BSTJ 20: 4. October 1941: The History of Electrical Resonance. (Blanchard, Julian)

10.2 MB·English

‘The History of Electrics! Resonance
Dy JULIAN BLANCHARD

UR saris Rnowiedge of eletricity was of the stati kind ater came

‘the voltaic cll andthe circtcurent. Bus mat unl te dscovey
of altemacing rexcilatingcumrent af elects seul the phenome of
leetrcal ecanence make i's appearance. Tedsy, as we turn che diss ot
‘oar tao receivers and “tune in” onthe ststioa we waat it recognized
how mdeapred fe application hae become, Nevertels, ic ect that
‘es have given thowent to how this important prineple camo to ight and
how and when it got into common ase.

Thee Oserecstony Naene oF ney Levan Joe Drsewarr

‘The Leen jt, diecovered in 175, ws for many years one ofthe most
important instruments in the meager equipment of eectrcal experimen
When the jer wns charged by nvr! amchine srt the ischueing
Tint nng xe eng fog ber a sjek weal jump beteen them
‘The savant of those divs ressored ha this dou coated jr woe 9 soret
of lectilty, x condense; that Lele te apark ated there vas au uct
‘nulaion of positive charge on one coeting avd uf negative om the abet
tod when the spars pase! there changes musta’ cach other and the
Ji oe aching Mut they efit nono or spect tha tie sear
seas mtlntony that fet one sie an then the ther became positively
hatged, aa the motion gral care nes.

“Te view that uc wa Ue case sce Gat ta have been pt frwan nt
LaQ6 by Felix Svacy, in France, Lt had lec sbsctved by t,t vty
ikely by others newel thet ste! needle gnetied by the deehege of &
“rej Gi noe in ll reamstanees seve the sane perky, 19 the
folowing words ho suggested the idea that che zsulte were duc te the
fectltary charge of the ja

Fell sncatan cnered at denen ntaoe en tgh emt
sina hela wit enduly tsesie Toca no he ue eats tthe
‘sta rections ofthe metic pice ti ote tee he a
‘ek atin fu wi change his eh ayes to me vende tt

ie rsce meet daring th ergo the ae a st
tons isl fron he i esr edi an an een
tet hy scans nish Lussier hese yen tLe moving
‘tephra a tists which tee onl thet

but thee de suet depend tach ccoden wih whi

"ama rcs atm the a, esting ne, eh

‘Some iter years ater Josep tlenry i America was experimenting wth
the Leyes ne and studying the cherens induced in edaning osetoes
Sy be dacarge trough another ronluctor. To determine the Heston,
he induced curzeat he observe he polarsy ofa srl si wale
Irognete hy che cutent. Cs socrbing his experints a ssson of
the Avorn Phiseopval Sovbly he Made teerewe a Cae otk of
Savory and sae trate bad scereskem to ree Use eveetiztor's
fapatimentsdeloreslesing gay nov aecnees, He aber he me
(ff, he sasha reversal the ports of Lhe weedle after a ee
fad arrived at the sane explanation

"his arora i ane cre ng wnphinlan whi a at
sigh nao at vec wits tei af the cone, eee
‘ets lu span woe stew onder study seins eared by Oe
tts prseom st he dcahaoees ne Lyd ji uv Ueoe bos
nto tepleying fone Cay of roi) iy the se rawr
lap. trble dt inne wn ded Ce eo she she the lowimers rie
Piet Ate ase mre sete te be Le acordnes ths
etic, arse n'y caption aoe by HAL munkor me phvamene
‘hich net he fc ees mores Ta Leh vant te
Fie mained ane!

‘The lished account of Mears alservations is not peel in his
oven nord bt apparent in thas of che eporor secretary ofthe Societe
Teiove hich he spose. Ve ud seem fom sie luce quctation it
ree} epteerted the aor that ene Fae ove the xls
An ay Savary oe fe sppeae tbe che bre his

Tis we in 1382, 9 god the Physi Sey of Borin 1817
Hiilosir ted is celia upot On she Conseevation ef Farce”
(Wier ie Potting or Kr. Arnon the rary tuations of the
onee-vaton nf enesgy pipe in vars bradley af physics he discos
he cos af the Lal ju eechange, abd ieidenaly ots: ake bit of
teilene in favor of ie sillabrykatut, an exptrinent by Wobaston in
Sectrolysis Commenting ow Hr enctg eatons found Lo ok in this
‘seh sil:

icy cain this la me anu th he hang bay i
oe atypia dct, be aa trae
nth te eset the samo the scans Toe ao
by the sltmately ppnset magnetic sctine of tar same, and seenndly by the
henner Wasa he ering emp ate yo

nay be intresting to ote fe pasing tat this now femous memoir by
Hoimlgr an the ranseation energy wos cote sn aceon a8
specalitive a tobe related publication fs the lading German sense
thal of the Line, Knit shee ws et forth er me thoroaaess
sel generality thn a de ely Mayer's fran,
the these tht any tind syste Hh oun te eer sce
Stan a principle that at once dente the penile of perpetual motion
Tega ely plished in sph fos 1842. sth, ater tn be
recognin ae the zracest Cerin phic of he eentuns, ws then
Shere young army surge, teeny se yea of

Hy thie Uinwy fe can te num iors the fnmaingy iL an eucay
soci by the end let alse thal the sk on Lege at
achange nae at callaory ilion of eectrly ‘Thi cul a8
svtived at sea logical aa testonablededtion fom sk rssults af vvioss
Cxperimests,elthougl Le mae of action vas sth ebscuie, It nee time

tee far eure uoalytie. extra of Ue bel, ml this wae 008 to
seen
Ty TS84 the Hevish pigs Sir Willan, Pha, alterna Loa

Kelvin, othe pape vith fhe tte "0h Teunseat Elsie Caren,
chic Whe hata He tld, beeae eG le Te this ape he
poser prublen of uke d'ehatge of eonudensor Uhtauge a conductor
‘nae teeated riatkemacialy, In aston te veatance abd eapecisy he
eeagzed the efect of octane felled by him she “eleeeodsmamic
eapacsy" upon she elacharge, end estashsted a7 gation expresing the
Tet that sheerensyoftechapecoleoer any tnt seg car

fury being spate ae heat pty tases cere ene

ithe ei; Bs eatin being, in resend eros
at) ae) 18
aR ad no,
ate
santa ha ay els He alas th lati hich
Shyer ost theeeotxe vals ef the cmsonis ee rte ad

‘showed thae under cet conditions the dischurw i woiectional an
a BELL SISTRM TRCRRICAL sOvKNAL

under otherstieovltory ltsamiped. This bevel bitot mathemat-
Cal avalyss exact and thorough as it wae and clarifying the eatie phe
orenow, pan almost unnoticed at the time; but it came inte ite sn
trith the arial of mics lr
"re followed afer yenrs nee a doce experimental verication of the
theory of the osllatory nature of the Leslen ja discharge. Ts 1858
Feddersentevamive ie opatk by net of evesing miner, andextendet
his reseerhes ring the following esr by te ue of photography. ‘There
‘was thus obtined aust evidence of Ue cevesal of diretin of the di
Cheeg, an it sis eve posse € deter the fegueney; photographs
Of these eilltny oyu wee sent 0h, wlio Mad sgpested nis
paper thie vey posrbity of proof. Other experimenters followed with
Seritions of thie meted irveaigatin, ane 1890 Boys! inprve
hy phowwsraphing the sparkly seca fx res of rapidly revolving
‘Shorty bfone thi very importers eesvery bu bees made
Cennecton with she spark discharge, Lert eivswery af lectrc waves,
tnd as a romecrnce sce hice were teaing to & ty of ts chae
teers, sly with te 9 fpr

ee Rareer on Caraairs ay as ACracarie Conant Crxcutr

elle med thas the forening ann casomce with the very
rail aml inci, motion of eletiity in apan eet. White krow
fipe of ths sore of ele arnt as being edvence, Farag" (art
Heny'st discoveries in elesiewmgnctiefdueioa hal made pole she
Tiverton of the sjnam ard she prosution of said alte-vating
cameat only of wach slower mocion "Ths generton, at frst
the form of the free magn, wea tot ang tit mn each mace tau
fog, ane sapeierce nntir.ed tobe lms rly tL tot “yalvanic™
fatent Wher reennalysiemati currents sn oe employed oan
Eppreccbleesten, fv espa and in instr, sere vere sme nes
Penoment encoursed, and thow hs ‘hewtialy grounded. were sion
fn alia the peculiar eet of = conleser In the cicut,elehota the
‘hoking ecto a ieractance alone was ely apparent

"The name of thr ens mas Maxwell now comes Inte buy AS
we have ter, Lon! Kelyn wos Lie ist to give e masher trating
Cf the sclations of a Leylen [se discharge. So Cleve Maxwell was the
frst to publish vara te eee of epacy in sri conta ing
inluctatee and reshisner aul 24 impress. lterating eectomative
Few, ad to show the coniline foe ssonance, The way im which he
me to solve this prvers mules ab intereeting sory, ed Hee Ul i
‘haraterhtallyHalevesting suanner by the lite Proeeor Papi iy the
aston oF guperaicas RESoRNeR wy

ture of a bseoon a 9 moesng of the ALLE. Some preliminaries
Ui oy aya he late

Far ng the Tek nbn cl sd tae miguel ect ackine
lac hes familiar ebjectein physical laboratories, la Ise there pea
Casein of Here Wits serkng exporiments in whieh he vty
reinvest heyy eee ema, passing te ma
{commuted} cure: fom a mails electric gerenvor thous the ls
Taghet wiscings of unether machieg, ier Lue saeme al sehch a very
auch Migr eunent wae dave. ie Will Grove, sadng of these
‘openent, ad the eth a mo igh nso be weed advartegsouay
to opersce a Ruban coil wile av altering caren toes i cas
fad vars bec exited cans of ble wie noel” ting ree
raiser to iterupt the primary cuent itardet to preveat sparking
nt he contacts co stop the cunene more abrupily a cane? ws
toured across the contact terminal. Grove seowee up 2 kept eed
Ihe sna ember. hus se sinnitng the condenser, aod applic

inary rea eoyrtoletre eahine to the prac eran of is
Jnaueine ern ix spre he found thet fe could got ao aecoadary
shure tall i hy oldie ocen te contact breaker, end ap pang the

uuleraee prertnenilye seren with she primary col sn ke crmature
lke eagners eectie reaching, he obtnine spanks erly thd a a.
inal enters then she sso Me me that te ee
woe lesen por the presence ofthe condenser: te shea; “Hut ly
here shod he ro mec. arn angen ne, when the primer iva
isp te rural rea! yan of the co he
uglier rh, Travonleldey ean? he sil”
“Ad ow Profesor Dupe’ story

Maa. hi ste Gt La he lec finding condense
ile aeealig eae eal and pre inves taerse the ery

Stone. Mls was spcodioe cynic sills Wns Croce wap wae thon
epton in epeineere'n orem sive dete wed lac al
toe paren, wd far ht hs pe ute in ple ie sin

See ith be Sinan et of ie ect eo ecu ty mak ast
Sat, winch erst me hata awry mach eter eure Cae
is it en llamas tues t se ning tot hfe “he pom

Te ceule ots y= Aula ale se uumsr= Therese
Tass, net err mts 1 Gace Ley that Manvel spon
intone ed ha ee hd smal aes ey ee
feeonon hei Ca hota oct fy ata i Cag hoe
‘isganrg min Fe rears ai sich yon eaueta 2 epee
rest hyaline condersreBinewely Et vey mack specs
Sapo secs at tat tocot ales Ba he oe tsa eee
tang ewer hi rfl, ae xe a he wl ec In Wien
‘oor eaphcng Sh aie rane the rarer shale fel sont
sckan oPemerdrfl alan ee tase: doivenc ight Me point the

Msg ete, heh bon with he wate, “Si or eters
seviey o your gaperimer® on moquelo eeu ileting, Tae cr
il-ed mathe, wal sew nd yo Ure tesul as dated Maret

inity "sanseat by Grose jv he Pliny Mayaaiv, shee fe 038
bclbhet iy Rlay, Psciavbary te fe netemele teabent Masel
tere iv tiie Gee a2 ungally or meetin of the analy etDg
Tvtsvew enti elceiel ane mera ers, ad “ws the stan paiat

Mpg ar nl pi tl be interesting to ane Le Hage ie
toed He ype nll he

Thay yonacesin Oe pny wim oe altasng Hs monte
Sha
Ts san of a pri ree may nce tes ee: ¢ sans
fi wah te Lacy Sse fo etal fps
Hestestanaaci il rot offal dan ee the tog
sys sopg oth cient “tm chs ee huge fa es oS
Firsts ams cet the sear ect wy ute
rainy ats toes oton heme ags wou Cael sash

Using such concep a hve fe guve tiple v8 sid expianainn a
the presen ths went Uw aaiersatiey and her fm n poster
appends, he zis ther alctatcalcbeoy of ee exper mens, empliine
Rhenacie ditgnim of tie soparicun. ing eifrrent, hot eubelal,
Symbol were! el seve a0 ei exe ee cuore =

neath yeni,

meh fo

This wage a snl Fat oto by Lond Kea Zor the as

mcrae st a ig al 8)

“Te olution of tien

:
pero 3)

vtec — Ge seng orton oe Fegucney ao and € ang
te inductance and capnity all in thei proper ants). Electing this
Comition wnt ef cme ase of “ert ene, bnuught abot
Ieee “sing, Ugh Mall Lsselé id aot epuislly snake
ef these tern.

TW fxayparent, thetiore, x all she kannladge uecssey forthe eli
tion of etic toning ms avaiable in TRGB whe ths tle commode
f Masvells was pois. Vera soe ears before eect eso
Se as enemy say eaten practi ay racial ase de es
Btey mace of, Te washing Kwa aol ly acwanted pyaic
Teva, nt ous the kan of at of those experimenting with lect
ZI tat pes, snust be zememered that there waa no profession of
ferric ugisering ae cal a6 thie Not uns ISH do se had apy
fer published sascsion othe eft af 4 camlerser fac aerating
usta cicut, This wis in tociniesl per hy Jokn Hopkin, Cam
Trg: rained physic ai Later to become one of the toremmoet eects
snginacrs of hie day. The paps he tn with aor rma they
fea the soetetion of alerting erent erchines dit ects che
Iolising

uncle could be inteased hy eatnecting 20 condenser” Th isnot it
(ewan ies arse commer a oc tg ce wb as amor ah
tho af scien in neste thes phe

aliemating-curoot machine wih ie terminals rrnceted 0 condone
egal el lone tat Ptr ee Ed
Hesham

by sting up 0 equation satin ts thats hy Mase the eae
cexqresson ws nly atl ye siuning reat revue alae f the
freeney, reslnne inate und cacy, he caked hat the
slot of Cae motel digerene acess tae condsose ngs be many
tine the village of the gensates tis appacest tora the guage he
oe Wt ie al pci clear wadessaaing of lertvca resonance

Ions Fhise Euresmieat Resoswsce Cove

Fulbosise Masel thats was srothe bili young physi destined
tw become fangs who st ¢ shorsign accent with eke
resonance an wha me srl sea tf seit earls Thin
‘vas Heinrich ete Getta, who applied in she detection of electric
wv pedavnl yt atc dings, the secilascuy aire of Dich ed
realy een oat invegai am we lve seen. “The spe device be
ten for exploring the Ul ne vsniy af the dachaege wae rectangle
fr circle sie containing tnate sik gap, the lop belay uf such
Vimensions us te be i rsoranee wih hit igs Feqaeney oxlltor
trot by thie caneel expovation that Herts slewnssrated oe the Sra
ime, the existence of stonmgaetic waves in space. Ta he Gat of bis
forks of papers describing Cese experiments. “On Very Rapid Bleue
Cscilations” bls In 187, ne devotes ne etion bv a discs
‘Resonance Phenwanrs.” Aa erst from this wil show ow he was
‘hinking

ic ese we a heise of a ato it Sane Be
Showing tice songs mass leavers tie male seg et
Stefi tr the hele ot seomance rere nierting unt
‘MhersRfags lng int ae wth stung uti Set yoon a rea
[ving sie pce ollaion i pane ely ply ret pea.
iene, eee ons cl chm Penarth apteinatly
The stm rl station ae se erection an ma sany conan
the Seiya cet !wluesen af ome al hey the esa sould
Show ths or ersuin values of then quansts the uci = peptly
trngor a fa og vee ie

Aerie of especies long se ins demonseated che effect eon
chil. In the secondary civ the length of spars that could he
Slade the ajctable gap increased tof mas aren The ten
SGresweve in tane Their kcal ezanance curve ever lise is
[Pven i ile above mantione paper relation between the lent of wire
Jp ihe detetng lov nnd the geiest Tenge of spare obaiabe fr wae
Tenet uf vce, cllather cmnliios semeining encksraw The rare
‘Shon te familia sharp lea the pont of eeonance. Ina his ucceed-
Jag resca'chos or els ves Karty scl hic simple taned cect as &

‘wevouneset tbe

Getecon. Ubon te fteruer of the reac pe
‘sed tern the yet unborn ato rio

‘Among te pominent British lysis Oliver Loge at this imewasaly
cexperntting wit erties! rewoance and waiting an lecturing about it
Te eum he est taken a Kees tees ine work Herts and i face
ene cae to anticipating Herts the dzeavery of eerie wave rouge
his nnable work on lightning snsstor, Un a rif acti pubs
1990 Tasleeribed a roetbod, whi ead used ayo ore ce,
igplaging tie spars pricing power of electri raison by tuaing Ue
Cireut of ore Leyes jr to tat of anol er staining » spack yap end
Crctel in the waual ayy Wen Uae seundary etait wae in resance
‘th these ite Leyden sar woul! “over.” But Lodge objec to The
Seva Pe tests aesenance” and jelere the erm "sytnny”
‘esoraro® ie ton suggestive ef ute acoustic revesberinn phesomenom
tobevny expresive” nemainaine" AlUhougl beara some of thevaer
THnalth writers cmtinued to syy"systony” al syntonie", tht term
ology id not permaenly stick
Dring the next decade, as electrical engineriag developed sumenhat,
‘specially in alternating coon, we fn ne llention being pil to this
‘abject, both by physicists and engineers. Among thse intersting them

—
rere

a, ae
: | [| |

selves in the mates may be mcatine auch men aT. HL Makes,
(Gishert Kapp, JA. Hleming, . Glushron, James Sninbutne, Mure
‘tin and Maurice Leblanc, Fredrick Bedell and A. (. Corre, Nikon
‘eal M. I. Papin amd Jobs Stow Sion; some of these beng eonemed
with high fequsnces, some with I, Ae indiating the gear tai of
Lovee a this time concerning ltenating curren chery, «statement
intext by Blakesley, wih ovlveated Alay, 188, 5 Musing
This lr ony

4 nai hn or rt ht the age un of Oh La oa EM
= tial fostanes al samantha seca Tit
Ge TEL EEF cree ec focus ater te he su ofthe ret
MMF eaters, Tha tat re oes eke ely te sale he creat a
{oduct ets sap nian sacha wel lio ese

Womens © eh asad ty tras te sce es of

weiner See haem pur nies ange org mse

Somehict similar ober tions wen: eatesed by’ Key a srl in
he Blepician stot orn Wt, Referring bv she pura by Hopson
‘rent ovel shave, he samentee 9 ol

the sinns th wih cea capa pd ths Pn sa
fy ties cae ALFoo® Wrahengues St Pe 2scieh a seat
rect aes oie bbe ms igs. tach ales fm etal
Pte arc asthpmoreint iy the tice rate eee
‘tet nl wcrseemtet ake suet oa bea a appre aes
Sepia ret mt och emp ae futbol he lcd tha.
Eile son ans an infec pers pri, abeh We desta
reer crcltancfoengtinarss wrstede mech owe eemnaeatcnin
ithe peice cqtel i hs pee

‘his quasi gees sat iene of hs ith Sepect to ltl

frase ound “Tair ih spat wn ss elec
pets, was beginning ox pre nib he eelegsrent of yesh

Rrsnsasce a Eusexnae Cowersteustas

Wile esuaance, orem agprori tos there, i easonalyencountere!
tn vetiany wer engineering tl ele Biting, hte Ht 3 genecally
ase nf smthing tie aves, eevence of zamething sone veo. AY
nite seman condition iv per cule could esa i eon
‘slrbedamage due toexcessive irre few. Tn lect corsmuniation,
So Uh ihe Ins, bee rgeiew are ie, ad where fray it
Sone fae fundarencl remand vets camparatvely smal
resin i prime rerio ea practical al,