbivation aad jets deh ie toon eas, Tho math i al ger7~
zat includ bles leh eid, and eal aw gten foro
fame Sofie sey fede to Iuprne the ealectoneidenny askedly
fam te enc Gn sme compel veaieaettra From a geen ithe
nea ons Al aensinn tp of te endo of the etoton fh
Henao te adept cw of a soon TE abe ia io
Iota tery fore lvoe saree st eomparinon seth Gas of FP.
Pty eaten Sa gion of e mucty nmi elcti

teow ri, an aati ore pease for ion. 140 eee sat
tivactnce aap be inportau fr le wk Aigh energy ne wal ert fer

he considerations separtad inthis pape have boon stimulated by she
urent incereat in the sor balery ae posor eupply for insennente
fd transmitters iv satelite and epee probe vehieles A ember of
space vehicles have cused solar batteries with peak outputs rng:
in from several wats to several kui} walls. Tas been demon
nt thnk solar battery power eupolis are telaially teaibe, not
niin spce velit alo fn cesestral lepine eystome” For the
latter type of application, however, the salir ney has bee fs
bye not pen eoonorially with seer uther avaiable power sup
‘les! Fomrvez ee highly advantage fr rpace vehicles reanss nf

Ite advanced devslojonn’ onl oummersial avs, Tight weg
elisa gi le aug fe i due noe only 6 the uggs
find pertnienve 0! iis siuetuse and the wbsence of waving pare OF

[or envio the nf slate aaa we Dats!
SU me wits, wer nora at go aseh, ans ua IO

cherizaliy unstable omponcrs hal tote exteral and independent
toate of ergy, thes. Tl lof rin ua? veces i
overadsurysinuing the ett ay aoa redune she ie of salar
baceerie eatried ‘nto spaen’” We shal proceed with out discussion,
Fwvever, an the asanplinn thal sel battery vn survive ie ea.

"The solar battery is en eray of hundred oF thousands of individ
celle ell nol ell Fach ll ca enna lay ypielly 12
fm, containing w pn junio wilkin a very sal diane, typically
2% 10°", of the iusinated eunface. The fat and bade faces ae
freed with “ohmic” contacts ar making eeetrzalconneetion, and the
front surface may be specially treat to roduc its refoctivity.” Com
nerehly assiale ool ae male of sie, ei have eeieneee of up
to-H per cot fr converting tho sur radiation ineident upon them ito
sleotte power.’ Wher reece now noma fr ccmverting lar radiation.
fre fr lee offiests| Thormoelor(-eemvortrs® for explo whic
Considerable sor Is leon done as pprenct leeee uf 1 pes eent

"The solar ecll wus inverted by Capir, Fall, nd Pesce” wo
Dit deni is ivieion ite iar placa epeata,nd e lni
fasion fis efeieney, Date re nef evar ar ater au
‘hog, volably Priuge” Pleas atl Van Rosin? Cusevon* tt

ve" and Lofts" che solar aattery 2 wel uperstoad in tems 0
oonopes Samia i eleeseal ieuit and semicon physio.

gh elficioncy in a sole satory woula be deavablein ay application,
boat especially 9 in space veel, ‘The valuo of tho ree, anened
fonsidesnble expense, deeends in large measure on Uh struments and
transmittrs Ht enrrios al the pune avaae for thie eeprom. At
the sume ime, the mare eigen tha. are, the les spare and
‘ict ean be allowed ft Ihe rmer apply. "Thaneare, in the eranoms
space vehile the solar bavtary sould have the maximums poeibie
‘Mice'y respective of the eines of he raprvements,

‘The eran f Uh a ella Ue lef fin canbe Be
Arseribed in five tape:

a) Radiation i iueides upon the surface wl some erect with
ut entering the oll Thi election ens be w ery zapetent lose, sce
‘the retestvity ofcourse dunt 0 pe ee Ue watveenga
range of intrest (0.4.1), male males nus might be usc
flo have higk reflectivitce Tv praesee i ie found thee the oroessing
in the mauivciare of lien wll aves Tae santa wilh ive tle
seflestvige! A rocen sade has sane at Dre Is retin

"era roviw oth alin wl angy ee Rt steal Wl,
otnERATION OS HH ALAR OBE cr

trenton nam inevese the ort eeu current of sleon sar ols hy
1A) bs 25 pes mn smupansd wih elem sorrel Iti eseanable C0
"sit chal he telson Ieee fons any tor ou iil be used
UUs voll rl minnie in the see war

Dp) The Tih cuter Hse cell acl come is sheorbod ly the Hatin
sharpton pros in oshish a hae slecton pai erste a phon
fs destroyed. | The liek alors ip hi ay 19 tho sata Hh i the
flan ee Light of wells hs the avinsie ahoorgtion el
fesrnot press e-leseen pained i wasted Sa the aor el Thee
is iuvtier wanie of erergy shen Holecorsrom pies sane pal y
‘Shan vi are the rine rsa one, a the exeere
ne enn vey burt ine Uh secur Iain
Jn the er ea, These late aay etal the spoon
Flatron sive shey web wo est tthe eadision wre nnn
Chourntie ws she wanton of 8 ebenrption edge or ie he
Tosse cue tothe mse evan ae cers 8 per ecko the neney ick
caters she ol” Ty sora snaiomdsetor wth soruetan Higher
‘ipa chi set be eons vsien.” The way me
ie heetove very apart incerta fe he wate oles

{eh Sone of the rinarity avers predate by the ght low by cif
Surion :o tho a join "Pes a: he ote thie outa 0
fat current of ave Oc exter fuze ua fon: che Junot
lsd recombine ak the surfage c= dro inside the el ‘hw peetag: of
Taint earriers wish mntibucr to she onsen i led the ellen
piso. La a ppee vines lilo soar 029 per eas over
‘oioney tne wet fig i bout BU pa er’ Minty oui

Fevers at Hiner, erat lef foe ada aly
Uw pve sme, om the pi tal rrepanee” "of icon slut vole
can ir that tsar esusineton velesity ber Mh, pi
Die anton tho 1 ero Ta tae amas to ose oe
anak infer that he ely tein eat M0 sreawonis (86 it
i cvath nt "en, On Righty lvoe te Hie cam be

a mdse?" wl ith palain sane teatments thereto
Present ‘eo ae ti uae sae
tert feta hee A ee ete ease ea ae
PPh tale ofits tathege gine Golge kee pron

TP pieting SCs ad eect
‘eae wn 5011 for Eon eb
88 nine nite, sYRTRW TReMVTEAL. OANAL, sasuas IGS

Binstion velecty ras Wear le 40 emyberan ‘he recombination,
‘therfore, id ales ensvey ote degradation of surace and body
‘okie tt cows in the macufacaring proces. Th. enmpound semi
conductors tho rvumbinwtion less relikly io be ronaileraly gale
{ham in avienn, In game aren, for eaarople, the ietime eee st
propa to be of the anlro usm lvnvosecnl Te genera, appeoet
Eifel to obtoin lifesiense wroter Uw O41 ow OL leeeeoord in the
‘ompomd senitendustons

(Gh; The «fusion teainains aa excess concentration of minority tt
rin sre os jet, ‘Ee waeege develoed br th role
‘nia du ta theesexcet concertos of nr cations That
ge, however, in eneieably ees Hh the wieray Cha wr of enon
Calle} n° helealeen pai in the seicaaduear, The inter, for out
poses, ay be cele to bute energy ap, alles iw van ie 12

valle" The vltege of sic sole eli Pall Tight alee raion
ower cents ie sbout Oa volts," Theofor, thee kab to rane
Pere only purlon of tes mrsgy sci ma he eleeaor peat we

Arial werk, The lee wy ere athe js "he junction
‘os should vanish andthe volte shou pect the energy en he
Ine why raster density approaches the majorky egrer deny,
init vorioolirg tn iia Fgh ixensiey, Ln he ether Tinie of oro
ight ions, tha juaeien oes esse cw eesney of th sol lL
puenach seen. Assadi 2 ta squiralent ereuit poi yew of Plas
tins Vin Ronsitorek, she shor-ireait current uf the wall ose pay
uch the oad aud partly shvagh Ue joe in the forwantdiee
ion. The voltage acid the Sure loge thereto perl po the for
ried eurent-vltage eharwerernin of le Juuelion. ‘Phe Ubsry of pa

Jian prot Fl Ie Farad emcees sould deere expo
“aly kh neous ergy a. "Mhetofne, ienfar us aetual junctions

bey the ial jure dhe, Ke janotion Ja on be reduced hy in=
rons the meng gap. niuber of authors" hare eunsiderl she

fevicun hse neti ls a4 &Snedon of ener ep. Tal cher
foes ane ulead, le asiauia ePeierey fe bane for an ennge
fe nf exoue Li vos” Idea posible with mio seven ae
fn obain neaniy cay desied energy sp eur D7 wols (ermine Lo

24 vlle (Cad), whien compete eens he mange af inne Tesh

be kop ia ind thie sion p-n junctions suo large rowtibation 1

the esrent fons thermal geacrtion aad reosusnat in Hough Le

‘in tae junction region.” The short fetes in the nompameleasieon

dsetoneeuggest that top effects nay’ be even nore nortan in howe

Piet, p88
useisanstEnse os TE Soran conn ss

spoterins, ‘Wherefore. it sn uot he pose ulin large ets
J the joetion loa by vers the enna

Hanoy tare ete Is dou estsienee of ue vey hi eo
th joneton nest ts the rarfave ud of se eoustet Uo chou ace, Tis
raptor pla owe Lo tho dept of tho jmetn. rine! haa
‘conse He ciara dept to sideon ela elle ting int see
The craw sand theolleenn les a pte, the iter
{Catane oils cello ie eters ane sal shins and he jin
Adopt i oer 2310 wn 2 30. The lining tte
fate lose would suerense us liseny 9 eels nn TY oe
[per cers Le th tir Tos oder ere, the resieteme lee
for cbsrueteritie ut wernt oa! Unease cl, and rhe etheds
Tor teduring i wil ke salar for uay raver

Tas bron mensiono the the solar spor hee aad sae jain
logs have ters considered tame rth, Tivol well erates! hid
{Ode ahont ert nv sane. Bi the rita lots mot been
Uhovoughly Und fv ibe Hteature, Severe! ealulaiena’ aave been
nude using the npgrimss nt Pfaw avd Yan Reaeorooek! ha yb
‘alld the rammodiernetia meted. Light of a eet wavelet, nd
teeter ling a eric absoptinn soocent im te materia, encore
Ue sslor rll Hhluiens ave abained iz teem of elemcntecy funetone
for the winovicy ration dansity, ekiag into keoumt difue on, euros
swt dy reeambineson, the gexertion of wares hy fhe ight wed the
tesmdary coasitions wt she jowetion cd a ifnite dept, The salen
ffs tvs on ten. at The janet thie ithe shot
roll eave of uve ell Ths camont mit then ve avereged aves the
‘tvelenglhs inthe solar apertura t ein the soleil iene he
Irseging rites teins tari. tegration, eer He mono
"cuomntis cuvent feu ated fstion ofthe abeneption refnn,
‘rhich in turn a rapily varying (menaured} foneion ef wavelonge,
The nodanl soni loan aout fa esafuctory ay for tbo coke
ler olcins rn verve insole ell Lhe method i ok sel sted,
bose, for mtr isenser alle ea aed ool
Atavus Tne lyn pen, Several athe have eve ste ah
the sian elicency soa bo cence aay in ndamental cone
erations che take Datters, sine eins ean wxpoete Yo Ine
sete teriahys isowes. Arvin the hawary a the plotevoltsse
‘Mfeb ud is ulti has veel basa ven by Repco.”

Ti this pupor we onside The cel ston ficiency mene systematically
boy ay more pserfa a wd thay Ue nannochonnatie eed. "hie
80 nus unre gramme mretecats AAR, JAS KO

need ie bape wpe: big far, valli ue phatosonaty Soe
‘vob iti al the effete of the wr sytem ae: Ue Reve
length depechataieaption sore‘ent, Laie Futon lain by
relatives cory amerina team wer (ee uote Th LEN
ff the yeti toting tho soli ea Te ube lest in
Proliaiely to any sla ell sollte rable i he aeration
whieh tngle diduy eretl deoriiv ilewitoity tse, Uke
tive eoledations are presunied for sili» war i showing hove the
collation eBsiexey depo om otefuve stexbination veloczy, juno
‘oa dept rl dies leg. The mecton' eacly genes Cy i=
{Ce ees ler tliuson lenges ast be ua fr cers
fed bee, Arion geaoeabatin ie pececrzed which take into asronat
Sete" etvin “ald ip the region cere he fons am ann the
Seefor Tashi that by the use ef asia senivontariurs unl be
ssl ts wlan sutierthp gr ts» dete immeare che ool
Tinnetienee cite yIworliary wien ell Reeve, one wend
Tins expest far Red vo ss Ioge eon lo etn ms effet, Ub its
ponant quesior of whic senanu'2nyshce be bee ora a

feay application abeny rs sieves" pic remot op

‘raz and june ous, shaken up again trem the pint ef vey othe
flloeson eFiswur. e intd on Ht e wo2" inn reek a
Felon of selengl. ty tnportant a determi’ geo lei
‘Mfciensy. con ha at abwereotion curve uf favorable skape whied
Do cesourls i present superurity ucer wher malenal af tore
Fswabe energy aap. Jt oad le or rne lewrperat ae ue licen
‘wll retin the bom miter! clang higher gap avert wr

thinly oe meade ur mye al Une nvet above 200°C. Finale, Uo ie
prererced discussion of ells evils on sections to imgrove the
filssom effsinasy, Iti shown Uh in valle ok comparatively lor

Teeter tion {-<60 p> si, ennwrab.e impeovencet ube

thine oy she use ol + swe justien. Ui cnatraeion ney pce

porters iv high pop sola whieh might there Taye nar lr
ellen ew cn,

the consti finaly caries aml eum toe an
cextration of ality cate, fe rqucion dewribing Ure presley,
Aigusiom, and resummation of ari cei

pits [soem aaa o
‘eostunanarion® OX HR 30K oREE a

In (1), w{2) fs the exces tninorityvuvier conowalation over the ec
libriam eoneentzaton, In w typeal vw le manizuna value of a} i
(Ft rer IP on hal the vali’ of (1) seer ‘Tho te
on common aval iene + vil be assumed ta ay toll minority
“sntce wlater oles on the neide or elevtrn 1m the ede of he
Itsstinn, This sanaption shoal loa te ao er i eon, but
tat havo tn be mie for sore of the TTT rst ber nan

oF ihe ceatvely low ability of the oles} Th iteeal tom io 11)
Fopresets the pudaeion of mixnityeaceiees Uy Tight with « platen
istcbution A(Q} in e ate sill absmmpion eoeBicent (A) ad

Intrinsic «boorption eye hy The (atl lus of photers capable of pro-
cing beeen pale ie

= Pra 2

We shall eget refletin camel anal identify N08} ith the salar
proton apeeiran wth wept In rarelengchf he tots, eEsotive poten
Hag sty Ia 108 eat ser orale § The hexncary ennetions
ree zpos or n(x} ane

noe) —U WO) = fofinim, i
weve ie the wesnmbinetion selosity ofthe wufare, A wun a (1)
fan (2) over the ule darwin 0 = a raprrate The minotty
arte dit na heniopenenne Hunbsaied amieerdnetoe

Thre nos oeate junetion at dep ~ a, sation Youre
tons yet ose Ue json, A general, tebe wil rete the
‘niner-y eure densities eal ide oh steton tothe oper
voltage of the oe The simples caze 2 tho Ahorecreit voit, in
‘hia Ths voag Gs oto Fa tis euae the extuns reorders
‘nis on ger sd of tho juzetion "he boundary onions or the
sortcneit condition ae there

via) = 0, i)

nikon go a corre ee nae
‘Tite vetlel vali’ dea de to internal rvitami, ‘Ei causes oo haw of
$wideNiiend of etn, [ittonsestnde tos swt tpard ia ees
GE asic dion ‘rt cnet srent, with te caren
92 rue au, e¥eRRae recaBIEAE UAT, YeNTARY 196

“This correspvu to Ube mains warren whi en he drs fromthe
fall: euler tea errespond to romvanihing Values of a) ox bot
fides of the jansion, Ilowever, we way ergaed any slution of (1) cor
Feeponing in exbitray epalingvonditions as the superpottion of the
hor-circitsohstion and en appropriate elution of the horiogennis
‘onion

a

Accor en etiam thry* the ations re jas tho ae
ated with ‘orwacd eaten af aniunated pon junction. The sape
position of elution for she nienity carder density is Uherefore equlvae
Tent superposing (hn anw-eieeat curren with wn wppeopriae Tor~
‘ani rorent inthe notion, Jf, sth sori eurent aad Z the
orwerd cuconiy Hho sirens Sn te exten ie Jy — Fey i ao
thnsanee mit thu ivan eens of nan nd Yau Rocsbreeck™

"Th eoLection proba, cherstre, 0 vnluiaie th sart-ereut ue
tion fron (1) awl 1) and toay hi she isinn cures: density atthe
jimesiom, cing ine aeemeat the ential rom eae sie, Tho cl
Ici eienos “hau ie utven by

= PATE whe

+ lee w

wich che wilsvipt 1” indlwing Ut the expression applies to ells
Tpih w sire juneton, wendy jumetion call would be stm af
ferme of the farm (i.

"The euvalont sre for sta ell with lod shereface cate of
cuerent generator fy enced ta juetion sl a i paral, with
She enesents 1) Twn i He jametion {orwned) ated Zp — in te
‘awl. Plann wad Van Raaebesek obtsived ta foting condition for
smvinnita power desired 0 the Yul

o

Grains ten

asters

«

is the voltage, aml @ 5 dimensionless reducud current proportional
to J, Tein aimed that, olan ideal junetion characteristic

Ip este” — 1), o
Posmay HF eS OH aw

vor Ais the jumetion are way i earacavstie parts corrent
Ulenity. The renee euro Ven eines hy the retin

WehiQ. iy

a hele
‘Phe over all fie ean be writ!”

18 gna

a ap
@ ‘

sheriff 7),

fa (2)

CCecely Tis the radial energy asborbod on the avernge tn produce one
Ihleecton pai To innge¢, (7) becomes

G@make GL, 8}
vond (11) scum

es eran as
“ln Vi Fie work done on Avast Fis to energy nhs
per eating. the Ine, The appr age ally

tite hue ffl -wlght (wl bo of she cer 167. The liioney
fo lage @ enn aso ho wetten

a8 (620. bn & as,

vic eats the Tagoritinisdpendenes of the eiienew on the Ht
intend, Ie wll be nnd toe the overall elie ey Aepends pan
hoculleninnofEeecey Qy sreagh the Case al ale chyoagh

‘he eokectcz pruble sens in eo-ving 11) eek to (8) and (1)

ver boga by sor hs fms
[ve ,2!

a

‘where & — (De)? iy the lif Ig, i» paroular station of (1)
Tsutisis she binary condition mt nue bus maw of the other
Tmanlary soning AE ambi wis de tn thy oie als — 1 05°

curring fu Ube range of ntegoeinn, the inlageal cx. be taken a5 « eine
finn wna, SHSITAE TRESICAT JoMTUNN, sATAT I

‘ie! valve, The pols e removed fe exnbine (16) 3h a sppropriace
Selif he henongrssoas eation (3). and wae

nial, = f

hia fume i ans of (1) an staf
weed = nO) = 0, si

vwhish a the tov ralen by (@) when the recombination velocity 22
any Taige. Therotoze, nis zepeszite the density of esses: misoity
barrier i ¢ semiconductor rathoat juwet we Mains on a wees

Shit sconivnan Me drgtve na) ssa
wea, ~ mas 2. 0
eae a9)

We rll), te pln Tea be rly esate kr msn

Ieper (i Ain), sh he gpd a ot

sit ple

Ite convnioa sor nce sho ie
Powh fo ab 7a,
om;
war MON, = Dit,
sal dite he neti,
we = Die om

‘hon th pte an sa
nese — Neflok Gt

here Fh ithe phn foton

ries are Poon, T yeti can

“This fumes inn gs 1a nn ae a oe

Sas o 07, 10 10-en based she salar pecan a the

sat sure bon Th akan of FCS) ed

inthe Append, Far gall & th photedensisy tation a he m
pansion
a

Tre

ae Ponsa bo ea

nowy 1 [0