Table Of Content

Broadband Telecommunications Handbook Chapter 1: Introduction to Telecommunications Concepts Chapter 2: Telecommunictions Systems Chapter 3: Virtual Private Networks Chapter 4: Advanced Intelligent Networks (AIN) Chapter 5: Local Number Portability (LNP) Chapter 6: Computer-to-Telephony Integration (CTI) Chapter 7: Signaling System 7 (SS7) Chapter 8: CTI Technologies and Applications Chapter 9: Integrated Services Digital Network (ISDN) Chapter 10: Frame Relay Chapter 11: Asynchronous Transfer Mode (ATM) Chapter 12: ATM and Frame Relay Internetworking Chapter 13: Cable TV Systems Chapter 14: Cable Modem Systems and Technology Chapter 15: Data Over Power Lines Chapter 16: xDSL Chapter 17: Microwave- and Radio-Based Systems Chapter 18: Local Multipoint Distribution Services (LMDS) Chapter 19: Specialized Mobile Radio (SMR) Chapter 20: Cellular Communications Chapter 21: Global Services Mobile Communications (GSM) Chapter 22: Personal Communications Services Chapter 23: Wireless Data Communications (Mobile IP) Chapter 24: Satellite Communications Networking Chapter 25: Low Earth Orbit Satellites (LEOs) Chapter 26: The T Carrier Systems (T1/T2 and T3) Chapter 27: SONET and SDH Chapter 28: Wave Division Multiplexing Chapter 29: The Internet Chapter 30: Voice-over IP (VoIP) Chapter 31: Intranets and Extranets Chapter 32: Network Management SNMP Index List of Figures List of Tables Broadband Telecommunications Handbook by Regis J. "Bud" Bates ISBN: 0071346481 | Computing McGraw-Hill © 2000 , 623 pages Broadband Telecommunications Handbook Regis J. Bates McGraw-Hill New York • San Francisco • Washington, D.C. Auckland • Bogotá • Caracas • Lisbon • London Madrid • Mexico City • Milan • Montreal • New Delhi • San Juan • Singapore • Sydney • Tokyo • Toronto Copyright © 2000 by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. All rights reserved. Printed in the United States of America. Except as permitted under the United States Copyright Act of 1976, no part of this publication may be reproduced or distributed in any form or by any means, or stored in a data base or retrieval system, without the prior written permission of the publisher. 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 0 AGM/AGM 9 0 4 3 2 1 0 9 ISBN 0-07-135440-9 This book was set in Century Schoolbook by D&G Limited, LLC. Printed and bound by Quebecor/Martinsburg. McGraw-Hill books are available at special quantity discounts to use as premiums and sales promotions, or for use in corporate training programs. For more information, please write to Director of Special Sales, McGraw-Hill, 11 West 19th Street, New York, NY 10011. Information contained in this work has been obtained by The McGraw-Hill Companies, Inc. (“McGraw-Hill”) from sources believed to be reliable. However, neither McGraw- Hill nor its authors guarantees the accuracy or completeness of any information published herein and neither McGraw-Hill nor its authors shall be responsible for any errors, omissions, or damages arising out of use of this information. This work is published with the understanding that McGraw-Hill and its authors are supplying information but are not attempting to render engineering or other professional services. If such services are required, the assistance of an appropriate professional should be sought. Acknowledgments I would like to take the opportunity to recognize several people who had a considerable influence on my ability to complete this project. One can never plan or predict just what will happen during the course of a year or during the production cycle of a manuscript. The scenarios we experienced with this book really came through and challenged us throughout the entire production. First I have to readily acknowledge and thank all the folks at McGraw-Hill for their continued support of this author and their exceptional patience. I never had any vision that this book would get as delayed as it was when we contracted to write it. Somewhere it is written that the author of a book is supposed to have unlimited time available and undaunted focus. Wherever this is written, it is not true! Too many challenges and changes crept into our daily lives and postponed the inevitable completion of this project. As TCIC grew and we began introducing new training products on the convergence of the Voice and Data worlds, along with the radical changes in the industry causing the consulting part of the business major upheaval, we had to really struggle to juggle all the schedules to maintain control. So I put the McGraw-Hill people through the paces, promising to get manuscript to them and missing just about every date. Steven Elliott was my ever forgiving editor-in-charge who had the unenviable job of making excuses to his boss when I failed to deliver on time. I thank Steven for his understanding and his willingness to wait this one out. During the cycle, Steven Elliott was replaced on this project with Steve Chapman . What a nightmare for a new editor on a project to find that the author is very late and now the “new kid on the block” had to try to figure out how to light a fire under me and get me moving again. In the middle of this transition, a very large customer ordered several thousand copies of this new book (before it was finished) and published delivery dates based on my feeble attempts to set a schedule. Pressure is one thing, but this was pressure extraordinaire! I thank Steve Chapman for his patience and his periodic prods to remind me to stick with it. Moreover all the offers for help were appreciated even if I never really said it aloud. I sincerely appreciate the efforts of all the folks I never saw or talked yet who had to ramp up their production schedule to accommodate my schedule rather than work the normal routine production cycles. These unsung heroes of the production department never get their credit, but we all should be grateful to them for their dedication and stick to it attitudes. Beyond the folks at McGraw-Hill, there is a special person who has held the entire project together seven times now. Her ability to keep track of the dribs and drabs of a book that I wrote, convert them into documents and manipulate the graphics (scribbles on paper) into meaningful inserts, never ceases to amaze me. Gabriele has been the anchor in all these books, keeping track of what was done, what is in motion and what needed attention. How many weekends and nights she had to sit around and redo something I decided to change was invisible to me. Yet she never complains, just continues to produce and get things out. Her dedication to the overall success of my books never gets the credit she truly deserves. Gabriele provides the gentle push I need from time to time, keeping me focused and working at it. Even when she knows I am behind, there is no panic—just constant reinforcement and encouragement. A new person was very helpful to me this time and he deserves special credit. Tim Kelly, my contributing author, helped me with a few of the chapters when I got into trouble time-wise. He is a special type of friend and collaborator. How many nights we discussed the book on the phone for hours when he had his own work and commitments to perform. Tim went beyond the norm in helping me out, when he went on vacation to Germany (a special thanks to his understanding wife “E-Beth”), he carted notebook computer along with him to help get some of the materials prepared for five of the chapters. He did the research and writing, graphics and input. He even provided his special tweak on the materials as we discussed (bantered) the material content and intent. Without Tim’s help, this book might still be in my computer and not in printed form. I will look forward to bringing his special assists into the next productions and seeing his name on the covers of many books in the future. He certainly has earned the right. Several vendors and friends were supportive and helpful in garnering information for the development of this manuscript. I thank all of them, too numerous to mention each of them individually. However, they know who they are and can take silent comfort in knowing they got us here. We all tried to keep focus on this broadband concept from start to finish. In many cases, the ideas of broadband communications are still emerging for some of the areas we discussed herein. However, we hope we were able to capture the spirit and the letter of the concept even before it truly develops. Enjoy this book as you would a version of a 201 series after the Voice and Data Communications Handbook. This book is dedicated to those of you who continue to buy the materials we jointly develop for your understanding. It is you, the reader of this material who should also be praised for the demand for more information. Convergence is the name of our industry today, yet we must continue to seek new ways of providing the information and using the technology. As long as you the reader continue to demand high-speed services, reliability and mobility, I will have a job. That job will be to seek the ways of describing and applying the technologies so that you can use them. Good luck and Happy Reading! About the Author Regis (Bud) Bates has more than 33 years of experience in telecommunications and management information systems (MIS). He oversees the overall operation of TC International Consulting, Inc., a full service management consulting organization. He has designed data processing centers and has also been involved in the design of major networks including LANs and WANs. His clients span the range of Fortune 100-500 companies. His innovative ideas in implementation have been written up in many trade journals and user group magazines. Bud also develops and conducts various public and in-house seminars ranging from a managerial overview to very technical instruction on voice, data, and LAN/WAN and Broadband communications. For the past 2 years he has devoted much of his development and training activities on the convergence of voice and data communications. Included in these developments, Bud has been training several CLECs on the integration of voice and data. He has recommended and implemented several training programs (in-house) using all the technologies that are converging as a base model. Included in this list are several training programs that carry the organization’s internal certification. His many topics include both basic and advanced courseware on Voice, Data, LAN, WAN, ATM, SONET, T1/T3, VoIP and Voice over Data Protocols (FR, ATM, etc.). Mr. Bates has written eight books on the technologies many of which have been “best sellers” for McGraw-Hill. Moreover, his Voice and Data Communications Handbook has led McGraw-Hill sales for three consecutive years, with a new revision coming later in 1999. His recent publication “Broadband Telecommunications Handbook” has already sold 10,000 copies before being published. Some of his other titles include, “Introduction to T1/T3 Networking”; “Disaster Recovery for LANs: A Planning and Action Guide”; “Telecommunications Disaster Recovery”; “Wireless Networked Communications: Concepts, Systems, and Implementation”; and “Client-Server Internetworking: A how-to guide.” Regis J. (Bud) Bates Jr., President TC International Consulting, Inc. Phoenix, Arizona 1-800-322-2202 Chapter 1: Introduction to Telecommunications Concepts Introduction Welcome to the world of telecommunications again! In this book, we’ll attempt to deliver a series of different approaches to the use and application of telecommunications’ principles, concepts, and guidelines and offer new approaches to the use of voice and data communications. Last year, I wrote The Voice and Data Communications Handbook , Signature Edition, as a means of introducing several new ways of looking at the telecommunications industry. The Voice and Data Communications Handbook was so successful that it begged for a sequel with a more in-depth approach and a more technical view of the use of telecommunications. Therefore, my goal is to delve into the topics of broadband communications. For those who have not read other books on this topic, I will attempt to simplify the concepts discussed. For those who had a chance to read the first book (or others on this topic), I will attempt to pick up where we left off during the first volume. This book is structured by groupings of topics. For example, the first few chapters work with the convergence of voice and data networks as we see the virtual private networks, intelligent networks, and the portability of our systems for today and the future. After the first grouping of chapters, we step into a discussion of signaling systems that make wonderful things happen in the convergence world—coupled with that discussion is the idea of computer and telephony integration. (What better way to describe convergence!) After a few ideas have sunk in, we move on to a high-speed data networking strategy, with the use of Frame Relay. After Frame Relay, we discuss the use of ATM for its merits and benefits. Next, we take the convergence a step farther and delve into the Frame and ATM internetworking applications—still a great way to carry our voice and data no matter how we slice and dice it. Just when we thought it was safe to use these high-speed services across the WAN, we realize that local access is a problem. Entering into the discussion is the high-speed convergence in the local loop arena with the use of CATV and cable modems to access the Internet at LAN speeds. Mix in a little xDSL, and we start the fires burning on the local wires. The use of copper wires or cable TV is the hot issue in data access. From the discussion of the local loop, we then see the comparisons of a wireless local loop with LMDS and MMDS. These techniques are all based on a form of Microwave, so the comparison of microwave radio techniques is shown. Wireless portability is another hot area in the marketplace. Therefore, we compare and contrast the use of GSM, cellular, and personal communications’ services and capacities. Convergence is only as good as one’s ability to place the voice and data on the same links. Leaving the low-end wireless services behind, we then enter into a discussion of the sky wave and satellite transmission for voice and data. No satellite transmission discussion would be worth anything without paying homage to the TCP and IP protocols on the satellite networks. Yet, the satellite services are now facing direct competition where the Low Earth Orbit satellite strategies are becoming ever popular. The use of Teledesic, Iridium, or Globalstar systems are merely transport systems. These pull the pieces together and will offer voice and data transmission for years to come. One could not go too far with the wireless-only world, so we back up and begin to contrast the use of the wired world again. This time, we look at T1, T2, and T3 on copper or coax cable, which is a journey down memory lane for some. However, by adding a little fiber to the diet, we provide these digital architectures on SONET or SDH services. SONET makes the T1 and T3 look like fun! Topics include the ability to carry Frame Relay and ATM as the networks are now beginning to meld together. SONET is good, but if we use an older form of multiplexing (wavelength), we can get more yet from the fibers. So, we look at the benefits of dense-wave division multiplexing on the fiber to carry more SONET and more data. With the infrastructure kicked around, the logical step is to complete this tour of the telecommunications arena with the introduction of the Internet, intranets, and extranets. Wow, this stuff really does come together! Using the Internet or the other two forms of nets, we can then carry our data transparently. What would convergence be without the voice? Therefore, the next step is to look at the use of voice over Internet Protocols (IPs). Lastly, we have to come up with a management system to control all the pieces that we have grouped and bonded together. This is in the form of a simple network management protocol (SNMP) as the network management tool of choice. If all the converged pieces work, there is no issue. However, with all the variants discussed in this book, we must believe that “Murphy is alive and well!” Thus, all the pieces are formed together by groups, to form a homogenous network of Internets. Basic Telecommunications Systems When the FCC began removing regulatory barriers for the long distance and customer premises equipment (CPE) markets, its goal was to increase competition through the number of suppliers in these markets. Recently, consumers have begun to enjoy lower prices and new bundled service offerings. The local and long distance markets are examples of the new direction taken by the FCC in the 1980s to eliminate and mitigate the traditional telephone monopoly into a set of competitive markets. Although these two components of the monopoly have been stripped away, barriers still exist at the local access network—the portion of the public network that extends between the IEC network and the end user. The local loop and the basic telecommunications infrastructure are not as readily available as one would like to think. The growth of private network alternatives improves with facilities-based competition in the transport of communications services. The industry realizes that more than 500 competitive local exchange carriers have grown out of the deregulation of the monopolies. These CLECs include cable television networks, wireless telephone networks, local area networks (LANs), and metropolitan area networks. Incumbent local exchange carriers (ILECs) indicate that their networks are continually evolving into a multimedia platform capable of delivering a rich variety of text, imaging, and messaging services as a direct response to the competition. Many suggest that their networks are wide open, for all competitors. Imagine an open network —a network with well-defined interfaces accessible to all—allowing an unlimited number of entrants a means to offer competitive services limited only by their imagination and the capabilities of the local loop network facilities. If natural monopolies are still in the local exchange network, open access to these network resources must be fostered to promote a competitive market in spite of the monopolistic nature of the ILECs. The FCC continues to wrestle with how far it has to go and what requirements are necessary to open and equal access to the network. Network unbundling, the process of breaking the network into separate functional elements, opens the local access to competition. CLECs select unbundled components they need to provide their own service. If the unbundled price is still too expensive, the service provider will provide its own private resources. This is the facilities-based provider. All too often, we hear about new suppliers who offer high-speed services, better than the incumbent. Yet, these suppliers are typically using the Bell System’s wires to get to the consumer’s door. The only change that occurs is the person to whom we send the bill. Hardly a competitive local networking strategy. As a result, the new providers (CATV, wireless local loop, IEC, and facilities-based CLEC) are now in the mode to provide their own facilities. Components of the Telecommunications Networks Telecommunications network components fall into logical or physical elements. A logical element is a software-defined network (SDN) or virtual private network (VPN) feature or capability. This SDN or VPN feature can be as simple as the number translation performed in a switch to establish a call. Switching systems have evolved into the use of external signaling systems to set up and tear down the call. These external physical and logical components formulate the basis of a network element. Moreover, Intelligent Networks (and Advanced Intelligent Networks) have surpassed the wildest expectations of the service provider. These logical extensions of the network bear higher revenue while opening the network up to a myriad of new services. Number portability can also be categorized into the logical elements because the number switching and logic are no longer bound to a specific system. A physical element is the actual switching element, such as the link or the matrices used internally. A network is made up of a unique sequence of logical elements implemented by physical elements. Given the local exchange network and local transport markets, open mandates had to be considered because the LEC has the power to stall competition. In many documented cases the LECs have purposefully dragged their feet to stall the competition and to discredit the new provider in the eyes of the customer. This is a matter of survival of the fittest. The ILECs have the edge over the network components because their networks were built over the past 120 + years. This is the basis for the deregulatory efforts in the networks, because the LECs are fighting to survive the onslaught of new providers who are in the cream-skimming mode. If access mandates are necessary, to what degree? These and other issues are driving the technological innovation, competition at the local loop, and the development of higher capacity services in a very competitive manner.