BSTJ 30: 3. July 1951: Some Basic Concepts of Translators and Identifiers Used in Telephone Switching Systems. (Schneckloth, H.H.)

19.7 MB·English

‘Some Basic Concepts of Translators and Identifiers
Used in Telephone Switching Systems

Hy He H, SCHNBERLOTEL
Mone Raed Ai 8, 150)
Soren gee esata af
‘Susectiie mn temqn ewe wecneca i

‘hose concerned with he tec desl somo een sl
ing crits usally regard switching svete us mae up of a numberof
type if beaks or eermite ware fn socom wi ther an wea
‘shat i the in of eves ia Reading ele cal

ach of thse elmen's fpr ne con rking ester
seo Sm tn Iman a a’ at dn i tsar
Beet thee inteslueGon tn Use sisi wend mace pcble usa
emia charges hr ising teique or fv he strlen whic ol be
fered to cheer

‘po euch elements ae testator ard iets, They wl no be de
Few aera el ae, la fen sean conven hie eran
ray hiner

“Tews Cazes west ao wd lal ay yp of aati sing
systems, The invention ofthe trarcalor in HN, hy New. C. Ming,
‘i. the pblosophy tal ares oe now gmerly mie’
ving lt the prone ae Ue Bell Syste apt af aytame of the
‘tonne conta ype th, he ls seas vest ced wm
fre mol seleted ye ali al at ye whic are te
Shang evtching eomerss Fhe al mee snmniches the esos es
ta tae common equipment stil, Miah the Iranaton prey can
{pee more sities wun Fig yoeible wishin the Hmitions of
‘Sect dia cok
iaseLatons as mENTANAS He SWHTCHTNE syst ARP

‘The adveal of the pros which made Lhe ol an onderpusing device
rather that deel renal device of court eaeaaed the entire conception
(Fw eo lew inthe way of automatic eit, how they were
‘ntl aac the mraber and arrangement of sitehing paths, Dut snore
‘mpnrsant than che efct on tote method io the equipment Nae che
Het Wat the pnp of translation cwiced the Fnitatons which sabe
Sseelor auubeting stangemteatslormeely al on the eam a eng
fulsrtors scl ase, by diting, us fange amber of cena er
‘complied networks, Fat the bene ofthis was in faclitating ds service
n arge metropolitan ees, late i miahiag aaa ula ells for
ing af ell elly by mater. alles word che tra” wa
fructiel means of pushing Bick the erin for anfomatic telephone

Sym Tse! oe he eof the Uranston prince are now fund ia
swaty countries, andthe Bel Syste’ ot good croear arangements
Alpen oni move then eve, Is ict te coueive of @ utiowide aut
‘matic tel switching pan for «country as longe asthe United States without
thew of tarda

"Wate ie ml ok as ranstons ar have, so fr, naenced the
oneal design of swiching sytem in only a mainer wey Tei mporeance
Fin tne fe tha the sree ky clemat m itraing to meribe,
loath hese an ia En nen lo al rv Wi ths ere, when
vor a subseriber diss tol eal, couipment ia the central aie auto
‘oaticaly deterines bis own ruber aud pints or otherwie aihes
tocotd of it alongwith other deuils of tae call so that eventually be ean
Metall charge fo ch

Heute ose cnet in the Gat offen which Uh service wasp
viged in ceder to deere Vive nuber ofthe cali sty, al are ne
sy fa plant te envi fo giving this servie fe he ar: numer of
ibtyse as el a service in she Bell Syste

‘Ou: newer fy9e offers arranged for this service do not employ devices
nari "idenines” ne the ienncetion sanction is spend over users
tlements. Nevertheless, the ientiathn proces is there and, named.
hot 1 i Foe many’ other stations

rato ae Hens, hil we for fonctions which seem ofhand

to be quite diferent, ne often sila insofar asthe general speration and
robles of design are concerned a, ifr, ave onuch fs eboney with
Isso inl ames alley ier mes: Beene hee Fun
mmentl iyparance fey save beh the suber: nf ch inert, need
Tosand use in specific conditions, che ase of diene Iya of pra,
$80 rwe wren svusua auvisionL jommuut, sexy 1951

ipeoverents in ela, icrense fn speed, 4 mos input of a
reduation eos, Operable arongernts to mee al srt of contions of
the can generally be acted foo the preset fund of knowledge but tie
thie i rato issues sore ites than iz tery. Hinseve, alone
ind ieniiers, pateuoly toe vast an e large sk, ean Be vase
any wigs to chtain manimom talus abd fo misinize the costs, not
nly of Cas devices themele, but also of ether jas ef che associate

Tn tle falling dicwsion sumer of devies of these types wll he
itatste to provide a gecedlreier of ome ul the methoor eval,
le the factors ereoneo in postin in trying to obtain w proper lance
Fives costs el wala wi, Be examine

Wanye oe Teanstausst

‘he uaslators with whith we axe conceroed in thi dleusion deal only
“wth nforntion i the fom of steal edd relies The “langage”
Trying this information ares wig yet mae wp of te nemberng
bse ardsignaling rst, Uareentely,thesnalgy beeen thet
ingeystem transit and an interpreter oraz, inplied by aur use of
Ae oust rato,” fam very conser

"The tom “leeneatn 98 to! re pope, meee holy a entching
sytem ferent wish in rempore oar nguny 2 theforn of an input cae,
apples an suawer inthe form of a oup code to he element presenting
se rye cde otto some nr eent, sch cae ay egret ene oF
one bes

"Tee Vaslotor may be a device which serves a number of other crt
ceeat in common, way Be aatcited ih «eugesach element or
‘bul into it ond ons,

‘Sewn pmusce we vil iad that fr me appliatons ral te use
so thre te iat codes and orre’ ing cutpat codes resale etme
toons insist aes or wh ferent sis lng eds, that he
Same iain in dileentteguages Here we have the reas opproac>
fo-cur led soalogy. However spite commonly, the swing tenslator
'S requ! tla things eh wold be decd nn of ode in the case
of nnpuage tanlation, work ax aging the information Snstad of the
language changing both at the ware Le

‘Some of Use variations in silching teastorapplcstions which sonld
be neta at this pint ws

Ia pectic, tennis ane azanged with 3 sali of input and

output poste, Te inputs cay be pexnanenty uscoiaed wil
HAANSLanns AND WRNTMERS 1 SME syamEME SOL

caneponding outputs o the astocition may be chengeable throu
movable jnens or ole mean. Thaw fe hav 0 major pee oF
tremors an changeable.
Tr most appkton te inp ond output codes havea atl re
sje ise anivary treaation derrmined by the
Hogue uf thesis or tee oho oper Transat i ofthe
bytonatic type where there i & definite relaonahip between the
{nat and ouput cues. The elaionsp may ne sel masher aed
for my folly Team some of he peta of Une sing system
(8) The input snd ouroat codes may bef se sme nomberingbsse with
ce ear of diferent ter of pres ten the bu ales ace ok
Aileen numbering systems andl peor ath may onset of rice
Ina reser
Asieuned later, my eves wea ml unssonscon at se
stealing feta, lat they Dav Bess deignal ite x erent ot
ff view mt fae recocingly heen given ferent but suitable functional
tree Hinsever, the sure of telephone enitching nomeaclatarebave
rome cases resulted in giving other names to elements clearly having the
tne fonctions i ckmentsexrie or eenbere aed tamer, Tae ore
Iimporant variants wil be pointed cut e5 we go along. One of Uns, the
‘om "code converse” seome mare eppropsete than the oil ern.

ei

Ercuuours or Use

1 may naw inorder to give x few emmples of the kinds of wae nade
of tanslatrs kn atoms spicing apse

Let us aseune we have & onion enc aysen ina lice
city. When a subsarber dis the digits of leat number which we ea
Ske “office code", indizaticg the ceatal offce uit in whie the allel
fbstbcr isco, this aber be rxeve ly Une siching equlyment
af the orgmaing ice asa decal aaraber with Cae lg Im. The
Sitching equipment, ia estendiag the cll tthe central lie ate,
Dioy bave to ae up conscious at nunesous stages aie’, some fy
tlstare oft, wih ae not cs hy thee ace. "he Rvtching
‘poration whi se sercra! hy Ute mtr eniprent trench the
‘ested ote ae indzed represented By & uumeeia cde, but it my be @
Dumber quit diferent from the dialed number and hve ovata! relation
to it or this parpos a translator sued to covert Lhe diel rahe
the required ne code comprising the izstrucios for the switching opee
flocs shich matt be peslonted. Is Bri pavtce a tradalor adn
{his way is fometines called “route table.”

‘Since the outing of css coresponding to any partial ofice code
502 sum wray, syszese sevaniony jommxat, JULY 1951

through the switching equipment may: have to be changed frm tite to
Time, provision must be mado in he (ruslatar co thet the correspondence
beeen tn cones aa switching cen can be changed economically
tren seat Ly the operating passed by taking change ie he witing
UF the ansatos or hy er mea At present tins youeealy Save by
re arrangig jumpers

re then we have an example of trator ofthe casgootie tye
‘nth abnor cortspnlene between he Ing a! tt codes

“This type of Canton suse wth ales nme ot systems
In the world. With some af ve syst req because of the no
dlovimat nature of the witching serawernent Wi other ty ving
decimal swt, it not rogue It ie aevertbless used in order to
ake Uie vag arrangement more Mesble and een

Trelis of thi type are et aig i some coves bcm ofthe sl
rmunbar of tealaionsreeded. A complete tarsialor i sometines perma
realy astcited with euch cleuit element having seed for nansation
Tevie andthe teasalor amy. Be sepiacely rot we Dull Sato the
seated cet. Trove coats ane ot more sarlaors may be aang
for coon ue hy vero cet rein he

{Qi In some wwtshing systems, for inearee the paacl type, adsitional
us is me of translation i i enitesing operations involving he uti
Crtenson of el ater thn ratte! the desired cena! oi Te
terial ce, usally the thas, hundveds, ens a units digits dsl
Ti the caling subscriber ot, th sce types of ews, disc eerve
to cana the itching neti for the final lesions; ban poucktype
tien he texans ‘ne the suber numbers wide aezaiged
tidrlymaner, re not groped on eit Is ada Sitesi conto)
tide corning tn Ue actual Lexan ni! Ce elle umber must be
Mleterained. eve sais teaautor fee bat She ist evils this
tac hove deine relation tothe ouput codes whichis vara; w the
Trasliorsot f the fo! tye wth stents comespnence Vive
eee

“This poricular apication allowed foo the fest Arverican nvention
relating to tanshtors aul mache ipartant step ithe develapment
Hr anitding atmpgements ol suing tre cmemponlence between
tlaled umber so srkhing operations This apeation fs now found ix
rang system.

"Wea ne srimine the biok digrais ofthe switching errengements far
the panel? sn eller systears mit this ype wf warsladian we eo mt
find nb for hs pata aster, 28 the rysemnatccomrespondense
[RASHLATOHR AH MANTIS IN SWINCMESE svaRENS SIS

Detscen the input and output ccs prt the transiting aerange
tnont so bemae apart of her enipment

(3) Tn our latest erothar system the ian of not ning the numeric!
ins of Ce called nomber as te switching en. se sheen rind
Sul finkes, There are no teats auubeted an sacle” Ieephone
amir The actos ain arene to the called aubscibere EY” com
cing Lerma for "ive wscpment qumbers™. The Ene equines
Soeretond tn sure lines and are ssociated wih suber
Tes on entirely rlirary Hes "he equspment numer ate not four
igh sambers ut eoch i 8 serie f five T- nt tight mass (one,
base nutter) which indicate the actin of Te siento the frome.

Here again wss fs rade of erarsiton to eanver the dle! derimal
‘number to the mox-dcinal ruber farming dhe sitchin he
fomenon equnmert mast ve in oder to reach a cll subsrir. Ty
ase, Inmeve the sitole,fa!,ayaeatic iyo oF crnsater ed

lth the panel astern ean heerlen theseaatons ofthe inp
And-outpit codes ere encvlyseitean and mye chine Soma tne 10
ine make ea ges in uaher sivas a he ye of tangltor
renplyell ie wf the changeable ype with abiteary correspondence. This
‘ype a Irate, eepecily shen used for large ates ing 10000 ot
ote unre (lt ele) filly ge sale aa and tom rey
for persanert ssacation with each circuit unit umthing se of The
Investing epijmen’ in, reeune, me common and i soetionaied in

one cle mune gop ah hanling weveral handed aumbere and
peti indepen

1H Ta autatie equipments anangel far Iie tl cls elt bye
‘perstos ot silerihery tataatin fs an estesely iportant feature
fesyeily he he nets ane a age ad cal as thoee othe
‘Hall System. Our atest crossbar tl switehing syste fas any portant
atures aul economic advantages made posse by the lyesone mie 0

Tr alms hl lishing peacice & mymeicl cate ofthese to
vin igi ine Io the lei vemen in he iting tall
‘fice to indicate the particular Reraptical are i hich the ral ru
Ter slated Phe sen iny been Gar ray, traning ray inva

conly few jas Freres or = mani of ivermedine oes ar many
intensteh pas. The svtcing squgmant mat determine the nests
eure uf sli fram the $a alg cone whieh Fae Hen reves aed
This owe thea the use f «ala.

Tn the eae af ur newest cll creer ofc, che output cade of the
(hmm ween svermae wecaoest yma, yen 1954

teanlator ectslly rss of sony alferens numbers in varons bases,
ach indicating sce dieters ite of Snianation requ in ome co
Complete the cal. The information inludee switching istructons for
interviedh ths ane orertll roales of the prefers! coubaasion xd
to indctes where alkene rrsations may be foun if the preferred
"hoees ar busy or out of oer

"Bene of te lege mumber of possbie cles, Iatsators suitable for
hie apcation pesene sca sig problems,

Terrean Tasaroas

Tsons deteking an ara of the general conapts asl fa tone
Iatony ity be we bo tee aor of the typical translation metho
‘which have been alin the ald, Inthe follwing desziptions, deals nok
Treossy i lustrating the general method are omitted,

itd Tras:

Figure {shins the pracipee of « aud, eystomatic tundaianssherse
ceuployed in awly patel wind het system for dering tum decimal
fume Ue sting Intrtins for carling sme the non-eim,
selections

This none ofthe sation fr cage (2) ofthe examples of use jst me
toma. The section a aled subsebees rarer by te terminating
Coquinment in the cll cealal ofee omit govezed by the Last four
‘cial digs of the number ius the process requ withthe panel a
Srngement sin pert movaeval ‘The mombes are grouped iz banks 0
Mf, nih means that, ane aiteng es proceeded this far, the wants
prmber san be eis the bank on #scknalbesis es india thy
dy ie tne wl wily digit of the rarer Oar groupings offal and
Drscediag equipment iyolved are not decimal, so the previ selections
oust iw ee en the bavi of medi switching sonuol soces ob
hed ie the rontaon coriol rua through the taslation proces.

"tne etching code wanted io tis ease consis af ace numbers for
contin stone cll incoming bcs (LB), nce group (LU) and
fl brs (FB), and must he erve rom the combination of the thousands
od weds digit ofthe ells aubeesiser's nuaber as rearded an the
tepiter stiches by Une calling subecriber’ ial: This can be dane becxsse
the nondecims] arangemeat of tae awitehing equipment is uerly and
thexe i therefore, syste relarsisp ata the input ara tpt
codes?

Tt willbe note ist the input code consis of v grout wn ome lend in

we,

oar Mya Cota and Tain ALE Tanti,
‘se.atons a TORQUES 9 SHITEMTNG SERTENS 535

sack our gr of lead fn the “hms and “uae ilies.
‘Ths resin am outpaced ef one roche lead in rach of Ce thee
rouye of noe decal Gulp cde mari eas

‘The operation ig siaple. The TH cole is devemined dieely fom che
pring of consecutive tersaels om the thousnnds pets, ‘The 1G code is

“lr from combination of the settings the tonsa ad ire
‘witches, which with the combining relay aves one of four possible code
rosie depending on whether the thowrsnts number is even or odd anc
‘Phe the holes rub sn tint foeve fs Fs Te FB

Torey noe mf ry i desir Ten Ue Dantes el Vy ating, che
tusibers inthe dit dive series with those isthe Inst ve,
506g DDH stunna nuKESOAL JoCRRA, Jory 1951

“The silty uf his type of tenalator makes i ecooonte! to furnish
one for eat entching clement (sruler)regusng its ase rather than peor
ing fo ue in comnen. En pete te aula ent eve a diet
an element as aos here otf soetained ia acl wired ms pet of ack
Sender.

TE ll be obvi that thie for of wansator may aso br contrat
it athe eyes of appara,

"Figure 2thows anoth for of fd, systematic tana wl 29 a8
clement in changing the cre fora ruin in a ewo-ant-oF ve see Uo
Sone-outaten system. Uh opera ie spy tat 2 rane on ta of the
five inp ve eae lease the operation of he two ascoiated relays

LLRs ne

nkich wil pice ask on one on of she cen cpa leas, Thi lesen
repent Jar wil ps othe ermal rarer involved the sr ele
tert ty be used, By the actin of suitable contol, for tcarsiaring
Tuner digs om & sequential bres Nate thatthe twe numbers repre
eating sachin cele adn tothe nase beng rant except Usk
eve nl Kou ae aes 2 bo xero

lgwe Sahowea systemic trlata: fr changing Ue oe for ruse
frum the doin te clei ayatem, Hone the it code consists of
ound on one eal ise of the tro inp growed the cutput cose
fonists ofa ror on rw of te hundred outpace marking lead. The
Upetation of one of the "na wea Ey the gma! ters Ted coanccts
‘DUNSLAIOES AND WOESTIONRES a6 swITERIME sWSTENS 507

‘huts kas totem ourpet code leads one of whish wil en be groaned,
Dy adding suitable relays his taalstor ran be expe to m system in
ishich rhe tpt cove fsa tek on oe ua Choa an thousand led,

The arargerent of ig. } omits froqueatly sa a slecnn device and
‘nes se inthe Bel System i ow eed “sea tzee"2 Te often
(Semen af other type af eal

copby tgp switch eas, of cone, he wae 8 the eyivaent

{PE of tral, ad i fcguety so wa In tis case
the insu: code is to se of decimal pues vw the slcto tothe
rine pine, amd tae ouput ead Haein a mak on ano oul of ace
Fronred outpe cede tng eas conn Fe ban ternal Sua
‘switch also uel i es ofa olay noe as sling ele n ther
ie of senate,