British Studies in Two Parts. Part 1. History

55 Pages·0.417 MB·English-Russian

by  Зудова С.А., Ромошко З.М., Симончик А.И., Харченко С.А.

БЕЛОРУССКИЙ ГОСУДАРСТВЕННЫЙ УНИВЕРСИТЕТ
ФАКУЛЬТЕТ МЕЖДУНАРАОДНЫХ ОТНОШЕНИЙ
Кафедра английского языка гуманитарных специальностей

BRITISH STUDIES
PART I
HISTORY

СТРАНОВЕДЕНИЕ ВЕЛИКОБРИТАНИИ
ЧАСТЬ I
ИСТОРИЯ

Учебное пособие
для студентов 1 курсов
гуманитарных специальностей

МИНСК
2007
4
УДК 811.111(075.8)
ББК 81.2 Англ — 923
C 83

Авторы-составители
С. А. ЗУДОВА, З. М. РОМОШКО, А. И. СИМОНЧИК, С. А.
ХАРЧЕНКО
Рекомендовано Ученым советом
факультета международных отношений
27 сентября 2007 г., протокол № 1

Рецензент
доктор филологических наук, профессор
кафедры лексикологии английского языка МГЛУ
А. П. Клименко

C 83 British Studies. Part I. History. Страноведение Великобритании. Ч
I: История. Пособие / авт.-сост. — С. А. Зудова, З. М. Ромошко, А.
И. Симончик, С. А. Харченко. – Минск.: БГУ, 2007. – 55 с.

В пособии представлены задания и упражнения к книге ―An Illustrated History of
Britain‖ (by David McDowall).
Пособие предназначено для аудиторной и самостоятельной работы студентов 1
курса факультета международных отношений и других гуманитарных
специальностей.

УДК 811.111(075.8)
ББК 81.2 Англ — 923
© БГУ, 2007
5
H I S T O R Y
Chapter I
EARLIEST TIMES
VOCABULARY FOCUS
ice age (often the Ice Age) – ледниковый период
retreat v – удаляться, отступать, отходить.
flint n – кремень
ancestor n – предок, прародитель
life- span n – продолжительность жизни
the Iberian (Spanish) peninsula – Иберийский полуостров
barrow n – курган, могильный холм
the ―Beaker‖ people – народ Чаш
pottery n – гончарное дело, керамика
hill-fort n – крепость на холме
tribe n – племя, род, колено; tribal adj – племенной
tartan n – шотландка, клетчатый рисунок
warrior n – воин
priest n – священник, священнослужитель, жрец
Druid n – друид
temple n – храм, святилище
worship n – культ, поклонение, почитание; богослужение
sacrifice n – жертвоприношение, жертва; sacrifice v – совершать
жертвоприношение
chariot n – колесница
enclosure n – огораживание, ограждение, ограда
toga n – тога
raid n – налет, набег, рейд; raider n – участник набега, грабитель
collapse n – крушение, развал, крах; collapse v - терпеть крах, рушиться
conquer v – завоевывать, покорять
William the Conqueror – Вильгельм Завоеватель
kingdom n – королевство
to be crowned king of … - короновать (на царство)
to come to the throne – вступать на престол
loyalty n – верность, преданность, лояльность
authority n – власть, полномочие, авторитет
plough v [plau] – пахать; plough n – плуг
manor n – поместье (феодальное)
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warlord n – полководец
to make war on … - вести войну, воевать
earl n – граф
alderman n – член совета графства, член городского управления
emperor n – император
pagan adj – языческий; pagan n – язычник
monastery n – монастырь; monk n – монах
re-establish v – восстанавливать
bishop n – епископ, archbishop n – архиепископ
faith n – вера, вероисповедание
register v – регистрировать, оформлять
route v – отправлять по маршруту; разрабатывать маршрут
succession n – последовательность, наследование: successor – приемник,
наследник
parliamentary borough – город, представленный в парламенте
treacherous adj – предательский, вероломный, коварный, ненадежный
ally n – союзник
temptation n – искушение, соблазн
rebel n – повстанец, мятежник, бунтовщик, бунтарь
peasant n – крестьянин, крестьянка
landlord n – землевладелец
vassal n – вассал, зависимое лицо, слуга
treaty n – договор; to make a treaty – заключать договор
heir n – наследник; the heir to the throne – наследник на престол
EXERCISES
Task I. Complete the chart with the missing parts of speech. Check the
pronunciation.
verb noun noun (agent) adjective
rebel

worshipper
ally
conquest
successor
tempt
Task II. Match the words to their definitions.
1) barrow a) a piece of land that is surrounded by a fence or wall and
is used for a particular purpose
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2) henge b) a circus of large vertical wooden or stone objects built
in prehistoric times
3) toga c) a loose outer piece of clothing worn by the citizens of
ancient Rome
4) enclosure d) a group of people of the same race, and with the same
customs, language, religion, etc; living in a particular
area and often led by a chief
5) tribe e) a country ruled by a king or queen
6) temple f) (in England and Wales in the past) a senior member of a
town, borough or county council, below the rank of a
mayor, chosen by other members of the council
7) kingdom g) a large piece of farming equipment with one or several
curved blades, pulled by a tractor or by animals. It is
used for digging and turning over soil, especially before
seeds are planted
8) plough h) a member of a religious group of men who often live
apart from other people in a monastery and who do not
marry or have personal possessions
9) warlord i) a building used for the worship of a god or gods, especially
in religions other than Christianity
10) alderman j) a large pile of earth built over a place where people were
buried in ancient times
11) monk k) (especially in the past, or in poor countries) a farmer who
owns or rents a small piece of land
12) peasant l) a military leader, especially an unofficial one fighting
against a government or king.
Task III. Complete the sentences with a suitable word in the correct form.
Beaker, pottery, villa, literate, hill-fort, monastery, ancestor, burgh, election,
Latin, bishop, warrior, tribal, priest, Celtic, occupation, tribe, society.
1. Neolithic people kept animals and grew corn crops, and knew how to make … .
2. The ... people decided to be buried separately and gave up the old
communal burial barrows. 3. ... replaced henges as the centres of local power,
and remained local economic centres long after the Romans came to Britain,
and long after they went. 4. The Celts were organised into different ... , and ...
chiefs were chosen from each family or tribe, sometimes as the result of
fighting matches between individuals, and sometimes by ... . 5. The Celtic
tribes were ruled over by a ... class, of which the …, or Druids, were very
important members. 6. The Druids memorised all the knowledge necessary in
Celtic…. 7. The Celts are important in British history because they are the ...
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of many of the people in Highland Scotland, Wales, Ireland, and Cornwall
today. 8. Welsh is one of the ... languages, like Scottish and Irish Gaelic,
which is still spoken. 9. To increase the power of the English state the Church
established ... which became places of learning and education. 10. The Celtic
... went out from their monasteries of Wales, Ireland and Scotland and walked
from village to village teaching Christianity. 11. The growth of ... was one
more big change during the Roman ... . 12. Britain was probably more ...
under the Romans than it was to be again until the fifteenth century. 13. The
Romans brought the skills of reading and writing to Britain. ... was used in
speech and writing. 14. During his struggle against the Danes, King Alfred
built walled settlements which were called. … and which became prosperous
market towns.
Task IV. Are the statements true or false? Correct the false ones.
1. The Celts, who probably came from Central Europe or further east, from
southern Russia, were technically advanced, war-mad, ―high spirited and
quick for battle‖.
2. We know little of the Druids‘ kind of worship but we know for sure it never
included human sacrifice.
3. Queen Boadicea of the Iceni tribe led a bloody revolt against the Roman
occupation.
4. Hadrian‘s Wall was built on the orders of the Roman emperor Hadrian to
prevent tribes from the North invading the Roman province of Britain.
5. The remarkable thing about the Romans is that, despite their long
occupation of Britain, they left very little behind.
6. Alfred, the great king who ruled Wessex from 871-899, didn‘t use the literate
men of the Church to help establish a system of law, to educate the people and
to write down important matters. He did everything by himself.
7. The Vikings couldn‘t invade Britain because the Anglo-Saxon kingdoms
were strong enough and could keep them out.
8. A Godwinson, Harold, whom the Witan chose to be the next king of
England, defeated Duke William of Normandy in battle near Hastings in
1066 because William had claims to the English thrown.
9. Ireland remained a land of monasteries and had a flourishing Celtic culture
as neither the Romans nor the Anglo-Saxons invaded the country.
Task V. Choose the correct date for each event.
1) Britain had finaly become an island a) 10,000 BC
2) the Celts settled in England b) by about 5000 BC
3) the Vikings invaded Britain c) after 2400 BC
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4) St. Augustine arrived in England d) around 700 BC
5) Rome withdrew its last soldiers from Britain e) 55 BC
6) the Witan chose Edward, known as ―the Confessor‖,
to be king f) 597
7) the Romans came to stay g) 865
8) the Roman general Julius Caesar landed in Britain
with an expeditionary force, won a battle and left h) AD 409
9) the Beaker people inhabited England i) AD 43
10) the Ice Age drew to a close j) 1042
11) Christianity came to Ireland k) about AD 430
Task VI. Match the kings to their deeds.
1. Alfred the Great a) decided to pay the Vikings to stay away,
to find the money he set a tax on all his
people, called Danegeld, or ―Danish money‖.
2. Ethelred the Unready b) held out against the Vikings, who had already
taken most of England, won a decisive battle
in 878, captured London and made a treaty
with the Vikings.
3. William the Conqueror c) spent almost the whole of his reign fighting
his enemies, ruled over all Wales.
4. Gruffydd ap (son of) d) defeated the English in battle near Hastings
Llewelyn in 1066 and established his rule in the country
as king of England.
5. Edward the Confessor e) started a new church fit for a king at
Westminster, just outside the city of London.
Task VII. Answer the questions.
1. What people inhabited the country in ancient times? 2. When and why did
the chalkland people start building henges? 3. What replaced henges as the
centres of local power in about 1300 ? Why? 4. Why are the Celts important
BC
in British history? 5. How did the Romans contribute to Celtic culture? 6. What
Germanic tribes invaded Britain from the continent? 7. What kingdoms did
they establish and what institutions did they create? 8. What role did the
Saxons, Angles and Jutes play in the country‘s history? 9. What is the origin
of the name Britain? 10. What invaders gave the larger part of Britain its new
name, England? 11. What lands did the Saxons call ―Weallas‖ or ―Wales‖?
Why? 12. What part of the country became known as Scotland? 13. When did
Christianity first reach Britain? 14. What were the directions of spreading
Christianity across Britain? 15. What was the historical role of the Vikings in
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the British Isles? 16. Was their invasion a peaceful one? Give reasons. 17. What
was the beginning of a regular tax system of the people? 18. Was Danegeld
popular with the people? 19. Who was the first high king strong enough to
rule over all Wales? 20. What happened after his death? 21. Who is the
―patron saint‖ of Ireland? Why? 22. What period of the country‘s history is
called Ireland‘s ―golden age‖? Why? 23. What groups of people inhabited
Scotland at that time? 24. How did they differ?
Task VIII. Translate into English.
К концу восьмого века Британские острова были захвачены
викингами. Они прибыли из Норвегии и Дании. Сначала викинги
совершали только набеги на страну. Они сжигали церкви и монастыри
вдоль восточного, северного и западного побережий Британии и
Ирландии. Даже Лондон подвергся набегу викингов в 842 году. В 865
году викинги вторглись на территорию Британии, поскольку
находящиеся в состоянии вражды англо-саксонские королевства не
смогли оказать им сопротивление. Только король Альфред, после
нескольких серьезных поражений, одержал решительную победу над
викингами в 878 году. Восемь лет спустя, он захватил Лондон и вынудил
викингов подписать договор, согласно которому за викингами
оставались территории на севере и востоке Англии, а на остальной
территории страны Альфред был признан королем.
Король Альфред
Король Альфред был не только талантливым воином, но и
выдающимся ученым, и мудрым правителем. Он известен как Альфред
Великий, единственный монарх в истории Англии, который получил
этот титул. Он также всенародно известен из-за истории со сгоревшими
лепешками.
Собирая силы для оказания сопротивления викингам, Альфред бродил
по стране переодетым. Однажды он остановился в доме у женщины. Уходя
из дома, чтобы раздобыть еду, женщина попросила Альфреда присмотреть
за готовящимися в печи лепешками, чтобы они не сгорели. Альфред
глубоко погрузился в свои мысли, и лепешки сгорели. Когда женщина
вернулась домой, она рассердилась, накричала на Альфреда и прогнала его.
Альфред так и не сказал женщине, что он был король.
Task IX. Explain why …
1) the importance of the most spectacular ―henges‖ far outlasted the builders
of the monuments; 2) Augustine and his group of monks made little progress
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with the ordinary people in establishing Christianity in Britain; 3) the Romans
could not conquer ―Caledonia‖, as they called Scotland.
Task X. Prove that ...
1) in some ways life in Roman Britain was very civilized, but it was hard for
all except the richest; 2) the cultural differences between Anglo-Saxons and
Vikings were comparatively small.
Task XI. What do you know about ...?
1) the Druids; 2) the position of women during the Celtic period; 3) the King‘s
council, called the Witan; 4) the beginning of the manorial system and the
beginning of a class system during the Saxon period; 5) English trade with the
continent in the Anglo-Saxon period; 6) Columba, known as the ―Dove of the
Church‖.
Task XII. Make a report on one of the topics:
1. Christianity: the partnership of Church and state.
2. Ireland‘s ―Golden age‖.
3. British monarchs and key historical events.
IT’S INTERESTING TO KNOW
Boadicea's Revolt
It would be erroneous to think that the Romans had no difficulties in
conquering Britain. There were several Celtic revolts, for example, revolts
headed by Caradoc (or Caractacus) and Queen Boadicea. Both of them, as
well as the others, were defeated. But Queen Boadicea has remained in
people's memory because of her bravery. After the death of her husband she
headed the Celtic tribe of Iceni who lived on the territory of contemporary
Norfolk. At first they were very successful. They managed to destroy the Ro-
man towns of Londinium (London), Camulodunum (Colchester), and
Verulamium (St Albans), and killed about 70. 000 Romans. Boadicea used to
rush at the invaders in her war chariot, with her daughters at the head of the
Celtic army. But nevertheless, the Romans were stronger and better equipped,
and they managed to surround Boadicea's warriors. She did not want to
become a prisoner of the Romans and she gave poison to her daughters and
then took it herself.

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Chapter II
THE EARLY MIDDLE AGES
VOCABULARY FOCUS
feudalism n – феодализм
freeman n – почетный гражданин, полноправный гражданин
serf n – крепостной
homage n – феодальная повинность; почтение, преклонение
to pay/ do homage to sb. – свидетельствовать почтение, приносить
феодальную присягу
the ―Domesday‖ Book [‗du:mzdei] ―Книга судного дня‖, кадастровая книга
(земельная опись Англии, произведенная Вильгельмом Завоевателем
в 1085-86; считалась основным документом при разборке тяжб о
недвижимости)
the Holy Land – Святая земля
Magna Carta (the Great Charter) – Великая хартия вольностей,
the House of Сommons – палата общин
the House of Lords – палата лордов
the Pale – часть Ирландии, подвластная Англии
common law – общее/обычное/ некодифицированное право
trial by ordeal – суд божий; trial by jury - суд присяжных
home farm n – ферма при усадьбе
guild n – гильдия, ассоциация, союз
nun n – монахиня; convent n - женский монастырь
subject n – подданный; adj – подчиненный, зависимый
civil law – гражданское право; canon law – каноническое право
innocent adj – невиновный
guilty adj – виновный
friar n – (странствующий) монах
preacher n – проповедник
brotherhood n – братство, содружество
outlaw n – лицо, объявленное вне закона; outlaw v – объявлять вне закона
the Low Countries - Нидерланды, Бельгия и Люксембург
weaver n – ткач, ткачиха
chapman n – странствующий торговец, коробейник
huckster n – мелочный торговец, комиссионер
the beginnings of Parliament – ранний Парламент
Muslim n – мусульманин; muslim adj – мусульманский
tenant n – арендатор, (земле) владелец
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