BSTJ 10: 2. April 1931: Overseas Radio Extentions to Wire Telephone Networks. (Espenschied, Lloyd; Wilson, William)

14.3 MB·English

Overseas Radio Extensions to Wire Telephone
‘Networks*

by [LOYD ESPENSCHIED af WILLIAM WILSON

“yg cefepime
LEP ee ‘Serra pee stot ey
“ey saa Sete oumsoceani eked heen

simon ross
THe pro wih fz eerie cormuition
making in ‘ping the worl tnge:ler is perhape nowhere more

intereatingly ilusested than in the davelopmercs whirh ae mow
{alee place inthe sterconzeetion of willy separated wire telephure
fnvcorks by mears vf verses radicteleiewe ks. [eae only &
fey yeers atu 1927, cht tleplune service was int exended across
the banier af tae Narch Athewic and a begining mae i the inser
foumiee ion ef the goes Heepltone network n° Now America and of
urnpe., Rapid progres las soon made since chen in the further dle
velopment ef the Noreh Athntve faslies and iz the evteusian 0
Teetoeeeyiine inks ftom these wise tsleaione neewores watwaed it
‘oer inetions uacl today sich links spss Large parson ef the
lobe

‘ince ic ie ie aacace of telephony ht the ereuits are employed
presnelly by the telephone vers St is necessary that th inter.
Connecting bake be of 4 high sandal of travsmissin effectiveness
Sine be free fiom interesenns, leo it ig impertane Ural they be
Feliable in opeeation and concinoniy available during the operatn
Peis, lor the wafulnees of tlephowe service is ia pare depender
pon its being funtediasiy availabe us eall, Although hese re
Tieements are not set being filly nie, the ciccuts already in opera~
‘Hon are very elective and are proving wo be valuable additions tothe
‘works eommnicadion Flite

“The progcese which is belag made amd the problems which are
arising tn the ceublit seat of these spats self Che emudinetion
“r telishone neranek appeal to the Faas
tration and caallenge the Tet eCoris of cizamusicetion eagineee
[specs ie his evel ef inleest to sade enginers since !2
this pioneering stage tie istensanuccting ks are being forged by
niio, | Work ie sls going forward ia the developmen: af new types
#eubmarine tele ots rtispiepose acd undoubtedly sts
ables wl in ime lay large vis eifying the move impov-ant
ff the world routes. ‘The ria par of the picture, however, quite
nou in tell end this pape is, erefore, largely nained this

ae othe subject,

‘There giv lal a eketch ofthe wie elephone networks and the
interooanecting Hake a2 they exist toiay, stm, picture of the
Tamang setlts which ate beine obtined in the operation of
sane of hese ovessae Kinks, and Filly, 2 disewstion uf che more
Unpostant penne: il probleme involved aa ie radia trae

niting medium,
‘Tus Eussrse Woatn Tenement Prone

A sinplitiodpictnrs of the present telephone development of the
world is giver fr fhe nat of Fig 1. Oaly the principal creas of tele
Dhane development are init Hy We sbaded portion, and only the
tore imipucten sonvee of che wire metwocls have been sketched in,
The Sigur ve the apacosimate nie of tellnive subseriber in
each caseinent sre

Thi esuree these neewurks which give dicot access to nllions
of penple i ofcce sal heines and permit oF the persia eemties
Which characteriags telephone rommenication. It is natural, chere
fore, that they Suu be the foundation of the world-wile system
Iwilch is cowing up. The cpt of hese networks alseady spread
ive national bottiearies xa thas Uke engiaecting problems pitas
Ce of inerconneting the networes, generally comprising geoupe 0
Counties, rather tha that of diese Incerconneetng by radi al of
{he cumpmnent eswacies, The points within cach network at whit
the inceseonnecions afe made my be exerted to be determined
largely by considerations of trae ad of operating eficeney. The
sllferenns of time and of lanzwixes betwern Thee widely separated
frees, and, of ene, Hie eapeine of providing reliable inerconnec
tious over these distances are farts whieh will ata iit the
‘line of use (9 be mae ot these n>mtertions. That they are des-
fined to full 4 very real oz is already proven, however, Dy the
ita whic ace neve being xiv
sneer ere ener nt

Devious oe bereneowsncens Liss

“The presen status of the development of these ransnetanie aio
tecentione links is llwtrasal in Fig. 2. There tre shown the ccuita
‘ehith ae it operation nt al the projects whieh have been morte
fs uniervonnkleration or unler coxtstruction. These telephone paths
Wil be vbserved to correspsi in genesal wich the routes followed by
The ose sekeapls and raditelegsaph servers, lace wich the wade
Fontes of the work, lng whith commit of iacerese as Ten But
Ube Thus a ceria onerty aoramgenent of the serves being,
ei wally

Ta ooh, there may Sead Wo Le Eve saee groupings:

1. The Nevth American-Europess comcetions, These ar, of cours
‘of outstanding inpurianee herause of the economic and soci
ireves: whieh siete berger tha to cmatinents ane because
they cmnort with he large elephie wire networks on both
Sides of the Adantie, Noreh Aerie sal Exp rambined
‘soi fw about 32 milion telephones cw af worl txal of
Front aS ill, Lae prerent staasiom the Nocth Adan
ouse is diavnse later
2. Nrwilt Ameri-South Avaric,
8 Souls Ameriea-Europe
4. Kineope so Aries, Avia, ane! Qoeania, ‘The conrestions t9 Africa
el Oana represent shee leest whies some of the Eur
pean valine have asociaced commsonweadte soa ie clones
Ih Amerien to Pacihe points sol the Fay Fast. These are in
the comsritko a poet stage

8. Ned

‘Mat af tse services ane bing von pean bas altuous
that autuee the Novth Atlantic has heen Jousd to require shor
Seve ancl that becteen Nort ane Sout Arnecea is for ehe fall
Uusiwss diy. Some of the circuits Fo Ennape to Souths Amesea
and de East Ladies are not ee eanected fly into the wire ele
pn aetwave, “The charts whiee are i npevation between South
Amiesiea ane Europe inetd of vnmeing int Ihe Eucopean acto.
ig micas ota single stots are shared on a pact tnt suse by seve
Stations lcste fn sifesent counteles fn
‘he rk Tine in the ate

‘One advaneage ot the noe w!ealio for tse services, particularly
inthis prangering stoge saving whieh cramie over mary of she routes
is kely co be stall, i the ability (0 share tae we ow erasing
Sutnel ge between & numberof receiving points where mize lines te
tio valle, sepresatative ce of Fis Mind Reuld be tat ofan
Importane central station linked wih a coatinental wie network from
‘which ic is desied to establish connections wich a auaher of xnaler
futlying pointe, "his posiiiy fs not ae sane se ik stay appear,
however, hecause there encer the problema of dveetive antensias, of
sifting frequencon it widely diferent distances are involved, and of
ot permit he eelara tracanseiot > be meray eae thas
het ing Iravantsionw viel mies Cee we of re atively wert
ations a thenndyag pobste Tt genera thew shortwave stations
Teprenent rather lange fuvestinents ad in working oul teroonmecting
{vtangenieats of this kind i is important to fit together Ibe states
ft the varias saints a vine It. ciel aa ta nei

Teaving saons ia idleness

None Artannse Facrurns|

(OF te fur ciscuite wich Horr exist assoes the Nerds Adantr, as
indicated in Hg. 2, one isthe long-wave circuit, with which the service
‘was orginally started, al three sve short wave vreus, The dashed
Tin, shown inthe fre, hetween New Vorkaind Lonel indicates an
adicionet long-wave vet whieh ix pannel. "There also indicaced
inthe fuze te ship-to shoe telefon service on the North Atlantic
‘hich connects withthe land line network om either aide,

The tarsstlintic longwave stem hha alealy been the subject
of eechniel papers ami net! not be describe in esa. Te operates
fn a single aleshandlraerier pprssion sytem in a Sreqnoney baad
Centering a0 60 ke. The able desusndsysens i ol ty saiice
The fey spe asc “The single In une adler or
leeasmision in the 86 directions by means of voice actussed switch
ing devieewat the New Yerkeané Longon terinals. Vor the purse
it nivimising che principal itation ef ong waves, tat of statis”
the seecving atatins a located as fe sort a3 is reanaably pose
snd oe i mate of dveoive veceving antcanas

"The thnee shortwave cicuita which have been provided ev the
North Adaatie route edd mateeally to che wate capacity but are
cratic ia their behavior andthe wefulness ie deverdent,'= a large
sneceure, upon being epeeated in combination with the tore stable

iiweve cri, All Une shar-wive circle sre alec sally
by the advene cvalitons sesompsnying amelie rior, wheres
leng:ave transmission i not materially affected by dese conditions
fsnegt at nigh The sud ‘og wave cenit planet up prove
sna bsnl coasivation of Fits a well oy alo the ol

"Seated bowl.
Piblaply 6, ete
sivult capacity actos the Atlantic. In this connection, ie should be
tule aby that a new type of submarine clephoae eable is under
‘evelopstese and is planet to he il across the North Adastie when
Prmmpitied, While this cable will provide cnly one Lwo-way cireit,
Tivespevte bs bs toe com atmespnecie dituebauces and 0 fate
treaty the telephone serview helween North Ameries and Europe

‘The ehinnhoreteleluone service whieh is being ven on the Ninth
Atlantic includes ald sition connection with Pe ld line net
"bots she Tated States aad in Kaneda thovagh thee Lae
stations service is give io mist of Noth America ard. Western
Ennope, Four of the lager transathinlie vesals are quipped. The
seevice may he espeeted! to inte fn ine aldriewal shove tations
find anya: vevael, Leis aa example of a ela of serve for
whi slo alone Is avilable, thot of extending tlepione vervice Lo
moving erate tne or ee

Storr Wave Teemiour

Wich the esepion of the long-wave circuit aczces the Nort At
lanti, all of she Finks fliete in Fig. 2 ese of tie sho-tovace tepe.
‘eto these ditfesent short wave ations throughout the work, Use
is of eourse,conaderabe fence tween Use in the requirements
chick are beiae met and the yecformnn cbisived. However, the
ae fundamental princes set being followed Za of Use arnries
nil che murtsave telephone sechnigue may be said to be rather,
Savackably alike thcugaaue the worl. Transmssion ie on the of
Ung oule sde-baod asia since the nectoity for narrowing the
Sand isnot of great inertance inthe pseu tate ofthe art ant the
cial of se siden erate ig Fequcacica in very meh
[rsater, In general, the tsusanittem sce of the vacuum tuhe Loe
mploying mater oil re which ate stepped up i fequency a in
power forthe final Imwsuinsna;dietive antennae are eployed for
hth transmitting and zeceiving, snd in che zeeving epparatus use
iRmade of the daube detection princinie wih ie suTvantages in goin
‘lable oesation with high arapliticasion and hig selectivity

in che enue of the raliesplone stations Which connect wit the
United States, the short wiv telninue is futher characterized by
the use of tranemiting vets whieh are provided wich a plezp eystal
fucilator with cempert ure conic feo seabilaing che tna Ming
frequency, ar! the tne of interchangeable cole Which peri te re
fauency of the (ransniter to be enanged in keeping wth the cequice
feu fy Ue diferentes of the day aml year. The cari otepat
ft 13 hws covesponds €0 a peuc uuipas uf shoul Uw. The fat
power stage of such ast is shown in Fig. 3.

‘The unite marked 1, 2,
find 3 ave the water jackets lor tice of the ax double-caded, bin
tubes, the other thrce being on the other sie of che mounting. The
ceva iso the push yal eepe

phone and Telagronh Compan, Lawvencerile, S. [Sie 1 iv robes ped

SES Reo pee sow gn een meek

‘The sadia receivers employed ia she Usited Staten ace built so ax
to have low intiasie soise and wufcient gain to enable very emall
eld strengths, of che order of 1 gv. per mtb be detected and eased
co the required telephone spesch ‘evel. They ar equipped with asto-
imctie gain canted which wniiane the fing ¥ecetions ia apoech
flusis. One ofthe radio receiver: rpeyl al He Retoongy Ns J
Seoviving stub lshated i Lig. The amteraa lanes

brousht in benearh she oor the sancentie pipe which are seen Sa

eggtirenmctahans

Fine ab the right yn soviet. wih the ApOe of che wea tT ape
Tes lrand penel, The frst wr veniea aus eee che rie el rue
incing the autorscie say coma ‘The thi! ae, a he ah
inclaees he yl snlcacoy asd conseul aude Tie onnaesing
Th goneral ve wavelengths ave wee. ee aca LIN C8
revert one roamed TD ee. (21 vets ore oun 9,00 be,
1s meters and cach transmitter anal nenver is arranged «that F
co eerie ah any Lew wil aie es ae gel for
tech i theve Fregcenry anges. ‘Tve heater sete le ae
About 1 db uver a one tall wave anianda. These short-wave radon
laleplaie Cuties which const the Aesisen telephone neva k.
dvidh Eunpe an Stull Ameria “ave eceacy been the eubjert of

nial papers "and nocd not be described infurer call. An alr
view of the Lawrenceville. N. J.. cansaiuting station is given in
Figs 8. The linger af ln er Si of trem pt he sone,

for the thee shorteave create i Fagan. sol the some ine
twa che antenaas fr che srg vient bs Ue Argonne. Some cea
oF the magnitude of the wea employed fe thee shee wave recite
may be fad ror this photograih. Te ager Five of seria i
pprex:nate’y one ai ke pcm ing of xenty-one TAS. lowers
Sthetantia! Gresrot buildings are previded tor the carsmiteng set
anutauviary equipment. Trobably every eperating 2geney
See Leal