British Cyprus and the Long Great War, 1914-1925: Empire, Loyalties and Democratic Deficit

257 Pages·2019·10.113 MB·English

by  Andrekos Varnava

British Cyprus and the Long Great War,
–
1914 1925
MostoftheCypriotpopulation,especiallythelowerclasses,remainedloyalto
theBritishcauseduringtheGreatWarandtheislandcontributedsignificantly
totheFirstWorldWar,withmenandmaterials.TheBritishacknowledgedthis
yet failed to institute political and economic reforms once thewarended. The
obsession of Greek Cypriot elites with enosis (union with Greece), which
only increased after the war, and the British dismissal ofincreasing the role of
Cypriots in government, bringing the Christian and Muslim communities
closer,andexpandingfranchisetoallclassesandsexes,ledtoseriousproblems
down the line, not least the development of a democratic deficit. Andrekos
Varnavastudiestheeventsandtheimpactofthiscrucialperiod.
Andrekos Varnava is an Associate Professor in Imperial History at Flinders
University, Adelaide and an Honorary Professor at De Montfort University,
Leicester.
Routledge Studies in First World War History
Series Editor: John Bourne
The University of Birmingham, UK
TheFirstWorldWarisasubjectofperennialinteresttohistoriansandisoften
regarded as awatershed event, marking the end of the nineteenth century and
the beginning of the ‘modern’ industrial world. The sheer scale of the conflict
and massive loss of life means that it is constantly being assessed and
reassessed to examine its lastingmilitary,political, sociological, industrial,cul-
tural and economic impact. Reflecting the latest international scholarly
research, the Routledge Studies in First World War History series provides
a unique platform for the publication of monographs on all aspects of the
GreatWar.Whilstthemainthrustoftheseriesisonthemilitaryaspectsofthe
conflict, other related areas (including cultural, visual, literary, political and
social) are also addressed. Books published are aimed primarily at a post-
graduate academic audience, furthering exciting recent interpretations of
the war, whilst still being accessible enough to appeal to a wider audience of
educatedlayreaders.
Also in this series
British Cyprus and the Long Great War, 1914–1925: Empire, Loyalties and
Democratic Deficit
Andrekos Varnava
Veterans of the First World War: Ex-Servicemen and Ex-Servicewomen in
Post-War Britain and Ireland
Edited by David Swift and Oliver Wilkinson
Burying America’s World War Dead
Tracy Fisher
Policing the Home Front, 1914–1918
Mary Fraser
The Great War in the Middle East: A Clash of Empires
Edited by Robert Johnson and James E. Kitchen
www.routledge.com/history/series/WWI
British Cyprus and the Long
–
Great War, 1914 1925
Empire, Loyalties and Democratic
fi
De cit
Andrekos Varnava
Firstpublished2020
byRoutledge
2ParkSquare,MiltonPark,Abingdon,OxonOX144RN
andbyRoutledge
711ThirdAvenue,NewYork,NY10017
RoutledgeisanimprintoftheTaylor&FrancisGroup,aninformabusiness
©2020AndrekosVarnava
TherightofAndrekosVarnavatobeidentifiedasauthorofthis
workhasbeenassertedbyhiminaccordancewithSections77and
78oftheCopyright,DesignsandPatentsAct1988.
Allrightsreserved.Nopartofthisbookmaybereprintedor
reproducedorutilisedinanyformorbyanyelectronic,mechanical,
orothermeans,nowknownorhereafterinvented,including
photocopyingandrecording,orinanyinformationstorageor
retrievalsystem,withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublishers.
Trademarknotice:Productorcorporatenamesmaybetrademarks
orregisteredtrademarks,andareusedonlyforidentificationand
explanationwithoutintenttoinfringe.
BritishLibraryCataloguing-in-PublicationData
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData
Names:Varnava,Andrekos,author.
Title:BritishCyprusandthelongGreatWar,1914-1925:empire,
loyaltiesanddemocraticdeficit/AndrekosVarnava.
Description:Abingdon,Oxon;NewYork,NY:Routledge,2019.|
Series:RoutledgestudiesinFirstWorldWarhistory|Includes
bibliographicalreferencesandindex.
Identifiers:LCCN2019008075|ISBN9781138698321(hardback)|
ISBN9781315519418(ebook)|ISBN9781315519401(adobe)|ISBN
9781315519395(mobi)|ISBN9781315519388(epub)
Subjects:LCSH:Cyprus–History–Britishrule,1878-1960.|World
War,1914-1918–Cyprus.|Cyprus–Foreignrelations–GreatBritain.|
GreatBritain–Foreignrelations–Cyprus.
Classification:LCCDS54.8.V3652019|DDC940.3/5693–dc23
LCrecordavailableathttps://lccn.loc.gov/2019008075
ISBN:978-1-138-69832-1(hbk)
ISBN:978-1-315-51941-8(ebk)
TypesetinTimesNewRoman
byIntegraSoftwareServicesPvt.Ltd.
I wanted to dedicate this book to my wonderful wife, Helen
Komodromou-Varnava. Thanks for your support and patience.

Contents
Listoffigures viii
Listoftables ix
Acknowledgements x
Listofabbreviations xii
Introduction 1
1 BritishCyprus,1878–1915:Theinconsequentialpossession 14
2 Eliteloyalties:Enosis,theGreekschismandthe
wareffort 36
3 Middleclassloyalties:Militaryintelligenceand
thewareffort 61
4 Lowerclassloyalties:Cypriotsatwar 95
5 Refugeesandsettlers:Inclusivityandexclusivity 121
6 ‘RememberHeligoland’:RetainingCyprusagainstthe
enosispolicy 155
7 Colonialism,enosisanddemocraticdeficit,1921–25 185
Conclusion 218
SelectedBibliography 222
Index 235
Figures
1.1 TheLocationofCyprus.Source:©DrAndrekosVarnava,2007. 15
1.2 MapofCyprus.Source:©AndrekosVarnava,2005. 15
2.1 PortraitofArchbishopKyrillosIIIattheArchbishopricin
Nicosia.Source:Archbishopric,Nicosia.CourtesyoftheHoly
Archbishopric,Nicosia,Cyprus. 39
3.1 CapturedGermanaerialphotoofFamagusta.Source:SA1/1147/
1918.CourtesyoftheCypriotStateArchives. 68
3.2 MapofPOWCamp.Source:SA1/1147/1918:Courtesyofthe
CypriotStateArchives. 73
3.3 PhotoofSnuffBox,‘TurkishPrisonersCyprus1917’.Source:
©AssociateProfessorAndrekosVarnava,2019. 73
3.4 PhotoofPOWCampandPrivateHenryMillerSmith,
RoyalScots.Source:©NeilSmith,2019. 78
3.5 PhotoofColonelE.A.Howe,withPrivateHenryMillerSmith,
RoyalScots,andothermen.Source:©NeilSmith,2019. 79
4.1 Cypriotmuleteers1917,PhotoI.Source:CanonFrank
Newham’strunk.CourtesyoftheOfficeoftheSecretaryofthe
BoardofGovernors,NicosiaEnglishSchool. 98
4.2 Cypriotmuleteers1917,PhotoII.Source:CanonFrank
Newham’strunk.CourtesyoftheOfficeoftheSecretaryofthe
BoardofGovernors,NicosiaEnglishSchool. 98
4.3 Muleteersenlisting,withCanonNewmanandZaptiehs.Source:
CanonFrankNewham’strunk.CourtesyoftheOfficeofthe
SecretaryoftheBoardofGovernors,NicosiaEnglishSchool. 99
7.1 SirMalcolmStevenson,HighCommissionerandGovernorof
Cyprus(1919–26).Source:NationalPortraitGallery. 187
Tables
1.1 ReligiousDistributionofPopulation1881–1921 21
1.2 EmploymentandUnemploymentnumbers,1891–1921 24
1.3 MainOccupations1891–1921 25
5.1 NumberofrefugeesarrivingfromMersina,7–21
November1921 138
5.2 RefugeeArrivalsfortheyearto27November1921 142