Broadband RF and Microwave Amplifiers

763 Pages·2015·43.62 MB·English

by  Andrei Grebennikov

B r o a d b a n d R F
a n d
M i c r o w a v e
A m p l i f i e r s
© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC

B r o a d b a n d R F
a n d
M i c r o w a v e
A m p l i f i e r s
Andrei Grebennikov (cid:127) Narendra Kumar
Binboga S. Yarman

Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
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© 2016 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC
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Contents
Preface ..............................................................................................................................................xi
Acknowledgments ........................................................................................................................xv
Introduction ................................................................................................................................xvii
Authors .......................................................................................................................................xxiii
1 Two-Port Network Parameters .............................................................................................1
1.1 Traditional Network Parameters ................................................................................1
1.2 Scattering Parameters ...................................................................................................5
1.3 Conversions between Two-Port Parameters .............................................................8
1.4 Interconnections of Two-Port Networks ..................................................................12
1.5 Practical Two-Port Networks .....................................................................................15
1.5.1 Single-Element Networks .............................................................................15
1.5.2 π- and T-Type Networks ................................................................................16
1.6 Three-Port Network with Common Terminal ........................................................19
1.7 Lumped Elements .......................................................................................................22
1.7.1 Inductors .........................................................................................................22
1.7.2 Capacitors ........................................................................................................25
1.8 Transmission Line .......................................................................................................27
1.8.1 Basic Parameters ............................................................................................27
1.8.2 Microstrip Line ...............................................................................................31
1.8.3 Coplanar Waveguide .....................................................................................33
1.9 Noise Figure .................................................................................................................35
References ...............................................................................................................................41
2 Power Amplifier Design Principles ..................................................................................43
2.1 Basic Classes of Operation: A, AB, B, and C ............................................................43
2.2 Load Line and Output Impedance ...........................................................................53
2.3 Nonlinear Active Device Models ..............................................................................57
2.3.1 LDMOSFETs ...................................................................................................58
2.3.2 GaAs MESFETs and GaN HEMTs ...............................................................60
2.3.3 Low- and High-Voltage HBTs ......................................................................65
2.4 Power Gain and Stability ...........................................................................................68
2.5 Push–Pull and Balanced Power Amplifiers ............................................................79
2.5.1 Basic Push–Pull Configuration ....................................................................79
2.5.2 Baluns ..............................................................................................................82
2.5.3 Balanced Power Amplifiers ..........................................................................88
2.6 Transmission-Line Transformers and Combiners .................................................92
References .............................................................................................................................103
3 Lossless Matched Broadband Power Amplifiers ..........................................................109
3.1 Impedance Matching ................................................................................................109
3.1.1 Basic Principles .............................................................................................109
3.1.2 Matching with Lumped Elements .............................................................112
3.1.3 Matching with Transmission Lines ...........................................................124
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vi Contents
3.2 Bode–Fano Criterion .................................................................................................133
3.3 Broadband-Matching Networks with Lumped Elements ...................................135
3.4 Broadband-Matching Networks with Mixed Lumped
and Distributed Elements ........................................................................................144
3.5 Matching Networks with Transmission Lines .....................................................148
3.6 Matching Technique with Prescribed Amplitude–Frequency Response .........158
3.7 Practical Examples of Broadband RF and Microwave Power Amplifiers .........163
3.8 Broadband Millimeter-Wave Power Amplifiers ...................................................168
References .............................................................................................................................177
4 Lossy Matched and Feedback Broadband Power Amplifiers ....................................181
4.1 Amplifiers with Lossy Compensation Networks .................................................181
4.1.1 Equivalent Input Device Impedance .........................................................181
4.1.2 Lossy Match Design Techniques ...............................................................184
4.1.3 Practical Examples .......................................................................................189
4.2 Feedback Amplifiers .................................................................................................195
4.2.1 Negative Feedback Design Techniques ....................................................196
4.2.2 Noise Figure .................................................................................................201
4.2.3 Practical Examples .......................................................................................202
4.3 Graphical Design of Gain-Compensating and Feedback Lossy Networks ......208
4.4 Decomposition Synthesis Method ..........................................................................212
References .............................................................................................................................215
5 Design of Wideband RF and Microwave Amplifiers Employing Real
Frequency Techniques .......................................................................................................219
5.1 Real Frequency Line Segment Technique .............................................................221
5.1.1 Computation of Optimum Break Points for RF-LST ..............................235
5.1.2 Practical Approach to Model Break Points by Nonnegative
Even Rational Function ...............................................................................243
5.2 Generation of Minimum Immittance Function from Its Real Part ....................247
5.3 Optimization of TPG Using a Parametric Approach ...........................................250
5.4 High-Precision Ladder Synthesis of Positive Real Functions .............................255
5.4.1 Extraction of Transmission Zero via Zero Shifting Method .................256
5.4.2 MATLAB® Implementation of Zero Shifting Algorithm .......................260
5.4.3 Synthesis with Transmission Zeros at DC and Infinity .........................263
5.4.4 MATLAB Implementation: Extraction of Transmission Zero at DC ......268
5.4.5 MATLAB Implementation: Extraction of a Pole at Infinity ...................269
5.4.6 Algorithm: General Rules of LC Ladder Synthesis .................................270
5.5 Automated Real Frequency Design of Lossless Two-Ports
for Single Matching Problems .................................................................................272
5.6 Computation of Actual Elements............................................................................275
5.7 Automated Design of Matching Networks with Lumped Elements.................280
5.8 Design of Interstage Equalizers: Double Matching Problem .............................283
5.8.1 Algorithm to Construct Lossless Matching Networks under
Complex Terminations at Both Ends ........................................................288
5.9 Matching Networks Constructed with Commensurate Transmission Lines ......294
5.10 Generation of Realizable Positive Real Function in Richards’s Domain ..........295
5.10.1 Properties of Richards’s Immittance Function ........................................296
5.10.2 Parametric Approach in Richards’s Domain ...........................................298
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Contents vii
5.10.3 Cascade Connection of k-Unit Elements ...................................................300
5.10.4 Correction of the Richards’s Impedance after Each Extraction ............304
5.11 Integration of Richards’s High-Precision Synthesis Module with Real
Frequency Matching Algorithm .............................................................................310
5.12 SRFTs to Design RF and Microwave Amplifiers ..................................................320
5.13 SRFT to Design Microwave Amplifiers .................................................................324
5.14 SRFT Single-Stage Microwave Amplifier Design Algorithm .............................326
5.14.1 Part I: Design of Front-End Matching Network ......................................327
5.14.1.1 Initialization of Nonlinear Optimization to Construct
a Front-End Matching Network .................................................329
5.14.2 Result of Optimization ................................................................................330
5.14.3 Inputs to the Main Program for Part II: Design of a Back-End
Matching Network .......................................................................................332
5.14.4 Results of Optimization ..............................................................................332
5.14.4.1 Initialization of Nonlinear Optimization to Construct
a Back-End Matching Network ..................................................333
5.14.5 Stability of Amplifier ...................................................................................335
5.14.5.1 Investigation on the Stability of the Amplifier ........................337
5.14.6 Practical Design Aspects ............................................................................338
5.15 Design of an Ultra-Wideband Microwave Amplifier Using Commensurate
Transmission Lines ...................................................................................................339
5.15.1 The First Step of the Amplifier Design: Description of the Front-
End Matching Network ..............................................................................340
5.15.2 The Second Step of the Amplifier Design: Description of the Back-
End Matching Network ..............................................................................342
5.15.3 Result of Optimization ................................................................................343
5.16 Physical Realization of Characteristic Impedance ...............................................346
5.17 Practical Design of Matching Networks with Mixed Lumped
and Distributed Elements ........................................................................................348
5.17.1 An Almost Equivalent Transmission-Line Model
of a CLC-PI Section ....................................................................................348
5.18 Physical Realization of a Single Inductor ..............................................................357
5A.1 Appendix ....................................................................................................................365
5A.1.1 Chain Parameters of a UE ..........................................................................365
5A.1.2 Chain Parameters for CLC and CT-UE-CT Sections ..............................366
5A.1.3 Do CLC and CT-UE-CT Sections Have Equal Chain Matrices at ω ?.....368
0
5A.2 Appendix: A List of MATLAB Programs ..............................................................370
References .............................................................................................................................485
6 High-Efficiency Broadband Class-E Power Amplifiers ..............................................489
6.1 Reactance Compensation Technique .....................................................................489
6.1.1 Load Networks with Lumped Elements ..................................................490
6.1.2 Load Networks with Transmission Lines ................................................496
6.2 High-Efficiency Switching Class-E Modes ............................................................500
6.2.1 Class E with Shunt Capacitance ................................................................500
6.2.2 Class E with Finite DC-Feed Inductance ..................................................506
6.2.3 Parallel-Circuit Class E ...............................................................................511
6.3 Broadband Class E with Shunt Capacitance .........................................................516
6.4 Broadband Parallel-Circuit Class E ........................................................................524
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viii Contents
6.5 High-Power RF Class-E Power Amplifiers ............................................................531
6.6 Microwave Monolithic Class-E Power Amplifiers ...............................................534
6.7 CMOS Class-E Power Amplifiers ...........................................................................538
References .............................................................................................................................541
7 Broadband and Multiband Doherty Amplifiers ..........................................................545
7.1 Historical Aspect and Conventional Doherty Architectures .............................545
7.1.1 Basic Structures ............................................................................................546
7.1.2 Operation Principle .....................................................................................551
7.1.3 Offset Lines ...................................................................................................553
7.1.4 Linearity ........................................................................................................555
7.1.5 Series-Connected Load ...............................................................................556
7.2 Inverted Doherty Amplifiers ...................................................................................557
7.3 Integration ..................................................................................................................561
7.4 Digitally-Driven Doherty Amplifier ......................................................................567
7.5 Multiband and Broadband Capability ...................................................................568
7.5.1 Multiband Doherty Configurations ..........................................................568
7.5.2 Bandwidth Extension Using Reactance Compensation Technique ......571
7.5.3 Broadband Doherty Amplifier via Real Frequency Technique ............574
7.5.4 Broadband Parallel Doherty Architecture ...............................................577
7.5.5 Broadband Inverted Doherty Configuration ...........................................583
References .............................................................................................................................591
8 Low-Noise Broadband Amplifiers ..................................................................................595
8.1 Basic Principles of Low-Noise Amplifier Design .................................................595
8.1.1 Historical Aspects ........................................................................................595
8.1.2 Basic LNA Topologies .................................................................................597
8.1.3 Minimum Noise Figure ..............................................................................602
8.1.4 Filtering Multistage LNA Topology ..........................................................607
8.1.5 Linearization Techniques ...........................................................................608
8.2 Lossless Matched Broadband Low-Noise Amplifiers ..........................................612
8.3 Lossy Feedback Broadband Low-Noise Amplifiers .............................................614
8.3.1 Shunt Feedback ............................................................................................615
8.3.2 Dual Feedback ..............................................................................................618
8.3.3 Active Feedback ...........................................................................................620
8.3.4 Noise Figure .................................................................................................622
8.4 Cascode Broadband Low-Noise Amplifiers ..........................................................623
8.5 Graphical Design Technique ...................................................................................628
8.6 Broadband Millimeter-Wave Low-Noise Amplifiers ...........................................632
References .............................................................................................................................635
9 Distributed Amplifiers ......................................................................................................641
9.1 Basic Principles of Distributed Amplification ......................................................641
9.2 Microwave GaAs FET Distributed Amplifiers .....................................................647
9.2.1 Basic Configuration with Microstrip Lines ..............................................647
9.2.2 Basic Configuration with Lumped Elements ...........................................651
9.2.3 Capacitive Coupling ....................................................................................652
9.2.4 Tapered Lines ...............................................................................................654
9.2.5 Power Combining ........................................................................................659
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Contents ix
9.2.6 Bandpass Configuration .............................................................................661
9.2.7 Parallel and Series Feedback ......................................................................663
9.3 Cascode Distributed Amplifiers .............................................................................665
9.4 Extended Resonance Technique .............................................................................670
9.5 Cascaded Distributed Amplifiers ...........................................................................672
9.6 Matrix Distributed Amplifiers ................................................................................675
9.7 CMOS Distributed Amplifiers ................................................................................679
9.8 Noise in Distributed Amplifiers .............................................................................684
References .............................................................................................................................688
10 CMOS Amplifiers for UWB Applications .....................................................................693
10.1 UWB Transceiver Architectures .............................................................................693
10.2 Distributed CMOS Amplifiers ................................................................................697
10.3 Common-Gate CMOS Amplifiers ...........................................................................701
10.4 CMOS Amplifiers with Lossy Compensation Circuits .......................................705
10.5 Feedback CMOS Amplifiers ....................................................................................707
10.5.1 Source Degeneration ...................................................................................708
10.5.2 Parallel Negative Feedback ........................................................................710
10.6 Noise-Canceling Technique ....................................................................................716
References .............................................................................................................................721
Index .............................................................................................................................................725

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