Britannica Book of the Year 1980

771 Pages·113.767 MB·English

by  Encyclopaedia Britannica

1980
BRITANNICA
BOOK OF THE YEAR

1980
BRITANNICA
BOOK
OF THE YEAR
ENCYCLOB€DIA BRITANNICA, INC.
CHICAGO,TORONTO,LONDON,GENEVA,SYDNEY,TOKYO,MANILA,SEOUL
©1980
BYENCYCLOPAEDIABRITANNICA,INC.
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byEncyclopcPdiaBritannica,Inc.
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InternationalStandardSerialNumber:00h8-1156
Nopartofthisworkmaybereproducedorutilizedinanyformorbyanymeans,electronicor
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withoutpermissioninwritingfromthepublisher.
BRITANNICABOOKOFTHEYEAR
^iL
THEUNIVERSITYOFCHICAGO
TheBniannicaBookoftheYearispublishedwithIheeditorialadv
ofthefacultiesoftheUniversityofChicago.
EdItor-in-Chief,Yearbooks lamesEriel
Editors DaphneDaumc,Chicago
IE.Davis,London
EditorialStaft DavidCalhoun,CharlesCegielski,
R.M.Goodwin,KarenJacobsJustin,
ArthurLatham
Advisers RichardH.Kessler,M.D.,
MichaelD.Kilian,MartinE.Marty
Correspondents loanHarris,Ibronto
H.W.DeWeese,Sydney
ShigekiHijino,Tokyo
SergioA.Sarmiento,MexicoCity
).Amaral,RiodeJaneiro
ArtDirector CynthiaPeterson
PictureEditors JeannineDeubel,sen/orp/c(ureeditor:
KHaoltlhyyHNaarkraimnugtroan;,BRaorbbearrtaaHJ.ilHboomrnaen,,London
LayoutArtist RichardBatchelor
Cartographers CerzillaLeszczynski,superv/sor;
WilliamW.Karpa
ArtStaff KathrynCreech,JohnL.Draves,
PaulRios,RichardA.Roiniotis,
LillianSimcox
GeographyEditor WilliamA,Cleveland
GeographyResearch SujataBanerjee,supervisor:
SarahGibbardCook,MauraEdelman,
DavidW.Foster,KennethLeivers,
MargaretE.Stout
GeographyCorrespondents MyrtleAbernathy,PamelaG.Crumbley
DeCpouptyyDDiirreeccttoorr JL.aTurhioemAa.sBBreaautnty
ChiefCopyEditor RuthPassin
SeniorCopyEditors BarbaraWhitneyCleary,MarilynKlein,
JulianRonning,HarrySharp
CopyStaff PatriciaBauer,ElizabethA.Blowers,
JimGames,MariaDoloresdelValle,
HelenDoepel,TiborEszeki,
TerryGeesken,PatrickM.Joyce,
PaulMendelson,luanitaL.Murphy,
WilliamArthurMurray,LisaOppenheim,
EllenC.Rutherford,MelindaShepherd,
CarolSmith,lanetG.Sted,
loyceRWalker,SylviaWallace
CopyControl MaryC.Srodon,supervisor;
MaymeR.Cussen
IndexManager FrancesE.Latham
IndexSupervisor RosaE.Casas
IndexStaff ludithAnderson,sen/or/nrfexer;
DaleH.Hoiberg,BradfordLyau
EditorialTypesettingManager RobertH.Dehmer
TypesettingStaff JohnKrom,Jr.,RonaldLaugeman,
MarieLawrence,ThomasMulligan,
ArnellReed,MelvinStagner,
ElaineYost
Librarian TerryMiller
AssistantLibrarian ShanthaChannabasappa
LibraryAide NaomiGralnek
AdministrativeSecretary InesBaptist
Secretaries PatriciaFrazer;RosemaryA.Poole
andSatinaShaw,London
EditorialAdministration
ManagingEditor,Encyclop,pdiaBritannica,Inc.
MargaretSutton
DirectorofBudgetsandControl
VernePore
ENCYCLOP/fDIABRITANNICA,INC.
ChairmanoftheBoard RobertRCwinn
President CharlesE.Swanson
VicePresident,Editorial CharlesVanDoren
CONTENTS
8 Featurearticle: China'sFuture
TheVice-PremierofChina,inaveryimportantandexclusivearticle,revealstheplansfor
China'sindustrial,social,andeconomicgrowth,andstateshowthesegoalswillbeattained.
14 Featurearticle: TheInternationalYearoftheChild
Theimportanceofthiseventandtheveryrealandcompellingneedsof1,273,000,000
childrenwholiveinlessdevelopedcountriesaroundtheworldaredetailedbyPau/Harrison,
whoworkedfortheInternationalYearoftheChildSecretariat.
20 CalendarofEvents—1980
24 ChronologyofEvents
Amonth-by-monthsummaryofthesignificanteventsof1979.
50 UnusualbutNoteworthyEvents
Peculiarandunusualhappeningsthatwerereportedaroundtheworldin1979.
54 Disasters
Acatalogofthemostdestructiveeventsof1979,includingman-madeandnaturaldisasters.
58 Featurearticle: IslamResurgent
Westernerswouldhavebeenfarlesssurprisedattheturmoilwhichhasbeentakingplaceinthe
Islamicworldiftheyhadunderstoodthebackgroundsofthesetumultuouseventsastheyare
explainedbyanotedprofessorofpolitics,ElieKedourie,fellowoftheBritishAcademy.
64 Featurearticle: TwoPeoples—OneLand
PatrickSeale,notedcorrespondentonMiddleEasternaffairsforTheObserver,London,has
writtenabrilliantlylucidarticledescribmgtheconflictingforcesthatmustberesolvedinorder
tobringpeacetothetroubledMideastregion.
PeopleoftheYear
Individualsaroundtheworldwhosenamesfiguredprominentlyinthenewsduring1979:
70
SPECIAL REPORTS
199 AnSales: TheDarkSideofArt
Thesoaringpriceswhichhavebeenpaidtorartworksinrecentyearshaveencouragedsome
peopletoengageinvariousformsoffraud.Someofthewaysinwhicheventheexpertcanbe
dupedaredescribedbyCeraldineNorman,correspondentforTheTimes,London.
207 Australia: TheMemorableDunstan
AnAustrahanhistorian,A.R.C.Griffiths,recountssomeofthecharacteristicsofaremarkable
manwhoseimpactisstillbeingfeltinthatcontinent/nation.
—
234 Canada: Canada Facingthe'80s
ThecollapseoftheClarkgovernmentafteronlyafewmonthsinpowerissymbolicofthe
deep-seatedproblemstroublingCanada.PeterWard,anotedCanadianjournalist,describesin
detailhowtheseproblemsareintertwined.
255 CombatSports: TheMartialArts:AnInsideView
Thereisalotofmisinformationbeingper|X'tratedaboutthemartialarts,accordingtoDonnF.
Draeger.Thisexpertonthemartialartsattemptstomakeclearwhatinformationistrueand
whatisnot.
289 Defense. TheSALTIIDebate
AlthoughtheSALTIIdebatehasbeentemporarilysuspendedintheU.S.,itiscertaintobe
revived.RobinRangerreportsontheessentialelementsofthisdebate.
364 Environment: WhenHomeIsNotaHouse
Thedifficultiesconfrontingyoungcouplestryingtoobtainahomeoftheirownandtheoutlook
fortheU.S.housingmarketaredescribedbyNewYorkTimesRealEstateEditorA/anS.Oser.
375 EuropeantJnity: TheEuropeanAssembly:ANewStep
Lastyear'selectionsthroughoutEuropeformembersoftheEuropeanAssemblymarkedthe
startofreallifeforthisfledglingorganization.EdwardHeath,formerU.K.PrimeMinister,
reportsontheAssembly'sfunctionsandpowers.
405 Germany,FederalRepublicof: TheNaziHuntGoesOn
NormanCrossland,BonncorrespondentforTheEconomist,London,describesindetailthe
impactwhichtheshowingofatelevisionserieshadontheWestGermandecisiontoabolish
thestatuteoflimitationsformurder,thuspermittingthesearchforNaziwarcriminalsto
continue.
422 HTbeyhaeRlcituchrhraaenrnddtWDfhiasidetoatfsirenu:gnhnaimTn,og—wRhuinotssoperromNsoosattntdroeiRctseuncntolnys—pubalriesehxeadmbionoekdiisnTahIeigChhtihecaargtoedBepairesc.ewritten
485 Law: WomenandtheLaw
Thesocialandeconomicgainsthatwomenhavemadethroughactionsincourtsand
legislaturesaredetailedinthisreportby/uneSochen,whohaswrittenseveralbookson
Americanwomen.
528 Mexico: MexicoCity:ATroubledGiant
ThegrowingpainsofwhatisexpectedtobecomethelargestcityintheWesternHemisphere
aredescribedbyonewholivesamongthem,Serg/oSarm/ento,EditorinChiefofEnc/c/oped/a
Barsa.
573 Physics: TheManEinstein
Amathematician,frn.stCaborStraus,whoworkedwithAlbertEinsteinandknewthemanwell,
describessomeofhishumanandendearingcharacteristics.
594 Refugees TheBoatPeople
Thehardships,sicknesses,anddeaththatbefellhundredsofthousandsof"boatpeople"in
theirattemptstofleefromVietnamarechillinglytoldbylohnE.McCarthy.
606 Religion: ResurgentFundamentalism
TheupsurgeoflundanientalismwithinIslamhasbeenwidelyreported,butthefundamentalist
impulsehasmadeitselffeltamongmanvotherreligiousgroupsaswell,accordingtoMartinE.
Marty.
631 SpaceExploration: OurFarOutNeighbours
AlargelypictorialreportshowssomeofthesurprisingpicturesthatweresentbacktoEarth
fromspaceprobestolupiteranditssatellitesduringrecentmonths.EdwardC.Stone,aVoyager
Projectscientist,tellsofsomeoftheunexpectedfindings.
659 TelevisionandRadio: TheRatingWars
TheincredibleeffectofratingsonwhattheAmericanpublicgetstoseeonTVandhowthose
ratingsarearrivedatarereportedbyLaurenceMichie,TVeditorforVariety.

FUTURE
CHINA'S
by DengXiaoping
ThePartyVice-ChairmanandVice-Premierofthe
People'sRepublicofChinaexplainsthebackground
andreasonsbehindtheFourModernizations
WearestandingatanotherturningpointinChinese nomiclevelandthatoftherestoftheworldwasnot
history. Last year, we launched a vast program that that great. Beginning in the late '60s, however, the
we havecalled the Four Modernizations: the mod- gapbegan towiden. Overthenext 11 or 12years it
ernization of China's industry, agriculture, science became even wider.
andtechnology,andnationaldefense.Thisprogram Besidesthiseconomic gap, wealso hada critical
hasarousedworldwideinterest.AndIshouldliketo politicalfactortocontendwith. Forsomeyearsafter
stress that it is related to the interests of all the the founding of the People's Republic of China in
world's peoples. 1949, China was cutofffrom therestoftheworld.
ForusinChinathisisinarealsenseanewrevolu- We here were not responsible for this isolation. It
tion—a socialistrevolution. The purposeofrevolu- was imposed on us from the outside by anti-Chi-
tion, after all, is to liberate and develop the nesefeelingand, in particular,byforcesopposedto
productive forces of a country. If a revolution is Chinesesocialism. Nonetheless, Chinawas forcibly
divorcedfromthedevelopmentandmodernization isolated from the rest of the world. Through the
ofproduction—onwhichtheprosperityofanypeo- early '50s, we still received some support from the
pledepends—thentheaimandgoalsofthisrevolu- Soviet Union. But by the end of the decade, even
tion are mere empty words. We opposed China's thataid was terminated.
old society because it oppressed people and held Towardtheendofthe'60s,worldconditionsbe-
them back from developing the forces of produc- gan tochange. Possibilitiesforopeningupcontacts
tion. The peopleofChina chose socialism because between Chinaand therestoftheworldappeared.
theybelieveditwouldprovidebetterconditionsfor Butthen,forourownreasons,weisolatedourselves!
developing China's productive energies. They felt Today, however, we have learned to use this
that socialism could revitalize China, eliminate its favourable international climate to accelerate our
poverty, and provide its people with a better and advancetoward theFourModernizations. Whether
happier life. or notwe can attain the goals we have set forour-
Ourview is very clearbut it has notalways been selves is a large question in the minds of many.
sharedbyeveryone. Forfullytenyearsthe"gangof Thereareeven skepticsamongtheChinesepeople
four" tried to edge China off its true course. They themselves, despite the confidence of the great
even hadaslogan:"Wewouldpreferapoorsociety majority. Foreign observers, in particular, question
undersocialism toa rich society undercapitalism." thegroundson which webaseourconfidence. Let
That is absurd! mestate,therefore,thefourbasicreasonsforthink-
We do not want capitalism, but we do want a ing we can achieve our goals.
prosperoussocialistsociety.Webelievethattheso- First: China'svastareaisrichin naturalresources.
cialistsystem issuperiortocapitalism. Itssuperiori- Whether we speak of energy resources, minerals,
ty, however, must be demonstrated. ferrousornonferrousmetals,orrareearths,thereare
The gang of four and Lin Biao put false choices few natural resources that are not found in China.
before the Chinese people. They did incalculable Oncetheseresourcesaretapped,theywillrepresent
harm to the social fabric and the economic system immense material power.
ofChina. The huge program ofmodernization that Second: During the past 30 years we did some
Chairman MaoZedongand PremierZhou Enlai had stupid things. Despitesuch mistakes, wewereable
initiatedwasdelayed forfullyten yearsbythatkind to lay the groundwork for China's agricultural, in-
of ultraleft politics. dustrial, and technical development. In all these
Ofcoursewehadbriefsetbacksevenbeforethis. areas,wereachedajumping-offpointforadvancing
Butintheearly 1960sthegapbetweenChina'seco- totheFourModernizations.Theproliferationofma-