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Britain's Butterflies: A Field Guide to the Butterflies of Great Britain and Ireland, 4th Edition PDF

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WWIILLDDGGuuiiddeess BBBB44 BBOOOOKK uunndduupp..iinndddd 11 66//3300//2200 99::2277 AAMM Published by Princeton University Press, 41 William Street, Princeton, New Jersey 08540 In the United Kingdom: Princeton University Press, 6 Oxford Street, Woodstock, Oxfordshire OX20 1TR press.princeton.edu Requests for permission to reproduce material from this work should be sent to Permissions, Princeton University Press First published 2002 by WILDGuides Ltd. Second Edition 2010 by WILDGuides Ltd. Third Edition 2015 by Princeton University Press Fourth Edition 2020 by Princeton University Press Copyright © 2002, 2010, 2015, 2020 by David Newland, Robert Still, Andy Swash and David Tomlinson. Digital artwork, maps and illustrations copyright © 2020 by Robert Still Copyright in the photographs remains with the individual photographers. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced, stored in a retrieval system, or transmitted, in any form or by any means, electronic, mechanical, photocopying, recording, or otherwise, without the prior permission of the publishers. British Library Cataloging-in-Publication Data is available Library of Congress Control Number 2020941057 ISBN 978-0-691-20544-1 Ebook ISBN 978-0-691-21178-7 Production and design by WILDGuides Ltd., Old Basing, Hampshire UK. Printed in Italy 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 BBBB44 BBOOOOKK uunndduupp..iinndddd 22 66//3300//2200 99::2277 AAMM Contents Foreword . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 5 Preface . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 7 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8 How butterflies and moths differ . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 10 Butterfly biology . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .12 Where to look for butterflies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22 Gardening for butterflies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 23 Butterfly habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . . 4 . . . . . . Favoured habitats . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 30 Key places for rare and localized butterflies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 31 Butterfly identification . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 32 The types of butterfly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 34 Colour variation: forms and aberrations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 38 Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 40 THE SPECIES ACCOUNTS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41 Former breeding species, rare migrants and vagrants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 172 Species of doubtful provenance . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 204 Caterpillar foodplants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 206 Butterfly nectar sources and caterpillar foodplants . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 214 Eggs, caterpillars and chrysalises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .218 Eggs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 219 Caterpillars . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 224 Chrysalises . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 231 List of British and Irish butterflies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .237 Butterfly watching and photography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 242 Butterfly Conservation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Recording and monitoring . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 243 Climate change and butterflies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 245 Conservation status and legislation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 246 Further reading . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 2 . . 5 . . 0 . . . . Sources of further information and useful addresses . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251 Acknowledgements and photographic/artwork credits . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 252 Index of English and scientific names . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 255 BBBB44 BBOOOOKK uunndduupp..iinndddd 33 66//3300//2200 99::2277 AAMM A male Silver-studded Blue on bell hSielavethr-esrt autd Kdeeldlin Bglu Heeath, Norfolk. BBBB44 BBOOOOKK uunndduupp..iinndddd 44 66//3300//2200 99::2277 AAMM Foreword by Julie Williams Chief Executive of Butterfl y Conservation Butterfl ies are a beautiful and intrinsic part of our wildlife heritage . No summer’s day is complete without the delightful fl ash of colour and fl utter of wings on a gentle breeze . But butterfl ies are so much more than that – they are highly sensitive indicators of the health of the environment and play a crucial role in the food chain as well as being important pollinators of plants . In recent years, scientists have documented alarming declines in the number and geographic range of insects around the world . Some studies have reported such rapid declines that it has been referred to as an “Insect Apocalypse” and, sadly, butterfl ies are among the worst hit . Even widespread species such as the Small Tortoiseshell, a once common sight across the UK, have declined by 78% since the 1970s . The recent results of our Big Butterfl y Count suggests that the impact of climate change is actually greater than was previously thought . The loss of nature aff ects us all, but the greatest impact will be felt by young people and future generations . We need to inspire more people to care about butterfl ies – and that is exactly what the revised edition of this fantastic book does . It includes the latest information on all the British and Irish species, tips on where to fi nd them, and beautiful photographs to help identify butterfl ies at all stages of their life-cycle . This is an ideal book for beginners, but its exceptional quality makes it an essential reference for experts too . This is one of my favourite butterfl y guides: I love the bright and clear design and absolutely stunning photography showing all aspects of each butterfl y in great detail . Once you appreciate the joy and wonder of our beautiful butterfl ies you will be hooked, just like Butterfl y Conservation’s 40,000 members and thousands of dedicated volunteers . There are lots of ways to get involved if you are not already; why not take part in our Big Butterfl y Count during July and August? It is the largest survey of its kind and provides vital data to help our scientists understand the drivers of change and declines . Evidence shows that experiencing nature and being outdoors is great for our health and wellbeing so it will benefi t you too . Do visit www.butterfl y-conservation. org to fi nd out more . I have no doubt you will enjoy this book and revisit it time and time again to recap on all the fantastic information included . I hope it will inspire you to get out and enjoy our precious butterfl ies and the natural world in which they live . 5 BBBB44 BBOOOOKK uunndduupp..iinndddd 55 66//3300//2200 99::2277 AAMM Clouded Yellow BBBB44 BBOOOOKK uunndduupp..iinndddd 66 66//3300//2200 99::2277 AAMM Preface The first edition of this book was in preparation some 20 years ago but our aim remains the same: to use the best available photographs to illustrate British and Irish butterflies in all their life stages and, from the 3rd edition, caterpillar foodplants for each of the species . Successive editions have provided the opportunity to improve the design and presentation, introduce new photographs, and ensure that the content is up-to-date . There has been one addition and one significant change to the species covered in the book since the first edition was published in 2002 . The addition is the appearance in England, in 2014, of Scarce Tortoiseshells, only seen previously once in 1953, requiring the inclusion of an extra species account . The change is that the butterfly formerly known as Réal’s Wood White is now known to comprise two species, one of which is restricted to Ireland and given the name Cryptic Wood White; this is reflected in necessary changes to the nomenclature . We have also had to respond to another development . Taxonomists classify living creatures according to the perceived complexity of their anatomy and, since 1945, have listed butterfly species by number, the order running from the more primitive, in some sense, to the more developed . At the time of the first edition, the definitive list was by Bradley & Fletcher (1979, revised 1986, 1998, 2000) and the species accounts in the book and subsequent editions were therefore arranged in that order . Now a new checklist has gained acceptance, Agassiz et al . (2013), and we have decided to re-order the species accordingly . Some of the scientific names of butterflies and moths have also been revised, with the curious result that sometimes the common (vernacular) names by which we know species are more stable than the scientific names that accompany them . The only obvious change is that the ‘browns’ are listed before the ‘blues’, rather than the reverse in previous editions . On closer study, it will be seen that the rest of the pack has been shuffled too; hopefully this new order will be followed for the foreseeable future . Other improvements for this edition include new introductory sections to the main ‘types’ of butterflies, which are intended to help in the identification of unfamiliar species, updated maps, additional background on recording and monitoring, a new section on the effects of climate change, and an updated section on conservation status and legislation . In spite of the uncertain provenance of some butterfly records, unusual or changing weather patterns may result in unexpected sightings when genuine vagrants are seen . As before, we have tried to anticipate possible future changes by including the Map, which is common in continental Europe, and Geranium Bronze, together with full accounts of 14 other species that formerly bred here or are recognized as occasional migrants . Yet another potential arrival, Southern Small White, is also referred to briefly . We are pleased that the section on foodplants, which was introduced in the third edition, has received positive feedback, as knowledge of how to identify these plants is invaluable when deciding where to look, and essential if you want to find rare species . David Newland, Robert Still and Andy Swash May 2020 7 BBBB44 BBOOOOKK uunndduupp..iinndddd 77 66//3300//2200 99::2277 AAMM Introduction On a sunny summer’s day in the countryside, butterfl ies are all around us . Perhaps not as many as in the past, but there are still 59 diff erent species to see in Great Britain and Ireland, plus a dozen more that visit very occasionally from continental Europe or farther afi eld . This book aims to help you recognize a butterfl y when you see it and to get to know all the British and Irish species . It is so much more fun to know what you are looking at when you see a butterfl y – and to have some idea as to whether it is common or rare, whether it travels widely or is very local, and what it is doing . By making butterfl y identifi cation as simple as possible, we hope to encourage more people to take an interest in and enjoy them . Enjoyment is the key, since the more people that take an interest in butterfl ies, the more we will learn and the greater the likelihood that action can be taken to safeguard them for future generations . The photographs in this book show all our British butterfl ies in their natural surroundings . Where males and females look diff erent, both are shown, and for those species that breed in Britain and Ireland there are also photographs of their egg, caterpillar and chrysalis . Digital computer imagery has been used to combine some of the best butterfl y photographs available so that the diff erences between species can readily be seen . The text is written in an easy-to-use style and the information given and distribution maps shown are accurate and up-to-date . A Ringlet basks in late July sunshine. 8 BBBB44 BBOOOOKK uunndduupp..iinndddd 88 66//3300//2200 99::2288 AAMM INTRODUCTION Few creatures are more sensitive indicators of the health The ‘eye’ of a Peacock. of the environment than butterfl ies, and the continuing decline of so many species is a serious warning of the diminishing diversity of our countryside . Conserving butterfl ies is more than a case of simply protecting individual species, or providing isolated reserves . Instead, we have to consider the whole environment, and how best to care for it and manage it . Conservation depends upon popular support – the more people that become interested in looking after our plants and animals, the easier it is to argue for the protection of our countryside and its wildlife . For this reason, we are delighted to have produced this book in association with Butterfl y Conservation, the charity dedicated to saving butterfl ies, moths and their habitats in the UK and beyond . We hope that the book will inspire many more people to appreciate, understand and enjoy this beautiful and fascinating group of insects . And we hope also that you will enjoy the book not only for the information it contains but also for the beauty of the images in it . These images illustrate what you will see if you look carefully in the fi eld . And that is where nature has so much to off er . These beautiful creatures are there for all of us to wonder at and enjoy, if only we will take the time to look . A male Orange-tip nectars on Dame’s Violet in late May. 9 BBBB44 BBOOOOKK uunndduupp..iinndddd 99 66//3300//2200 99::2288 AAMM

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Most books are stored in the elastic cloud where traffic is expensive. For this reason, we have a limit on daily download.