BSTJ 30: 1. January 1951: A Submarine Telephone Cable with Submerged Repeaters. (Gilbert, J.J.)

15 MB·English

A Submarine Telephone Cable with Submerged Repeaters

By 1 J OMBERT

(toast Reed Sp 0 178)

The age eae cele Key et Hoa aaa cable

1 APRIL of hist ear there wat installs betnees Key West, Frid,

tnd Havans, Coa submavin telephono cable systenInvalvinga vad
ca departor for che coavenionel art of ong distance subsaine tlei-
‘ony. This cepartare consisted of the inclu within he armor ofthe ae
‘aatie cable of eletean tube repeaters which ae designed to pass Caogh
‘he cable lying machinery and sink to tae oceen bottom Bkt leg
‘abl, énd which ovr n es‘onded period of pethaps cwensy Jeet, sul
‘ot require srvcig forte purpae of ehnnging ittron tales a defective
clacut lemons, The repeater bas che appeararce ofa bulze inthe eae
‘out thre soches in cheneter and tapering of in both dictions to the
{ble ameer lille eras, re olen the age ining
The csr ch ead fe about 85 Sel. The bul fe Geile engl on th
{can conform tothe carasure of the bre drum sal ef the veri eee
in the lving gear on the cable ship. A repeater, with stab cables, is shows
ia Fg.

‘The nev cab sviem, comprising cables Not $a 6 of che Cuban
Ametcan Tolepiue cad Telepraps Canpary, eptses'sabothee sep i
the development af teephoaie communication between the United Sates
te Cae, whch has presented many interesting problems. Naural con
Siigrs ke ikea, no poe, Ia erry nw of the a
‘ethic commision, Ce ich emai ste seen hgh road
in lve tnt wonld peri he ust of tomar ui systems. Anather St
the sich of water clean Flr al Cal, wick tr Haney bens mg
‘4 6000 fect in sea ad whieh resect the Lye of cable that can be
teed The practical ation Fas en tgp From Be pine nt cantart ih
the tell System tl ives Mine cver the eps co hey Wess oy lan
Tine (with ome water crossing), thence Lo Havana, an seve data of
shout 100 am. by submarine coble of tho deep sen ype of eonstrastios,
having sree coi! sistant teil, Tete
6 ae arc svetne Sveucat nueva, Jarnee 1951

fare protien involve in bulged msinuiniog the Mim! Key Wes
Conoectoes bat lbece are oul Ihe ye of the pana artic,
Trephoae commnietin hetmeen the Uited State and Cuba wa nt
ated 2192, hea three staring ables were ai between Key West and
Lisvene,! Etch cable proviced elev rir, porated ox @ twooire
1d to or ore tle cieits danse. The eabice were cone
Tinsoun Tone tion ni wut wc guttarpeeca and ed return
cordaconsronting of cope la a the sulted core and expoed

letriclly (othe saa water. These cables were the Fest nes tv enplay che
Copper siurnsnulucien, which he alsa been wee a subsequeal ables. The
aber esuen as employe ern these study aod indeaces tat the
dete aad sea water, whith for he In eequcuces then invelved in cable
{clerapiy urssned a low restance eta ezadutor, won ot beste:
foxy at vice and niger fray ci. Ac tee fectensiee skin eet cones
tHherelun, eureeat to concentraein he xen wires which arenntaral peor

WT Manin. Ade Wen Key We vane Satine Te
ic a ea POC, pel, Fea
onuios fr alternating cureats and this eles the resitance of the
otra path ee wo undesinhe values. "Th ener irs fective zeanves
the armen wire and sen water fot te tsaeadexo cist ata but very
Joy frequencies ‘Tis has the freer advantage a luring the expos of
the citcig to sttie noe.

Although the ion wine loeding was very fective is redoing ottewtion
sn the vies ange, the ey current restance deo the long wie made
‘st fet arly neeasing cy or cence cbove the oie lun
Conseqseals, when ultivea ila were ered seme yeaslater ant
sae decid to extend che fequeacy ruge inure vo make wse of ney
Alvelopod carrarfroqueney eqipmeat, iste uowesry 1 dispence wich
‘magnet lending. In 1980 the Key Weet-avaua No.l exble ws ae oa
bhwiyng sew materals and novel piscpes of design? The sating ma
teri “his case wes pareguta, which ad becn asny Geveloped By she
Inboratois, and which possess) eletical characterise and stability
mick supe to guctaperca. Ap intensive study had heen mde of the
Aesigo of ezexa. cables for exer frequeaies with the sim of abaining
‘opti eerie! prformance by proper popertioang and construction of
The enatctor and sheee principe were employed in the new ei Tit
ally, thre arr teleshone exits were obtained oa the Ni 4 cable asi
1h equivalent louie meted, ith seperate fequcuey bale Tor any
sion in apposite crc, hale al her dig wih cease
‘uensmigson saan ae in 1940 Cie vee For acconal eas to Cua
resulted inthe mstalason af new temninal equipment sich enabled it b>
provide seven :wo-kay hgh qultyctaltaow un epivlen ower basi

‘he Key WestHavata No. 4 ble desig has proved vey popula in
her parisof the wore Several se ables have bea ld heen gland
find the Contrent and brtwern Hoga end Tela, tines Assia
‘and Teamaaia, and others ere ued in connection nit the war efi A
(le ofthe design fas nun Eilean to ofthe Japenese ene

Sonsacey Reraceus

“vae demands for cccaits to Havana coutinuel vs yr, an after the
lose of World War IL the tine eppauta dpe lor king art of a nes
Alrsopment sich hed jt come to «heed ia the Laboratories ete &
terol of experimerction! This deveopmeat wae the suluueged epee
‘The need fur vere sienythering of signals teenmicted over com
Sderable diac: is about eh ste a sulsmrine cases ns od

HLA. Aa WS. etn ILA, Cort, Nae Kay Wat lavas Cie Peon
OE Boi pe af Lunn egy, They Karin Let,
AST Nab 3 a a
(ree neu svarmx soemmncus jousat, aNARY 195t

lines ana in land ines, he penal spac botseen epeatesuelly
fimrrsies as Cie deer (oaeney faeteanes Te reat culty fn the
(ora ashmavive cable tonics tat therearewsaly land sites which
tepraverse i eases, Arial ads constng of Duatng platforms of
Frage Pave hoes prspeeed a 3a, bot nome eaents and gers have
faery eFete on such seule, Interruptions ue to such es woul
‘rake iiieatt to meet che weguitenenton cota ofeevie which fs
neces in the caw of ortan slephone circuits Therefore, i aeared
that the safest pce for a submarine cable eater onthe oteanhotiom.

concn on Hernan

"Te decisin to place the epeter on ie aceen bottom res in peat
equtements onthe stoetere tar rat of whieh is tnt ihe capable of =
ling the considerable hydrostatic ireware that ie ercountned jn dy
Tecee It also seried desi hat the operation of geting the cepeter
‘erbonnd frm the cable ship shoul aot pede che stnooth functioning of
{hs layin proves Tae best way afuuetng chiereqlromert pared te
loincie ie repeater sirulore faible, within pescteable limits, aml 2
fll as povshe diameter wo tha it could pss around tae dram ad
slcsees ofthe lying gos ie en eat of cle

Tarde tomake serhe reser atactve fom operating and commen
points iew nother sequement was acest, eamoy, tat the eee
(eet emesis se repeater, inching weetrn Tobe ees, con-
Senerean ol beng along tenses enatingconiins so that
there would beasvearct uf rsdn for zoe ce need of repracment ef
rts over & lng period, perbaps tweaty yee nn mute, Servi of
te vepeater ull be ia the nalure of @ cable air, end the repaie
‘ft subosaine cables sorathing not Ua sugat eft. The procedre t
Sy Ine eapensive a Uae eorsering, de to eevinstanses beyond n=
tol sigh a3 ai wrt o ac of swaabity of» rer ship; and the dis
Tonhgace of the elle involved in Hing it co the sueace ena rpg it

iat, osly in something of «he, 56 no desea. Te obrinue shat
the roparemeat on lng iol ecu elements peesezis a itil problem,
speckly in view of the fetta the space avaiable or thew elements
sours order fo keep the repewter dla eral.

“thee aa sil another requirement on cera cements, that of muggede
nas The avssslnvoived flying cele is deep wens wre quite sen-
Sierale, Te cae fe oer a tension of several tborsasé pounds and
“neden "night occur which woul have no eft onan erdvary cable but
‘ebich righ ceslt in conyers shocks to the delcace wemauts of the
epevet,
4 semen teteraowe canter ammustom mmosAtoAs 6

Ako a onaeience of the ele terson, the arr uals soauewhat;
sd this inyones tnt al elongation on the interior structure he taxa
‘ect ur repeaier using. The eae ecu eam. be designed to withstand
thls, ba Ce peter honing imac more susceptible co dang

from thie cee,

Ions Rerraren Homi

‘The requiromesis on Desi and wales ightoss under oan bottom
preesures were the factors of oustanding iafuece in che design of the =

got Slalom

eater housing ond ofthe end eels by sean of which che cable enters ane
Travel boeing. tn the prea ain the homing ete x lng tbe
of soft copper 1 nrhes in dlameter and inc thick, sported internally
gta! collapse under os bottom pressure by an asemblate of abutting
el gs ens 2 oily ad given & gee of gly by mea hin
ur sng ote sae wi overyng aa staggered elative a he Ucar
Togs, When Lis stustuse is ealed at te end ti apable of wlltacing
‘resumes a high as 10,500 pounds ee scuare ih anit caa be bent toa
‘ciusar tal ax thre Zot without undue ditrton ofthe copper envelope
Delile ofthe stutate are shows in ig 2,

Tt cach end of the hoasing led te inslated conductor of te cable by
70 sme BeLL Syerey TmrcAL you, sanca 1981

eons of series of sls, ‘The ona vapar sal eof te gsm ype
‘opel devel for this partial passe and eapableofwithstaning
Corsieceblehylnsatie pressure, New fine hor is seal coming &
‘cote brs: abe sada esters braesamber, bots vale! tuber,
Uohioy ued tee fey any, naceval of ta eee ‘iv a ate re
{iil infin he cater mero eal cag being bras the coppar ube
{rhe hutsing ov ar extension theleot. Final weedy iag "cre tube
Greoppe,catending over the cable nslatien for Mae of abot sven
feet, = zaed fo an exieson uf the copper envelope o the bean, ile
‘wih vista ad sealed a he dstat ena by mesmsu«nexpreaasleee joined
Try tothe core tube an fo te eae inelntn.

“The repeatehourngand one tbe ace proved with exzon proiteti
layers nf n being for ske armor vine, Ce bedding over the cre cube
hing br up the fae ofc ser. The srr 's a sartinatien of che
Cablecrmor ines wih acttonal wines ecnsereeé on ween henge
SFameter ofthe repenter "To prevent tistag of the cortsner da to the
tiling of Ue artor wee ler couson a second layer of wise with
‘ection of lig oppo to that ofthe mais armor iserployel. The repeater
sy br none as part ofthe rable uti may be armored weparaley, wil
{to each eb at ple! nus the cable

Te mmponeasi be housing ands, na el as ecoplteemacred
using hae Seen ubjeted io eciaative sein of vais sorts Thezubbes-
Ira ea: os instarce, waa letad for pensation of muitos vapor oer
Tom, pod of time, Aletkeds cf ming ths seal wore checked by tension
teas unto uniformly high degree of wdheon was tained. Armored hoes
lige were tested on latory sep in whic laying coitons could be
inulaedby bending che stacturcinler tension aad 2 aoton aro a ix
foot diemcter dram.

Tas Reszantn Core

‘The diaaotroi the hoaeng hd been cansn cual on the assumption
tt the bulge conse hy Cs tepeater should noe move thar eno hee
tines te diameter of the cable proper iv ordet eo reo the possity of
fvertding rns on the brake drm drag laying. Mecnieal ests ine
fated that this amc wae ao sae fom Le ssndpain of deformation
fhe eppes envelope curing bntng-Acouingy, it was rie Uist the
{epencratricine shoul] be etre in erateeson p05 tf irs this
ile, wich os mics eagch eg eclé be esi

"Tepseblen thes bectae one pa ping the er enlsivvleedl ib whieh
spin eee kas ape fn the recto space aye. The asthoe
finaly vol shown in 13g. 3. The completed amplifier consists of in
atiultes stemblage of compaste cite cylinders, each abr Hor inches
Tong, seceesive wit cing held tel hy ying nse Pack hit
cinder contains the rtd eles emer‘ of a poricl pet of the
reper ctu. The pup of smaller charms ace moun‘ gil ar
ite form which sll iat an iralating emery oosting of two ease
Sting liste sae ar eld in piace hy end pice of lite, Ki espe
tapestnid nasil ots etneea the aheleandevtenting over terval sctions,
‘where neces, unit cece inenenreion of Une varons ports, A
representative acelin in Fi Ts Une re ofthe Rey West

Hasaun epee: the comer aesilage i eght;oce inches ong and com:
ries ites ects,
scorn Fasusts
ary inthe deepen general putes were developed regarting the
lye af einai est efor undernatetepcsters eon tis bi ti
sents wore esablahel on Une rhsrctetiat neverscy forthe ale

‘pent, inloding cet Is, sol om tee eens fy the eeeater
Decisions in auch acters col note altar ours, Et ba us he
caretlly arsed ou inure froae desig nearly oe poste sa

fackitace de tat plc ie tet,
"Tho cla tbe eet nportat a the elements Work lad been
72 me mu ever tremocat JooRaL, pasuaky 1951

Degun na tbe titel for this 26 far bas as 1938, Ths, when x cde
sion waa bade to ay the new eae ong background of exprinee wa
‘iawn on inthe raectareo! he tex. aely mpi af tae type had been
tpezted on contincors if et for slong a tea years. Desig primary
Foro Ht the tobe isa sponser grid pencode wit an inte heated
tathede UF rugged designs wena the eck of sible Tying the spac-
ing between lectndes ave relascely lags, Unusual cares lke in
tmanofscroe to insre rl weds and te avid the arcene of one pete
‘During varius singes of evenly, rigor inspections were mad ox ll
tube Ly enginewring persnnel,Seleeon of tbe for mein the cable was
Teed ona shomngh exunnatio, uf all desi inthe ivory of each tue,

wel ee hissy of the romp in whch i was meafactere, AI aes
Vash were eats fr tae cele were aged preva howl hos before
preliinary seaeion wos re Tn acti, other ns fs ie sme pre
flaction gp were farther Bites everal more thousand our to esta=
ih te qui af the gneup. Ore esly devision wa: lo jwver nepesters
‘leet cvrtent fd from ln ove cable conclu Tete heaters ce
nected in see woule Sumi ale ad ged potential, This asa por
fant felon eting the row'oal power reuiewrent oe the eube, which
ire ahovt banpore at 20 vue for Eester sly al plate pots of 4
tod vl

Wai hecleron tube is ously the rat valessbe clement ix etree!
leet om the stsnlpin of Be, ntenton must be given to ocber ee
A seman tenvenowe cance wonm eMmMERGED Bevxarias 73

rmenis—eondensersesitances, aud cilecapsilly whem thay ane het
‘long eontinedmppleton of eletteal pote a in Use case of power
separation ier. "TheTacrove that determine te he aul pesonnanee
"hee elements are not completly ase cattle was fel neve ha
the best assurance on dependrbilty con be otaiued by excell, conserva
tive design at hy mansfstoring nt aeebling the leon ato speaters
unl te best sci coions of cleaaiess. An ait conditioned space
twa povided fr this pure atthe Marvey Til Laboratory. La ation to
leaning tea in thins, preciolions were tae agaist the entrance of
Git by other means or extaple, an the clothing a Pons nf oper

‘Tae humidity ofthe si wat carefily controlled to preveat conasination
from petepcstisn dung iad uf ihe rl Mavis wari et
by selected warktan aa che prea sa pe a wc aes by
‘engineers, A view of one of tae operons ven La Fig 5

Van tenes

Simulate lying ests the laborstory covered pind of ever year
Sal piel bem lke to nc fore poeible lane a the
Ibvingopertinn, evrn show hick ner ude tbe fee of baa eo the
repeater. Test were sso me io termine tne ect, any, the yg
partion upon Ue ela ruin certs he enble, Cen

tis, comprebcusive electri tnt al tr msl he that me
1h rm sua eusre Temmear sous, saxtany 1951

rst fect would be enenuntered due co the imino he peter in

large sele test ss es however, t etalk the practicality of
the epeatered cable, Thais Beesue of he fi tating he laying opees-
tion the sapei lenge of cebie tein the ship ery he as eat a to
Dusen eso mone, adi his lenge there our complies mechanical
‘Phenomena which canBot be smilie laoratory with a gest degree
bfacmoranee Aer peiminar til ron x ge in Long Island Sound, a
fleep water len of she repentered cable was wade ia 1988 tn ho Habeas
Tee able ship LORD KELVIN of te Wester Ulan Telegraph Company
sos store ote purpose, Lengo ele upto 1S a.m were paid oct
Thm with epeniers in dep of wale upto 020. Seves repens were
Tai, tegen whi he cous bottom ane the hae hc i he si,
A pocedute that fnvlvex sna ware severe treatment than = ere lying
fieration, The rmcies soya ia Ig, 1 expecencel ths tatieat. Tests
Ipere als ral repeater oasigs contain nally sign acct
Uieters to eer sb sucka reusing from preile abuse dung sing,
‘The resallsnicte tthe repeaters a wel a8 the ele cou eake the
ppnsrowent. th coer margin uf sty

"um Tassie Seene

Desigiog tbe eketcical sult the epeater was rely a ate
ipttng Cie tet out ofthe ley lie lectern mibe inthe ay’ of stabi of
Fate ur arom mrdulatina Was ob-ninin seach elnas he system,
erate. Fer est vil yt uss of fabes ent sy he etacrar uni
MTsetioal repeater design was died por

"Tac prater ersplayee ithe Ky Weel Havara cables ba tee saws
sta negate oe be, ae ie yo sho fe Hg. 6, "The ein re
{eng tho valerie suomea in Wig. The transmis boa fn £2
oto 120 ke, The ert pa a 108 ke, the top “eqaency empha in
trai 868d The materi qualia the lose sul 36.1. felis,
theallenun inn equebey characte of which shin Fg 8. Por om
‘ean the canyon he eater cables areal down,

The layout of se ew msstered cable ineallatin & sun in Fig
“Vivre ane tho cables ove foreach citeton of leans. The Bast, or
[Nev Seabie,ranuri ng Sith is 1. nom. iv length The West, or No.6
fable, transis north adie 11,97 rus let, Pach cable hs thee
repeats spree appronintely 86 rum apart. Two ofthe xx repeaters ce
ina depth wf 902 amd ty inst 35 wax. The last repeater in exch
Cable is Jai! loge a posible tdaxp wator sos to strenghnen the
‘Spotl before enter aballow wer aad land sections of able where sale