Broadband Circuits for Optical Fiber Communication

453 Pages·2005·28.932 MB·English

by  Eduard Säckinger

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Broadband Circuits
for Optical Fiber
Communication
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TThhiiss PPaaggee IInntteennttiioonnaallllyy LLeefftt BBllaannkk
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Broadband Circuits
Optical Fiber
for
Communication
Eduard Sackinger
@EEiCIENCE
A JOHN WILEY & SONS, INC., PUBLICATION
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Copyright 0 2005 by John Wiley & Sons, Inc. All rights reserved.
Published by John Wiley & Sons, Inc., Hoboken, New Jersey.
Published simultaneously in Canada.
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Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data:
Sackinger, Eduard, 1959-
Broadband circuits for optical fiber communication / Eduard Sackinger.
p. cm.
Includes bibliographical references and index.
ISBN 0-471-71233-7 (Cloth)
1. Fiber optics. 2. Optical communications.-Equipment and supplies. 3. Broadband
amplifiers. 4. integrated circuits, Very large scale integration. I. Title.
TK7871.58.B74S23 2005
621.383'754~22 2004060617
Printed in the United States of America
1 0 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1
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Preface
This book is the result of lecturing on “Broadband Circuits for Optical Fiber Com-
munication’’ over the past several years (at Agere Systems and Lucent Technolo-
gies seminars; VLSI Symposium, June 2000; MEAD Microelectronics, 2001 -2002).
During this period, I experimented with various ways of presenting the material and
eventually settled on the structure used for this book, which I found worked best.
Compared with the lectures, which were limited to just a few hours, this book permits
me to go into more detail and to provide many more examples.
Scope. We discuss five types of broadband circuits: transimpedance amplifiers,
limiting amplifiers, automatic gain control (AGC) amplifiers, laser drivers, and mod-
ulator drivers. Some background information about optical fiber, photodetectors,
lasers, and modulators is provided to elucidate the system environment in which these
circuits operate. A summary of receiver theory is given at the outset to streamline the
discussion of the receiver circuits in the later chapters.
For each of the five circuit types, I proceed as follows. First, the main specifications
are explained and illustrated with example numerical values. In many IC design
projects, a significant amount of time is spent determining the right specifications
for the new design. Therefore, emphasis is put on how these specs relate to the
system performance. Next, the circuit concepts are discussed in a general manner.
At this point, we try to abstract as much as possible from specific semiconductor
technologies, bit rates, and so forth. Then, these general concepts are illustrated
with practical implementations taken from the literature. A broad range of circuits in
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Viii PREFACE
MESFET, HFET, BJT, HBT, BiCMOS, and CMOS technologies are covered. Finally,
a brief overview of product examples and current research topics are given.
The focus of this book is on circuits for digital, continuous-mode transmission,
which are used, for example, in SONET, SDH, and Gigabit Ethernet applications.
Furthermore, we concentrate on high-speed circuits in the range of 2.5 to Gb/s,
40
typically used in long-haul and metro networks. Circuits for burst-mode transmission,
which are used, for example, in passive optical networks (PON), as well as analog
receiver and transmitter circuits, which are used, for example, in hybrid fiber-coax
(HFC) cable-TV systems, also are discussed.
It is assumed that the reader is familiar with basic analog IC design as presented,
for example, in Analysis and Design of Analog Integrated Circuits by P. R. Gray and
R. G. Meyer [34] or a similar book [7,57].
Style and Audience. My aim has been to present an overview of the field, with
emphasis on an intuitive understanding. Many references to the literature are made
throughout this book to guide the interested reader to a more complete and in-depth
treatment of the various topics. In general, the mindset and notation used are those of
an electrical engineer. For example, whenever possible we use voltages and currents
rather than abstract variables, we use one-sided spectral densities as they would appear
on a spectrum analyzer, we prefer the use of noise bandwidths over Personick integrals,
and so forth. Examples are given frequently to make the material more concrete.
Many problems, together with their answers, are provided for the reader who wants
to practice and deepen his understanding of the learned material. The problem and
answer sections also serve as a repository for additional material, such as proofs
and generalizations that would be too distracting to present in the main text of this
overview. I hope this book will be useful to students or professionals who may wish for
some survey of this subject without becoming embroiled in too much technical detail.
Acknowledgments. I would like to thank my colleagues at the Bell Laboratories
and Agere Systems, from whom I have learned much of what is presented in this
book. I also would like to thank Behzad Razavi, who got this book project started
by inviting me to the VLSI Symposium 2000 and asking me to present a tutorial on
“Broadband Circuits for Optical Fiber Communications,” which later evolved into
this book with the same title. I am grateful to Vlado Valence, Ibi and Gabor Temes,
and all the other people at MEAD Microelectronics who have made teaching in their
course a pleasure.
I am deeply indebted to the many reviewers who have given freely of their time to
read through the book, in part or in full. In particular, I am most grateful to Behnam
Analui, California Institute of Technology; Prof. Hercules Avramopoulos, National
Technical University of Athens; Dr. Kamran Azadet, Agere Systems; Dr. Alexandru
Ciubotaru, Maxim Integrated Products; Dr. Sherif Galal, Broadcom Corp.; Dr. Yuriy
M. Greshishchev, PMC-Sierra Inc.; Prof. Renuka Jindal, Universisty of Louisiana
at Lafayette; Dr. Helen H. Kim, MIT Lincoln Laboratory; Dr. Herwig Kogelnik,
Bell Laboratories, Lucent Technologies; Dr. Patrik Larsson, utMOST Technologies;
Dr. Marc Loinaz, Aeluros Inc.; Dr. Sunderarajan Mohan, Barcelona Design Inc.;
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PREFACE iX
Dr. KwokNg, Agere Systems; Nicolas Nodenot, National Semiconductor; Dr. Yusuke
Ota, Zenko Technologies Inc.; Joe H. Othmer, Agere Systems; Prof. Sung-Min Park,
Ewha Women’s University, Seoul; Prof. Ken Pedrotti, University of California, Santa
Cruz; Prof. Khoman Phang, University of Toronto; Hans Ransijn, Agere Systems;
Prof. Behzad Razavi, University of California, Los Angeles; Prof. Hans-Martin Rein,
Ruhr-Universitat, Bochum, Germany; Fadi Saibi, Agere Systems; Dr. Leilei Song,
Agere Systems; Prof. Sorin Voinigescu, University of Toronto; Jim Yoder, Agere
Systems; and Dr. Ty Yoon, Intel Corporation.
Finally, I would like to thank my wife, who has endured more than two years
of “weekend work” during which I have converted my lecture notes into this
book manuscript.
Despite the effort made, there are undoubtedly some mistakes left in this book.
If you have any corrections or suggestions, please e-mail them to . org.
edi@ieee
Thank you!
E. SACKINGER
Tinton Falls, New Jersey
September 9.2004
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