BRITISH HISTORY IN BRIEF

67 Pages·0.735 MB·Russian

by  Хартунг Виктория Юрьевна

Copyright ОАО «ЦКБ «БИБКОМ» & ООО «Aгентство Kнига-Cервис»
ФГБОУ ВО «Оренбургский государственный
педагогический университет»

Хартунг В.Ю.

BRITISH HISTORY IN BRIEF
(краткий курс
истории Великобритании)

(учебное пособие)

Допущено УМС ОГПУ в качестве учебного пособия для обучающихся по
направлению подготовки 44.03.05 Педагогическое образование (с двумя
профилями подготовки) по дисциплинам»История и культура страны
изучаемого языка», «Страноведение и лингвострановедение»

Оренбург

2019
Copyright ОАО «ЦКБ «БИБКОМ» & ООО «Aгентство Kнига-Cервис»
УДК 97:806
ББК 81.2 (Англ)

Рецензенты
С.В. Мангушев, кандидат филологических наук, доцент
Л.Э. Безменова, кандидат филологических наук, доцент

Хартунг В.Ю.
British history in brief (краткий курс истории Великобритании): учебное
пособие / В.Ю. Хартунг. – Оренбург, 2019. – 66 с.

Данное пособие содержит краткую информацию по основным вехам
исторического, политического и культурного развития Великобритании с
эпохи неолита до наших дней. Основное внимание уделяется логике
исторического развития и роли страны в контексте мировой истории.
Пособие предназначено для учащихся педагогических вузов по
направлению подготовки по направлению подготовки 44.03.05
«Педагогическое образование с двумя профилями подготовки».

УДК 97:806
ББК 81.2 (Англ)
© Хартунг В.Ю.., 2019
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Оглавление

1 Введение 3

2 Unit 1 4
The Early Days of Britain
3 Unit 2 11
Anglo-Saxon Britain
4 Unit 3 18
The Norman Conquest and the Late Middle Ages
5 Unit 4 25
Pre-Renaissance England
6 Unit 5 33
The Tudor Age
7 Unit 6 41
The Stuarts - Crown and Parliament
8 Unit 7 48
Britain in the 18th – 19th centuries
9 Unit 8 56
Britain in the 20th Century
10 Список использованной литературы 66

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Введение
Настоящее пособие предназначено для студентов педагогических вузов
по профилю «Иностранный язык (английский)», изучающих дисциплины
«Страноведение и лингвострановедение» и «История и культура страны
изучаемого языка». Пособие носит комплементарный характер и является
дополнительным к основному учебнику.
В основе процесса обучения лежит компетентностный подход,
обеспечивающий подготовку специалиста, способного решать определенный
класс профессиональных задач, что предполагает наличие совокупности
интегрированных качеств личности: знаний, умений, навыков, способов
деятельности.
Целью данного пособия является формирование элементов
социокультурной и межкультурной компетенций, а также способности
толерантно воспринимать социальные, культурные и личностные различия.
Учебное пособие представляет собой краткий конспект лекций по теме
«Основные вехи исторического развития Великобритании» и состоит из
восьми разделов, выделенных на основании исторической периодизации и
логики исторического развития страны. Каждый раздел сопровождается
блоком вопросов и заданий по изучаемой теме.
Содержание учебного пособия соответствует требованиям ФГОС ВО
по направлению подготовки 44.03.05 «Педагогическое образование» (с двумя
профилями подготовки.
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Unit 1
The Early Days of Britain
Early Settlers
The earliest human culture on the British Isles dates back as far as the Ice
Age (approximately 10 000 B. C.). The territory of the British Isles back then was
still a part of the continent and the river Thames was just a tributary of the Rhine.
Most of the mountainous Britain was covered with snow all the year round and the
rest of the territory was a vast tundra-like plain which served as a natural habitat
for numerous herds of deer. The deer provided food and clothing for small groups
of prehistoric people – hunters, fishers and gatherers. They did not build any
settlement, but followed the wandering deer, their main source of food.
With the end of the Ice Age, as the climate grew warmer and the glaciers
began to melt, the sea-level rose and by about 5000 BC the territory of the British
Isles got separated from the mainland by the North Sea and the English Channel.
The climatic changes caused changes in vegetation and most of the British lowland
became heavily forested. The deer, deprived of their natural habitat, died out, and
the prehistoric people lost their main food supply and with that any chance to
develop their own civilization.
But the British Isles with their favourable geographical position and warm
climate attracted numerous groups of settlers from the mainland. The first wave of
New Stone Age settlers came to the British Isles in about 3000 BC from the Iberian
Peninsular. They came by sea in small boats which could carry only two people.
The Iberians were not wanderers or hunters. They grew corn crops and kept
animals. They made tools of stone and later, after they discovered metals, of
bronze. Being unable to cut down trees with their primitive tools they settled
mostly in deforested hilly and mountainous areas of today’s Cornwall, Wales,
Scotland and Ireland.
The Iberians were short people with dark hair and dark eyes. Obviously,
later they would assimilate with other invaders, the Celts, as dark-haired and dark-
eyed population can still be found in some regions of Ireland, Scotland and even
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Wales. They built houses of stone roofed by sod and connected by passages. Skara
Brae, in the Orkney Islands is the best preserved Stone Age site in Western
Europe.
We do not know much about their religious views, but they most certainly
existed as the Iberians practiced certain burial rituals and built great circles of
upright stones surrounded by earth-banks and ditches. These "henges" might have
been used as temples, graves or served for some other purposes. The largest stone
henge in England is at Avebury, near Bath. But the most spectacular and by far the
best known of them is the Stonehenge in Wiltshire, which was built in separate
stages over a period of more than a thousand years. Stonehenge had an outer ring
of 30 upright sarsen stones of which only 17 remain standing. Each vertical stone
weighs fifty tons or more.
The Celts
The next group of settlers began to arrive in about 700 BC. They were tall
people with fair skin, fair or red hair and blue eyes. The Celts probably trace their
origin to Central or Southern Europe and they had moved westward till they
occupied the most part of the continent and finally reached the British Isles.
Map 1
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The Celtic tribes which arrived in Britain were the Britons, the Scots, the
Picts and the Gaels. The Britons settled in the South of the main island, the Picts
moved to the territory of today’s Scotland, the Scots originally settled in Ireland
and later returned to the main island and fought for the territory with the Picts. The
Celts kept coming to Britain in waves for about 700 years. The last tribal group to
come was, probably, the Belgic tribes in about 100 BC.
What we know about the early Celts comes mostly from archeological
findings and from scarce written sources like the Travelling Notes by Pytheus, a
traveller from Massilia, the works of the Greek historian Herodotus and Caesar’s
“Commentaries on the Gallic War”. According to Caesar “the Celts were tall and
blue-eyed people. Men had long moustaches (but no beards) and wore shirts, knee-
long trousers and striped or checked cloaks which they fastened with a pin. Both
men and women were obsessed with the idea of cleanliness and neatness. Neither
man nor woman, however poor, was seen either ragged or dirty”.
The Celts were more advanced than the Iberians. They knew iron and could
make more advanced tools. That enabled them to start cutting down the forests and
thus gave them an opportunity to settle in the lowland south-eastern part of the
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island. Their introduction of more advanced technology and ploughing methods
made it possible to cultivate heavier soils. The Celts were sophisticated farmers
who brought new agricultural techniques that increased food production in Britain.
They could grow enough food to support their growing population and to trade.
The Celts were organized into different tribes headed by tribal chiefs,
military leaders who came to power by force or election. Later some chiefs of
bigger tribes became known as kings. Celtic peoples were known for their fierce
attacks as well as for their artistic achievements. They knew pottery, blacksmith
and goldsmith craft, textile production.
Women in the Celtic society were relatively independent and even fought
alongside with men. It is known that some tribes were even headed by women.
Celtic religion was dedicated to a number of deities that they believed
inhabited the forests and fens of Britain. The Druid priests made sacrifices and
served as teachers, judges, and religious leaders.
The descendants of the Celts still live on the British Isles. They are the
Welsh, the Scottish and the Irish. The languages of the Celtic origin (Welsh,
Scottish Gaelic and Irish Gaelic) are still spoken by some part of the population.
Celtic borrowings are scarce in Modern English. They are about a dozen common
nouns, most of them dialectal, like cradle, bannock, cart, down, loch and
geographical names like London, Leeds and Kent, Avon and Evan, Thames,
Severn, etc.
The Romans
The Romans came to Britain for various reasons. In the first place they
wanted to prevent the cooperation between the insular Celts and the continent
Gaels with who the Romans were at war. Besides, the Romans were eager to make
use of British corn production, their tin and to turn the Celts into slaves.
Emperor Julius Caesar led the Roman legions into Britain in 55 B.C. and
returned a year later with even bigger army. Though the raid was successful and
the Celts were defeated, the Romans left soon after having taken hostages and a
huge tribute.
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The real invasion began almost 90 years later. In 43 AD Emperor Claudius
established Roman authority over Britain. The Celts did not surrender to the
invaders eagerly. The hilly districts in the West and swampy forests in the East
were difficult to subdue, and the Romans had to station their legions all over
Britain to defend their towns. Many of the tribes revolted against the invades. One
of the greatest revolts was led by Queen Boadicea (Boadica), the leader of the
Iceni tribe. As the Roman legions were away fighting in Wales the Iceni seized the
opportunity to revolt. They killed a lot of Romans and burned down Roman towns
and cities. But the revolt did not last long. The Romans marched back from Wales,
locked the Celts into a trap and easily defeated them. Though the Iceni
outnumbered the Romans almost ten times, the legionnaires were much better
trained and disciplined.
The Romans did not manage to conquer Scotland (Caledonia) and had to
built a high wall in the North to defend the territory they controlled from the raids
of the Picts and the Scots. Hadrian’s Wall stretched across northern Britain from
the mouth of the Tyne to Solway Firth. Built of stone, mortar, sod, and clay,
Hadrian’s Wall was 73 miles long, 10 feet thick and 20 feet high.
Map 2
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The Romans established Romano-British culture across the southern half of
Britain. The country became one more Roman province which not only suffered
from Roman governance but also enjoyed the benefits of Roman civilization.
One of the greatest achievements of the Roman Empire was its system of
roads. They not only enabled speedy movement of troops, but also made trade and
transportation easier. The Romans also dug first British canals.
Being town dwellers, the Romans founded a lot of new towns and cities. The
main towns were Colchester, York, Dover, Bath and London. They were typical
Roman settlements with such public buildings as basilicas, baths, law-courts, and
temples. The heart of each settlement was a forum. In the countryside the Romans
built numerous villas.
The Romans brought the skills of reading and writing to Britain. The British
elite could speak and read Latin. Christianity also came to Britain from Rome in
the 3-d century AD.
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