Broadband Optical Modulators: Science, Technology, and Applications

555 Pages·2011·22.81 MB·English

by  Antao Chen, Edmond Murphy

CHEN
Electrical Engineering
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BROADBAND
MURPHY
BROADBAND OPTICAL
MODULATORS B
OPTICAL
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Science, Technology, and Applications
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“…provides the full, exciting story of optical modulators. … A comprehensive MODULATORS
review, from the fundamental science to the material and processing technol- A
ogy to the optimized device design to the multitude of applications for which
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broadband optical modulators bring great value. … Especially valuable in my
Science, Technology, and Applications
view is that the authors are internationally known researchers, developers, B
and systems people who are experts in their field, writing now, with the
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perspective that time offers, about their groundbreaking work.”
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—Dr. Rodney C. Alferness, Senior Vice President of Optical Networking
Research at Lucent Technologies’ Bell Labs
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Considered the most comprehensive book yet published on this critical subject,

Broadband Optical Modulators: Science, Technology, and Applications O
offers an incredibly wide-ranging yet in-depth overview of the state of the art in
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the design and use of optical modulators. Providing a wealth of expert insights,
this book covers fundamental and practical aspects, from materials to systems, T
addressing historical and more recent developments.
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Coverage includes:
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• Optical and electro-optic properties of traditional single crystalline
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lithium niobate, silicon, and III-V compound semiconductors, as well as

emerging electro-optic polymers and organic nonlinear optic crystals
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• Discussion of factors important to modulator design, fabrication,
and performance
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• Fundamental topics, such as electro-optic effect in nonlinear optic
crystals and semiconductors D
Leaders in the field created this invaluable reference for scientific researchers U
involved in high-speed device research and development, especially in the areas
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of optical transmitters and optical modulators for fiber-optics communication
systems. Helping readers master optical modulation techniques, this book will be A
invaluable to engineers (system/subsystem designers, product developers, and
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technical and project managers) and other professionals in the telecommunica-
tions and defense industries. It offers the audience—which includes graduate O
students—an in-depth understanding of the new modulator architectures and
technologies now available, as well as the strengths, weaknesses, advantages, R
and trade-offs associated with each.
S Edited by
K11192
Antao Chen
Edmond J. Murphy

BROADBAND
OPTICAL
MODULATORS
Science, Technology, and Applications

BROADBAND
OPTICAL
MODULATORS
Science, Technology, and Applications
Edited by
Antao Chen
Edmond J. Murphy
Boca Raton London New York
CRC Press is an imprint of the
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Version Date: 20110728
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To the scientists and engineers whose hard work contributed to the
advancement of modulator technology, and to the people who have
the courage to stand up against totalitarianism and injustice.
—A.C.
To Kathy, Ed, Colleen and Matt, Dan, Tim, and Sean, with love.
—E.J.M.

Contents
Foreword....................................................................................................................ix
Preface.................................................................................................................... xiii
Editors.......................................................................................................................xv
Contributors...........................................................................................................xvii
Section i Fundamentals
. 1. Role.and.Evolution.of.Modulators.in.Optical.Fiber.Communication................3
Steven K. Korotky
. 2. Evolution.of.Digital.Optical.Modulation.Formats..................................................31
Peter J. Winzer and René-Jean Essiambre
. 3. Fiber-Optic.Analog.Radio.Frequency.Links............................................................63
Charles H. Cox III and Edward I. Ackerman
. 4. Overview.of.Optical.Modulators.and.the.Properties.That.Affect.
Transmission.System.Performance............................................................................93
Gary E. Betts and John C. Cartledge
Section ii Modulator technology
. 5. Electroabsorption.Modulators...................................................................................129
Haruhisa Soda and Ken Morito
. 6. Lithium.Niobate.Modulators......................................................................................151
Kazuto Noguchi
. 7. Indium.Phosphide-Based.Electro-Optic.Modulators...........................................173
Ian Betty
Section iii emerging technologies
. 8. Gallium.Arsenide.Modulator.Technology..............................................................207
Robert G. Walker and John Heaton
vii
viii Contents
. 9. Electro-Optic.Polymer.Modulators..........................................................................223
Larry R. Dalton and William H. Steier
.10. Silicon.High-Speed.Modulators................................................................................257
Ansheng Liu, Frederic Y. Gardes, Ling Liao, Rebecca Schaevitz, Graham Reed, and
Mario Paniccia
.11. Organic.Electro-Optic.Crystal.Modulators............................................................281
Mojca Jazbinsek and Peter Günter
.12. Complex.Oxide.Electro- Optic.Modulators............................................................307
Yalin Lu
Section iV Practical issues in Modulator operation
.13. Modulator.Drivers.........................................................................................................329
John J. DeAndrea
.14. Reliability.of.Lithium.Niobate.Modulators............................................................347
Hirotoshi Nagata
.15. Bias.Control.Techniques..............................................................................................363
Pak S. Cho
Section V Applications beyond the Digital telecom System
.16. Broadband.Electric.Field.Sensors.............................................................................383
Vittorio M. N. Passaro
.17. Passive.Millimeter-Wave.Imaging.Using.Optical.Modulators.........................399
Yao Peng, Christopher Schuetz, and Dennis W. Prather
.18. Optical.Beam.Forming.for.Microwave.and.Millimeter.Waves..........................413
Harold R. Fetterman, Seongku Kim, and Matthew R. Fetterman
.19. Electro-Optic.Time.Lenses.for.Shaping.and.Imaging.Optical.Waveforms......427
Brian H. Kolner
.20. RF.Photonics-Optical.Pulse.Synthesizer................................................................455
Hiroshi Murata
.21. Optoelectronic.Oscillator...........................................................................................469
Lute Maleki, Danny Eliyahu, and Andrey B. Matsko
.22. Electro-Optic.Analog-to-Digital.Converters..........................................................491
Minyu Yao and Hongming Zhang
.23. Fiber-Optic.Gyroscopes...............................................................................................505
Karl Kissa and Jeffrey E. Lewis
.24. Polarization.Control......................................................................................................517
Fred Heismann, Suwat Thaniyavarn, and David Moilanen