Britannica Book of the Year 1986

1007 Pages·189.203 MB·English

by  Encyclopaedia Britannica

Britannica
Book ofthe Year
PAGE3
Britannica
World Data
PAGE609
INDEX
PAGE961
1986
Britannica
Book of the Year
yW'/V
EncyclopaediaBritannica,Inc.
Chicago
Auckland/Geneva/London/Manila/Paris/Rome
Seoul/Sydney/Tokyo/Toronto
01986
BYENCYCLOPEDIABRITANNICA.INC.
CopyrightUnderInicmaiionalCopynghiUnion
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byEncyclopzdiaBniannica.Inc.
LibraryofCongressCatalogCardNumber38-12082
InternationalStandardBookNumber0-85229-437-9
InternationalStandardSerialNumber.0068-1156
Nopartofthisworkmaybereproducedorutilizedin«nyformorbyanymeans,electronicor
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withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher
BRITANNICABOOKOFTHEYEAR
(TrademarkReg.VS.PalOff.)
PrimedinL'.S.A
THEUNIVERSITYOFCHICAGO
TheBniannicaBookoftheYearispublishedhi/Aiheeditorialad\ice
ofthefacultiesoftheL'niversilyofChicago.
DirectorofYearbooks RobertMcHenry
Editors DaphneDaume.Chicago
J.E.Davis,London
EditorialStaff DavidCalhoun,CharlesCegielski,
KarenJacobsJustin,ArthurLatham;
EllenBernstein,LindaTomchuck,medicalsubjects:
ChandrikaK.aul,W.PeterKindel.EmmaA.Kowalenko,
b MichaelD.Nutter,geographicalresearch:
LeahHotimlanska,bibliographicalresearch:
R.M.Goodwin,LouiseWatson,London
EditorialConsultant BruceL.Felknor
Adviser MartinE.Martv
Correspondents JoanHarris,Toronto
HaroldDeWeese,Sydney
ShigekiHijino,Tokyo
SergioA.Sarmiento,MexicoCity
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ArtDirector CynthiaPeterson
I SeniorPictureEditor HollyHarrington
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ArtStaff DanielM.Delgado,JohnL.Draves.
PatriciaA.Henle,RaulRios,LillianSimcox
Director,YearbookProductionandControl J.ThomasBeatty
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SeniorCopyEditors JulianRonning,BarbaraWhitney
CopyStaff PatriciaBauer,LisaBraucher,
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I Librarian TerryMiller
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CONTENTS
8 Calendar1986
10 FEATURES 10 TheNewAsia-PacificEra:APerspectivefroman
InternationalNationBuildingforthe21stCentury
byYasuhiroSakasone
17 sidebar:Japan'sPresidentialPrimeMinister
byFrankGibney
21 TheSovietUnionUnderGorbachev
byArkadyN.Shevchenko
28 sidebar:Shevchenko
byBruceL.Felknor
33 BRITANNICAUPDATE 34 MajorRevisionsfromthe1986Macropaedia
34 Ethics
43 TheFormsofGovernment:TheirHistoricalDevelopment
50 Humanism
62 Bibliography:RecentBooks
65 THEYEAR IN REVIEW 66 Chronologyof1985
89 Peopleof1985
89 Biographies
118 BritannicaAwards
120 Obituaries
150 Eventsof1985
150 AgricultureandFoodSupplies 178 Chemistry
163 Anthropology 180 ConsumerAffairs
164 Archaeology 181 specialreport:Consumer
ActivismandCorporate
167 Architecture
Responsibility
170 ArtExhibitionsandArtSales byBnjKhindaria
174 Astronomy 183 Crime.LawEnforcement,and
176 sidebar:TheComingof Penology
Halley'sComet 185 sidebar:Reflectionsonthe
bvKennethBrecher BernhardGoelzCase
177 BotanicalGardensandZoos abyndRoEbdewratrPdRPeadtlteircshon.Jr..
1 1
188 sidebar:PrivateMeansto 301 specialreport:Animal 376 SpaceExploration
PublicEnds Rights 380 SportsandGames
byJoanMullen byBenedictA.Leerburger
andMichaelAllaby 398 sidebar:Football:TheHeysel
189 Dance StadiumRiot
193 Disasters 304 Literature byTrevorWilliamson
197 EarthSciences 319 Mathematics 430 SportingRecord
202 EconomicAffairs 319 MilitaryAffairs 432 TelevisionandRadio
214 SAVgPiaEeiCwnIsAtLPrreoptoecrtti:onTihsem:CAaseU.S. 326 saapnneddctiDheaefleCrnaesrpeiobirbnte:CaennItntrearlvAenmteiroinca 443460 Tshiedaetbraer:Wrestling:RawPower
bySenatorCharlesMcC. byRobinRanger obynStihedSStmaigteh
Mathias,Jr. 329 MiningandMetallurgy
441 Transportation
226 Education 334 MotionPictures
229 sidebar:TheEducationof 338 Museums 442 sbiydReobbaerr:tRMocuHteen6r6y
bEtyhnTiucdoMrinDoarvitiides 339 Music 445 WoridAffairs
22338 EEnngeirngeyeringProjects 340 sTbeiyrdNceiebncathreo:nlaaTrshieeHsaBrapcehr-Handel 471 SSbPoyEuCCtoIhlAiALnfrrLiecepag'osurtmA:paSrotuhtehidAfProilciac:y
242 Environment 343 PhilatelyandNumismatics 495 SPECIALreport:China:An
249 FashionandDress 344 Photography InterviewwithDengXiaoping
byFrankGibney
250 specialreport:TheStreet 346 Physics
SbcyenSeu:zyPoMpe,nGkleasm,Androgyny 347 PMoopvuelmateinotnssandPopulation 546 sPiodpeieblaurs:zkPoolTarnida:lThe
222555249 GHHiaesartldoterhniciannPgrdesDeirsveaatsieon 35 sMbiyodvCeehbamarrel:netsThSeteSrannbcetrguary 554 SbMbPyyoEoKPC.edItAMeLfr.orrWSeCamphrooagdrnotgr:ezeCwasnakdia:A
260 HumanRights 352 PubHshing 567 SPECIALreport:
262 specialreport:AFieldGuide 355 SIPnEfoCrImAaLtrioenport:Freedomof LSawtiinng-ATmoewraircdanDAefmfoaicrrs:acTyhe
tboyCAolrapnorJ.atAeueMrebragcehrs byHaroldEvans byGeorgePhilip
226835 IInndfuosrtmraiatlioRnevPrioecwessingand 336591 RRealciegiRoenlations 568 AsbfiyfdaPeiebrtsae:rr:LHiLbeaebtrbialtnei-toAhnmweaTrihiteceoalnogy
286 sCIpnoefmocpriumataletirroenpoSryts:teTmhseHomeless 370 SRbePylEMiCgaIirAotLnisrn"eEGp.orrMotaw:rtOAlysdetrhe"New 582 sEbiaydrIetnbhgaqrrui:adkMIeevexrisceon:TheMexican
byR.L.Ashenhurst 312 SocialSecurityandWelfare 591 sidebar:^U5rra//a;Fallout
288 Labour-ManagementRelations Services fromtheBritishNuclearTests
Uw 374 SPECIALreport:Urban byLouiseWatson
289
PovertyandHomelessness
293 Libraries byPeterHall
294 LifeSciences
604 BookoftheYearContributors
FlagsoftheNations(followingpage608)
JANUARY FEBRUARY MARCH
00
1 NewYear'sDay 3 20thanniversaryofthefirstsoft 150thanniversary ofthefallofthe
1 (swEhli1emsa8ratv6enoe3rcs)fii,rcipenPeaerdtteihisce.otnCAdoebPncrrfloaeacdhrleiaarnmmgaattLtehiianSotctnoaaltlnles's 4 la(MI1anoS9ndoo4devn8ipi.)neegtnIdotpefwrnaaocbsesepaDaccaheyicervianeftdSrobinyLtLahunenkaa9, ABtdvmroeiloolsawouSsmipnaioetsno.etnwleaeeDrdrsAaebvnwyynahamoGCoercdnnoaic.gpektdeAtutnhrwtetehodaeTnnentidxhoaeMJseLaxomipecesazn
1 tc2Fihi7oadttehBleaatCnniadnsseittdvareoitrnhsteaoCrruypuboloaewfeoatrfnhedGerbner.vooulFguuhtltigoenn- 119 CicMnehalirtendhbeeirsaYetGeirNoaansers,wootfnrYatedhtaiehrte'iTsodingaDaeyalrybb,eofiuossrtheeerroiunsg wHs4iia8lgl5lhltebkeyed'mssat(tCu3old0mei0aeesdttm,if2)r,w2obh0myi0clthyehseeswaarGtssihoaaftngitroso,t
12 Tenthanniversaryofthedeathof Lent;themostflamboyantaffairs spacecraft.Thecometprobe,
DameAgathaChristie,Britishau- areinRiodeJaneiro,Brazil,and carryingtelevisioncamerasandan
thorbestknownforherimmensely inNewOrleans,La. arrayofsensors,waslaunchedby
populardetectivestoriesandplays 11 RevolutionDayinIran(1979). t1h9e85EuropeanSpaceAgencyinJuly
15 t1i5otnhoafnntihveeArssawraynofHitghehiDnaaumguirna- TsuhpepoIrstlearmsicoffuAnydaatmoelnltaahliRsuthoUah 250thanniversaryofthedeath,
Egypt.Forthefirsttimeinhistory, Khomeiniwoncontrolofthe atage26,ofItaliancomposer
manwasabletocontroltheflow countrywhentheArmydeclared GiovanniPergolesi
athnedNdiilsetrRiibvuetironofthewatersof ittesrnreeustirganleidtyandtheprimeminis- St.Patrick'sDay
19 Jc2ion5anv0mteternhsitbiaWuonatnnteitodv,fesrtaishgaeSnricfysoittcoeasfanmtmtalhyneentbwgoihirntothesheeof 1124 AiVnaslhWeenWtseitdneenr'enssCdDhaaryyi,stifiniartsnthecdhaUuy.rSco.hfeLsent hTB1eee8rnn0oittthhaonaaJndnunnaipirvrveeeezsrr.issdaaMerrenyyxtioo(fcf1at8tnh6he1en-badi7ter2iat)othnhaoloff
IndustrialRevolution 17 OfficialU.S.observanceofGeorge MontgomeryofAlamein,British
20 cURi.evSvi.l.rfMieagdrhettrsailnachtLoiuvltiishdtearyKhionngo,urJri.n,gathe 24 WB1ia7cs3eh2ni)tnegntnoina'lsobfitrhtehdbaiyrt(hFeobf.W2i2l,- gfWiraeelardtmIAIaUrisehadlc,owmhmoanwdaesrosnienoWfotrhled
26 AustraliaDay(1788) hhieslbmroCtahrelrGorfiGmrmi,mcmoa'suFtahiorrywiTtahles i1n6d5tehpeanndneinvceersaryofGreek
26 RepublicDayinIndia(1950) 27 IndependenceDayintheDomini- EasterinWesternchurches
canRepublic(1844)
APRIL MAY JUNE
AprilFool'sDayintheU.S. 1 MayDay,observedasInterna- 11 DragonBoatFestival,oneofthe
daOBatastWeCSdrlnhheehvionwnopagienc'eloedenvinieeinlkeneosgvxani.tfpsniusetsmgoaa.rinrreaTmavrongsacMdTnsehmgaodioydtheorrwn,hmaeeDfdyhegfnmpiamw,ariodorneChyneemfeaomisCteacortnthchaoeimlyawqhioxihrosteneluhnnirunaeieesweoaesDdtbtrdscaunriioemooersendctmarrwisiaidtnaT,oiehtnhonhduruansgoosoeeadsrtdfmwdecmeit9anrrhbasl0imoyeeiuazn0Lfdpancetoetdhnshbnasyy-icsh 448 CtCawSddaCwJEUpiaaea.eoqeoaodomycsaSnrunlsmnyi,ott.tkatiamlbenheeirecla'erlusannrenenssamnLtasamiotbriirainrePfuoognoytbynsnhnuaEdseoiCertatiauooduhxhrscbffeimricetmennpooorctCedtaeDuhevraomticrneadncghtefbsytyoeiaomorHic,e-etnintiahhdtChensnhiueyooasHesptsrmltAttappe.catahoperryhklr,eucrosimeyaWbitklopnsawlaehlnetrolishreeateflctdikt,yvnctehtsaiRhhGittrheioenaeeovu.tews,n I adcehbpptAttIRIitsvioohooirnnomcenteuevdrdodeJlteeatneeeeyrwishlbupcsrpep.eelirnanwesoeiebleceehaltTUlsfrnsnfadoos.hahedtdoQnr.1Setneeeeft2hd.ertunh.nwioWdCeiccahomavrahsY1iefessn3eeiflsr8tuerpuarnew9dDlutdJancrecoi8aebf-uadansloflslscstr>eieimtyehen(w1crelneesciC84aeortetne.wt9hSyraubhle8aa'perereytre.1suasdcyhb9nhcbMdrea4AiYbfbaeeai6lfsouystPccd-t.otpihhralrkeraoih-msunoddinlalos)tairsaltuh,tp,.enlge-eddyhder
21 ca(2sV(I'I)i1p5oc(rma8t)wsoctc7hiafthleseoxaBmbhdkfriniilinrtf)mit1ehitgaauhehvsistdem.ptnEaraaysYocarafeulotrctrPhfyriyaatQsoifuunAtsdf.eeotmavehoGaneenfandrg'S3Easor0lrve1iiifaziencarktshbtmeedth 111119 TwT4oMPRIsfreh5eoalo0xatnmAajthattamnehesidcnsorctaa'neaennscmdn,taBeiDhlodveeaaltyentheeyrmedeyasaanriaonrr,nrifkDynstertth.ethohecefPoimUntefn.iohpdrSWensp.tawetbcirdhefoahea,yielnoasofodtfihneg I^111345 SdoOQ2piFfenaf0ouufctttlpeiciehhiceresreicrirrenaateoo'lmnamngsnEie.aebinl"DtinviCiraebzowntaarayughhdssbrivdiaetitcicartn'hsyh>hsereticmhrIo"gceIeefhMrlqtoieitUusfbmrh.iriebSarBane.erntaUfiddil.otoaSratns.iehunafstoprects
o«f5tJhapbainrthdayofHirohito,emperor mKoitnhgeHreonfryQuVeIeIInoEfliEznagbleathndIand 17 EIcsetlaabnldis(h1m9e4n4)t.owfhtihcehRhepaudblbiecenof
30 (Queen'sDayinTheNetherlands. 26 U.S.observanceofMemorialDay i, unitedtoDenmark
I Qimnoute1he9en8r0,BaeafabttderiricxQatuaeesdceenndJeuldiatnhae,thherrone 29 a2P5am0tatnjhcokarnlnfliicgvnuerr\re.saogrfiyftthoeefdtAohmreaetrboiirrctaahnnodf ^wt' Co1.f5-0"JtIh^RaoMnuangricsveteirldsleaariLysies,ol"ef,Ftcrheaonmbcpieor'tssherof
Revolution nationalanthem
JULY AUGUST SEPTEMBER
i' CanadaDay(1867) 3 FifthanniversaryoftheU.S.air 1 LaborDayintheU.S.andCanada
l" i2Uren.0cSsti.uhprigaaeonnnnvctieesvropenfrrmsoeSagonrcrtyia-amsolfptSoMheneacstduoirbrcieeatndyreefh,ietasalatlhl twbsmrteaaarhrfnifekneievecnedctcdootndnihtittarsrtwmaoilcoasltusevlarwidlsoo,ulsaatlfctretdiiuwkoaemnl;aeltotyafthnchoteohupemgetrhein-mote-o 3 ACUTA.epmhSnaee.trceeihgnvceoeaavnrInteyn,rdInoiinfmnadentienhafcetfnhecisfwteuoa,frrrcreGseenesndrdeioendrnAitorhmfieozotnoa.
210thanniversaryoftheDeclara- that
tUp.irSoe.ns,iodhfeonIwtneduvneetprie,lndd1ie7dn8c9neot(1e7l7e6c)t.itTshfeirst 6 HadnrinorupoapslihnicgmoaomfmPteehamecoefriaFrsettsitaiotvnoalm,oifcatnbheomb 115 IN1si5lktaihmtiaacnKnNhireveuwrsshYacerhayerv'o,sftDahaeUykdreaaitnhiaonf
AttN1ioi5moxtne1oh,8nnaw'dnhsmniieccvenehrrttsliafotriwo>cea-trthieoeofdnUPt.orhSefes.t.vhCoeRotini2scn6thgtiahtarugd-e 12 wWcc2iaoo5rlnntelcsh,.rterawTtunaecnhstiewevladeoalrrtlosei.vrgaeirIrtnryseanpliohlgfebahiatctgrhehredwtiicBbtwaeyhadreslab,iarnraibseedd bwla1eu9hsat7otd1aewtrraeesopffluoantucehseretadelSdGowevihioneretg1n9yU6hnM4eiaodalinneedndikndioen1vn9i5aes3d
L1o5utihsan(n"iSvaetrcshamroy"o)fAtrhmestdreaotnhg,of ttootdhirseceoumreatgreesco(ntteinnfueeedt)dienfe1c9ti7o0ns 14 A1a50rtohnaBnunrirv,ervsiacre-yporefstihdeendteaotfhthoef
greatjazztrumpeter totheWest U.S.duringtheadministration
4goHhoRBra5ffeoues0nUmttaDtaitdhaeihleesanlssiyietaFsdsnareDcsntnercaoicinhvmyreucoeemslhrigaesnaErRmarrseFordavryoresoafdamnoluttcfuasheistte,,inhoogenaannoedtrnDoehatuofeathtfties1chotrt7hnhan8are9tl 13 GdZt2lmoraoeirf0eotsstedvecttrharoehooutermnnpoaafstegnCptfeonunriidh(iolctolivtdMn,teaeuaalthrrotlaeloasfyerelaicdccTratoasRtoyhbupe,eenyin-vodttttdofCaeoruillhCnmycuipghatntsr)iaaieime,tnno,rdvoadnm.ear'a,nasiswnthTnmwadihehstpMedthioeacho 18 wboBhHCdfriuaufaahisrtitmusTiriistc'whnsalho,sgaroitkrsermos,beifntaascaa,potecscoerkqlKcidmuJianotyietkfrofiteaocfcetsraaeae,danlrrdtuntseraerioeeilnqnrnvau.,daasiiltontDh,iwnyeuoi.A1nrnil8kaineFie0lnrlx4alg1efaer8seande0shndt7idevral
Tenthanniversaryofthedevas- buildsociaUsm placedbeforeancestralshrinesat
t(81aT00t'00ia,tnn0hgg0-ea0sanhnrpaitenvho)eqp,rulsCaeahkrwieyenraion;efTaktainhlnelegedssdethaiatmnhatoefd 17 (cI1on9ud4ne5tp)re,yntdihenentcmheoesDwtaopryolidpnulIonudsonMeusisalim hsipasiinotccedmnsoe.idn,cAasfnctutchhmeaeerresnadfccittadetruirrrniigizenedrgdittauboanyltsha,leliltvge-hlrdeyaayvfseooondgs
Hungariancomposerandpiano
virtuosoFranzLiszt
OCTOBER *''* NOVEMBER DECEMBER
4 RoshHashana,JewishNew 7 AnniversaryoftheBolshevik Tenthanniversaryofthedeath
Year'sDay Revolution(1917),whichbrought ofBenjaminBritten,acclaimed
1123 CagoTrhnoneadlatntuhkimenesbxgmp1uil3avsotnirhDneyarg.ylD,aUan.cdySes.liennobsbriCsataetenerddavabdinyancteShpeiasin 111 LsdwcVtiheeeafitpnteleeoi,d.rsnrAaeEelntdinoesgxewhpDamteonaprwdmeyereoraromni,nruta,rhatsdshnNheedielrcUaaetht.dhdeoSerl.ioartfsThyaehIoIeS,uonhvgiiset BsAtN7roi5omintruttchwanheieedanHgsn'Seinseonainufvrn'iteynshreessxPuPtapuonrlrlopyoceprer.eoleerlfrcTaethR(udideon.ceadnilce1tndro6ett9mrd5oep)potoirksdeektrhe
13 JewishobservanceofYomKippur, armisticesignedonNov. 11, 1918, lastlegofthetripwithfourcom-
theDayofAtonement.Thedayis endedWorldWarIhostilities panionsand52dogs.Amundsen
markedbyprayer,fasting,andmu- betweenGermanyandtheAllied losthislifetryingtorescuean
tualrequestsforandacceptances powers.Onthisdaymanynations explorerfriendwhohadcrashedin
offorgivenessforoffenses honourthosewhodiedfightingfor adirigibleintheArctic
24 UnitedNationsDay(1945) theircountries Tenthanniversaryofthedeath
28 CbdgSwGEiueteyuofsasnsrftttiettkeuhlgeaseennvBTheaeaopoodrrfepwtEyobLeihpyufioorlfbnlfeesedldcrt,eiouthrfwlyeaph.FtntdhrodAoeeardndbigscFueicueifrsaptl,eitetdgtirieonoitvrneniiwtdschaaoietsfoAPhnUauter.h-oiSefs. 1223 w7Ppao51el0f0h9sratt3oLecnhh0iaiefvrptaaeacrnnlhPennmdliiaLtiuvvohgcteeawatorrteezssladilaalnnerr,tddeyyhUetoio.onffeSx.itt1tihhs9saee0tdse5idftniserrcicasoenottnivhotioeisfmroaseyttfurheeiden I icJmCo61imafh0a2tcptr4yyRhahitoianpshcroaletlhndlsmioanieeatfrrinisevdEcgCceameDhtlJrdp.iasdmceyaDbeaarraosgcyolscohesreoiynfao,nHdnfitealdrhanooethtnmrihgaoeettfjioiolg,JmanreisttomhUfem.Su.,
31 ReformationDay,commemoration 27 ThanksgivingDayintheU.S.It Japan'slegendaryfirstemperor
oLfutthheerdnaayiliend1h5i1s795whTehnesMeasrttoin wWailslfiiarsmtcBerlaedbfroartde,dgionve1r6n2o1rwohfetnhe 26 BoxingDay
thedoorof.AllSaintsChurchin firstpermanentcolonyinNew 27 JewishfestivalofHanukka,also
Wittenberg,Germany.Thisact England,invitedneighbouring calledtheFeastofLightsandthe
wassubsequentlyregardedasthe IndianstojointhePilgrimsat FeastofDedication,commemo-
firststepinthedevelopmentof Plymouthforathree-dayfestival ratestherededicationin165bcof
Protestantism toexpressgratitudefortheseason's theSecondTempleofJerusalem
31 HiUsanjlioltioenwdeedeNnat,toiwaohnnisacpChhpieilandlrsetoonm'aesidFplutanhcedes i^B biLnoiunn1ct8oi6lf3nulmahadrevesitt.aPnraetsi.onAablrhaohUadmav I aetafhrteleirSeyirrtsbiaydneAskneictnrigaotcihounstIhrVeeEpyiepahrasnes,