BRS Cell Biology and Histology

386 Pages·2011·33.55 MB·English

by  Leslie P. Gartner

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Cell Biology
and Histology
Leslie P. Gartner, PhD
Professor of Anatomy (Retired)
Department of Biomedical Sciences
University of Maryland Dental School
Baltimore, Maryland
James L. Hiatt, PhD
Professor Emeritus
Department of Biomedical Sciences
University of Maryland Dental School
Baltimore, Maryland
Judy M. Strum, PhD
Professor (Retired)
Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology
University of Maryland School of Medicine
Baltimore, Maryland
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Acquisitions Editor:Crystal Taylor
Product Managers:Catherine Noonan and Stacey Sebring
Vendor Manager:Alicia Jackson
Designer:Holly McLaughlin
Compositor:Aptara, Inc.
Copyright © 2011 Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
351 West Camden Street
Baltimore, MD 21201
Two Commerce Square, 2001 Market Street
Philadelphia, PA 19103
All rights reserved. This book is protected by copyright. No part of this book may be reproduced in any form or by any
means, including photocopying, or utilized by any information storage and retrieval system without written permission
from the copyright owner.
The publisher is not responsible (as a matter of product liability, negligence, or otherwise) for any injury resulting from
any material contained herein. This publication contains information relating to general principles of medical care that
should not be construed as specific instructions for individual patients. Manufacturers’ product information and pack-
age inserts should be reviewed for current information, including contraindications, dosages, and precautions.
Printed in the United States of America
First Edition, 1988
Second Edition, 1993
Third Edition, 1998
Fourth Edition, 2003
Fifth Edition, 2007
Korean Translation, 2005, published by ShinHeung Medscience, Inc.
Spanish Translation, 2008, published by Lippincott Williams & Wilkins
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data
Gartner, Leslie P., 1943-
Cell biology and histology / Leslie P. Gartner, James L. Hiatt, Judy
M. Strum. — 6th ed.
p. ; cm. — (Board review series)
Includes bibliographical references and index.
Summary: “BRS Cell Biology and Histology is an outline-format review
for USMLE and course exams, with review questions at the end of each
chapter and a comprehensive USMLE-format examination at the end of the
book. Each chapter also features a high-yield section on clinical
correlations. The book is concise and well illustrated, with line
drawings and electron micrographs”—Provided by publisher.
ISBN 978-1-60831-321-1 (pbk. : alk. paper) 1. Histology—Outlines,
syllabi, etc. 2. Cytology—Outlines, syllabi, etc. I. Hiatt, James L.,
1934- II. Strum, Judy M. (Judy May) III. Title. IV. Series: Board review series.
[DNLM: 1. Histological Techniques—Outlines. 2. Cytological
Techniques—Outlines. QS 18.2 G244c 2011]
QM553.G37 2011
611(cid:2).018—dc22
2010018178
DISCLAIMER
Care has been taken to confirm the accuracy of the information present and to describe generally accepted prac-
tices. However, the authors, editors, and publisher are not responsible for errors or omissions or for any consequences
from application of the information in this book and make no warranty, expressed or implied, with respect to the
currency, completeness, or accuracy of the contents of the publication. Application of this information in a particular sit-
uation remains the professional responsibility of the practitioner; the clinical treatments described and recommended
may not be considered absolute and universal recommendations.
The authors, editors, and publisher have exerted every effort to ensure that drug selection and dosage set forth in
this text are in accordance with the current recommendations and practice at the time of publication. However, in view of
ongoing research, changes in government regulations, and the constant flow of information relating to drug therapy and
drug reactions, the reader is urged to check the package insert for each drug for any change in indications and dosage and
for added warnings and precautions. This is particularly important when the recommended agent is a new or infrequently
employed drug.
Some drugs and medical devices presented in this publication have Food and Drug Administration (FDA) clearance
for limited use in restricted research settings. It is the responsibility of the health care provider to ascertain the FDA sta-
tus of each drug or device planned for use in their clinical practice.
To purchase additional copies of this book, call our customer service department at [phone]or fax orders to (301) 223-
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Visit Lippincott Williams & Wilkins on the Internet: http://www.lww.com. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins customer service
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Preface
We were very pleased with the reception of the fifth edition of this book, as well as with
the many favorable comments we received from students who used it in preparation
for the USMLE Step 1 or as an outline and study guide for their histology and/or cell
biology courses in professional schools or undergraduate colleges.
All of the chapters have been revised and updated to incorporate current infor-
mation, and we have attempted to refine the content of the text to present material
emphasized on National Board Examinations as succinctly as possible while still
retaining the emphasis on the relationship between cell structure and function
through the vehicle of cell and molecular biology. A tremendous amount of material
has been compressed into a concise but highly comprehensive presentation, using
some new and revised illustrations. The relevancy of cell biology and histology to
clinical practice is illustrated by the presence of clinical considerations within each
chapter as appropriate.
The greatest change that occurred in the evolution of this book from its previous
edition is that we have enhanced the art program by adding four color art to the fig-
ures, inserted four color summarizing photomicrographs, as well as numerous elec-
tron micrographs to illustrate the histological structures that we discuss in the various
chapters.
As always, we welcome comments, suggestions, and constructive criticism of this
book. These may be addressed at LWW.com.
Leslie P.Gartner,PhD
James L.Hiatt,PhD
Judy M.Strum,PhD
iii
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Acknowledgments
We thank the following individuals for their help and support during the preparation
of this book: Crystal Taylor, our acquisition editor; and Catherine Noonan and Stacey
Sebring, our product managers, who helped us weave all of the loose ends into a
seamless whole.
iv
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Contents
Preface iii
Acknowledgments iv
1. PLASMA MEMBRANE 1
I. Overview—The Plasma Membrane (Plasmalemma;
Cell Membrane) 1
II. Fluid Mosaic Model of the Plasma Membrane 1
III. Plasma Membrane Transport Processes 4
IV. Cell-to-Cell Communication 7
V. Plasmalemma–Cytoskeleton Association 9
Review Test 11
Answers and Explanations 13
2. NUCLEUS 14
I. Overview—The Nucleus 14
II. Nuclear Envelope 14
III. Nucleolus 16
IV. Nucleoplasm 17
V. Chromatin 17
VI. Chromosomes 18
VII. DNA 19
VIII. RNA 20
IX. Cell Cycle 23
X. Apoptosis (Programmed Cell Death) 26
XI. Meiosis 26
Review Test 29
Answers and Explanations 31
3. CYTOPLASM AND ORGANELLES 32
I. Overview—The Cytoplasm 32
II. Structural Components 32
III. Interactions Among Organelles 45
Review Test 53
Answers and Explanations 55
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vi Contents
4. EXTRACELLULAR MATRIX 56
I. Overview—The Extracellular Matrix 56
II. Ground Substance 56
III. Fibers 59
Review Test 64
Answers and Explanations 66
5. EPITHELIA AND GLANDS 67
I. Overview—Epithelia 67
II. Lateral Epithelial Surfaces 69
III. Basal Epithelial Surfaces 71
IV. Apical Epithelial Surfaces 72
V. Glands 73
Review Test 76
Answers and Explanations 78
6. CONNECTIVE TISSUE 79
I. Overview—Connective Tissue 79
II. Extracellular Matrix 79
III. Connective Tissue Cells 80
IV. Classification of Connective Tissue 86
Review Test 89
Answers and Explanations 91
7. CARTILAGE AND BONE 92
I. Overview—Cartilage 92
II. Bone 95
III. Joints 105
Review Test 106
Answers and Explanations 108
8. MUSCLE 109
I. Overview—Muscle 109
II. Structure of Skeletal Muscle 109
III. Contraction of Skeletal Muscle 114
IV. Innervation of Skeletal Muscle 116
V. Cardiac Muscle 117
VI. Smooth Muscle 120
VII. Contractile Nonmuscle Cells 122
Review Test 123
Answers and Explanations 125
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Contents vii
9. NERVOUS SYSTEM 126
I. Overview—Nervous System 126
II. Histogenesis of the Nervous System 126
III. Cells of Nervous System 127
IV. Synapses 132
V. Nerve Fibers 134
VI. Nerves 136
VII. Ganglia 137
VIII. Histophysiology of Nervous System 138
IX. Somatic Nervous System and Autonomic Nervous System (ANS) 139
X. CNS 140
XI. Degeneration and Regeneration of Nerve Tissue 141
Review Test 144
Answers and Explanations 146
10. BLOOD AND HEMOPOIESIS 148
I. Overview—Blood 148
II. Blood Constituents 148
III. Blood Coagulation 153
IV. Bone Marrow 154
V. Prenatal Hemopoiesis 155
VI. Postnatal Hemopoiesis 155
VII. Hemopoietic Growth Factors (Colony-Stimulating Factors [CSFs]) 159
Review Test 160
Answers and Explanations 162
11. CIRCULATORY SYSTEM 163
I. Overview—Blood Vascular System 163
II. Overview—Lymphatic Vascular System 173
Review Test 174
Answers and Explanations 176
12. LYMPHOID TISSUE 178
I. Overview—The Lymphoid (Immune) System 178
II. Cells of the Immune System 179
III. Antigen Presentation and the Role of MHC Molecules 185
IV. Immunoglobulins 186
V. Diffuse Lymphoid Tissue 187
VI. Lymphoid Organs 188
Review Test 193
Answers and Explanations 195
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13. ENDOCRINE SYSTEM 196
I. Overview—The Endocrine System 196
II. Hormones 196
III. Overview—Pituitary Gland (Hypophysis) 196
IV. Overview—Thyroid Gland 201
V. Parathyroid Glands 206
VI. Overview—Adrenal (Suprarenal) Glands 207
VII. Pineal Gland (Pineal Body, Epiphysis) 211
Review Test 212
Answers and Explanations 214
14. SKIN 215
I. Overview—The Skin 215
II. Epidermis 215
III. Dermis 220
IV. Glands in the Skin 220
V. Hair Follicle and Arrector Pili Muscle 222
VI. Nails 223
Review Test 225
Answers and Explanations 227
15. RESPIRATORY SYSTEM 228
I. Overview—The Respiratory System 228
II. Conducting Portion of the Respiratory System 228
III. Overview—Respiratory Portion of the Respiratory
System 233
IV. Lung Lobules 239
V. Pulmonary Vascular Supply 239
VI. Pulmonary Nerve Supply 240
Review Test 241
Answers and Explanations 243
16. DIGESTIVE SYSTEM: ORAL CAVITY AND
ALIMENTARY TRACT 244
I. Overview—The Digestive System 244
II. Oral Region 244
III. Divisions of the Alimentary Canal 248
IV. Digestion and Absorption 257
Review Test 259
Answers and Explanations 261