BSTJ 20: 4. October 1941: A Rapid Visual Test for the Quantitative Determination of Small Concentrations of Calcium in Lead. (Schumacher, Earle E.; Bouton, G.M.)

2.9 MB·English

[A Rapid Visual Test for the Quantitative Determination of
‘Small Concentrations of Calejum in Lead*

THE mamaarstow of leaden ea iis sae toc on
Usslumsonsout Wo 0.0981 O08 perce ia oid ua: ee
deszale ceombintion ef ropes. Sin oxo ie very etic clement
‘hemieally, pede) moraticraring procedure were develope to mininive
the canst of molten lnd-aicim alley mith the ait. Despite tae ia
proved techniques, some calsium is ehwrys Jost snd mat be repiced
[Befoce this caa be eccompsed etsectoriy, obvcusy, the clei com
‘alo the all anal he deteiined, Couveatinal cleared procedutee
are aceurate bee not entity satisfactory for plant contol ase beesse ty
tre fim exsming and ten erly. The her of te chemi mechan
inmeduece ng of at ast te Roe n eing bore sont, (hit
Soe spectre asi mete were rarely teste, ard we
Shey shored some aivariage eves conventional methods, they west stil
‘With fie er ene inant allys reali eth,
soraee battens wide, aa other apiatony, it Gesu dedrale tbe.
an rel ale ct tect enkod te developed for determining tis
falesim coateal. I: eppioacaing te pob.em, severe methods of atace
isulvine psi, cherea or electrical preportin uggs three
[8 few of the mths vestige were

1 Owens of Le ele fonda of lf ey ea see
ange vay 9 sanypone sed tengo.

2 Theta EMP onscreen pa
Mewercacsls of Lakes <1 sbauek Caan ee yacous het
TEST FOR DSTERIIINATION OF CAECICM HY LuAD 388

Valoreauiely, aoa of Chews nebods peowal adecoate, Either he
‘reparties involved were inufiietl cersitiva to changes a calcu on
Ten, of other factor maa the eect oa,

arg in tho sicy of eed-alsom its rion ott ty mle aay
qvclly uml oer il nite, Cell shuervaon ul the ceatertes
Fie en aly crore vo peer el vexed Tseng wth
Ccsfam cneant to aeeve aa a. clue che snmptan, Tope, then
Meals wee oT ah mis He ott ax ti, saree

ff henge Leste rgrsvely delle el incre alia coer

vc stn value Farber increase fn calium content tealed the
ening of We serfs ed loning bight setae wens espe. ths
Seauring pheasnence, which ie asad ia Bi 1. ee type of enmpe
tinnicrtive ndeaser dese. When sarpls of ladesefom ate reited
td cestarser contrlle!coritors che srface makings ace neprodaced
‘ith considorble det in eepect areas of dulland bight sxacs. The
fatio of there ase ie depen: on the calcium cartont, For leone
ff illytzation tke siapes vere photegroaked under lgtiay conditions
tat made ths tngbs high rellectingcureces appear dark i the photo
ph

“The sucess ef the methal ie trerfers soa linge extent onthe dei of
peocelure that ae get below. Since calc i ead removed fom
Teal y ouidtia. a making and casa procedae forthe tet secu
‘yes tlopted that celle ina ean Vom aise, Floneven ert
Xruapheres, bide warily jee ane pasts apna! eh
tion cial rot hee ee sive they sea ele wit Pe ring
henomeren thi i he Tass of Cte mlb, "Tae neue aly aepted
ud gato he ables ee eo eer

Shee ipov cele alt tosis fs unten. Basser gene ae
‘Leaticieal useusily tome: = 100-gst senate ta glout two aula i
opie co Fe bottom the retin. "he hotiem elge oF ho eapla
race Feet ea? the Hanif he ale sli era rt she pol of
‘Bala at Zormed wth a miata of nuptue of the aurlace. Te boos
ound shape of hs eevee penis it toe Utd ua ae ip isha a rae=
How uf anh fos Ce unas ofthe onl bine be sea ear nn
thus subjesuing che steam of molten alley to only a byiel expire
I thealmenpfie daring pewting, The mull afoy shal aver be
ner ton the cue nak urvivasary daring the log
operation Under the reiting cordsions described, the casting tempera
trea the rich conten! fiery the evel ie ertved fom he
‘ame tee os ft conde afar the st arson lf Casemple his rote,
By eight modicacias in technique, szupie £0 analysis amy be ike
strcely om th commercial ling kets. "Tac neil wv pal

‘not critical in shape or size. ‘The one used inthis development i an ion
Plate fn cH Ja. 8 in with a tated epession mild in is auc
‘Tao wt ingot it about din loos, fis. wide, in the atthe casting end
snd fin, chick atthe ther ead, Te weighs €0t0 100 grams, The efect of
rol temperstr hasbeen sed nc! nt esa the range rom rom
Tenpeature to that esche ly Ue ald a ell of eating inte ea
Inuaevals of fe inten

CCuntrl uf the atenpere over the sua lus ben fund wecssary to
iusute reprfacile reuls, For this reuon the cellopiane enclosed
casting chumber sown in Fi 2s deed. Taere oa he the eg
rnd side for insertion ofthe ruse sta eubber net (ube ou the
for entry of the gus mist. 1th bor fxr hy experiment ta bat
rreistue and the carbon diode ontert of the ar fafwence Ue cel
Plaine, Therefore otk ae emaved ceca wal bee neinodsed

in mete quaatties co the air passing into the casting ebamber, by
rears of propriate Bow meter, cry ar cowl Be rie in cite pro
portions witha satus! wih motets ane ees hy
[nother and peek snl ayleas is to ase the diy aie oer cera salt
foletions of Kanwss vapor presute, Carbon dove Ie conveniently made
Shall iy placing oid etn ode iyi na Devs a ng 8
Sonper with two ext tubes. By micans ofa esape valve on on tube 2x7
Aesined COs peesute cane built up inthe Haste force th gas trough &
Now meter and into the air ire lending to the casing chamber. One
salliactory arangemeat of epparcus tor contraling the composition of
Ue attnoeptete ie aon in

“The warace appearances asin Hig. 7 west oad by eating in an
tmenihere having 50 percent relative audit aul O02 pe cent eon
‘iolee, Tneressing the carbon Genie ar deeming the erste content
causes the saveees ts bene ghee ané vice versa, This provides a

hogar cent Tata auting the sastveeange of the
rmethod to the media ealiaa context desves. Mops Iving alam
foncents outside the rage of th method mae esta’ by almistare
vith know asiounts of and alum lle of kau cali content.
Pore lad iv genom, earn be il for icon because tbe oxide and
Dosribly traces of impries pre iv Hone the oss of some calcium
toca the mitre.

“Po dace most exprizie with tse of the visual tet oe calcium bas
‘ben on alleys mie with chenial ra This ade of lad substantially
fos from As, So iy Te, Sb and Za, sad outs sont D408 per ont Ni
(0 per cent Cu aus 0007 percent Ag. ‘The variation in conven tration
these elements ia the commercial spy wo ea found to be great
hough fo ches soraw interreree with de indications given by the
Citing fest. Hepeves He eo inlusnes y cerain variations i
lnmpurty content whi ane ext of He normal eacounterot in the

us apply, “The posce of tn the onfer af jew than of ane
fer cont cases low ications of ealclam content. Te ns of Figh psy
feud in ple of "chemical" Load hn ¢simlar elect. iat additions
‘up to 01 percent are frvemseqential Arie and axsinony form com
pounds wy ealom which dome of in Ce mang sete so tht thewe
ements would not be found ia tho fishes wieth. Tie elt of the
Interfering lnputtestefees to above ean be worrcted for, whe. cele
reve fk, hy wating he atzoepbere in the vating chmbeor by
misture with a known proportion of alloy faving = predetermined
Higher calchna content. By these procedures faring can be made to
‘ccur in alloys that otherwise do aot ve eh mifestation, Ta practical
‘persion the bran of lee! being ss! wll be now aad the necessary
Garten ca be made athe vito of the tat.

Sulcent analytical data Lave Lee eulsted to establish the fact that
ue nace bate presented ie top, relsble, and extremely help for
lat conta appliation.