Britain, Egypt and the Middle East: Imperial policy in the aftermath of war 1918–1922 PDF
Preview Britain, Egypt and the Middle East: Imperial policy in the aftermath of war 1918–1922
BRITAIN, EGYPT AND THE MIDDLE EAST CAMBRIDGE COMMONWEALTH SERIES Published in association with the Managers of the Cambridge Univer sity Smuts Memorial Fund for the Advancement of Commonwealth Studies General Editor: E. T. Stokes, Smuts Professor of the History of the British Commonwealth, University of Cambridge Roger Anstey THE ATLANTIC SLAVE TRADE AND BRITISH ABOLITION, 1760-1810 John Darwin BRITAIN, EGYPT AND THE MIDDLE EAST: Imperial Policy in the Aftermath of War, 1918-1922 T. R. H. Davenport SOUTH AFRICA: A MODERN HISTORY B. H. Farmer (editor) GREEN REVOLUTION? TECHNOLOGY AND CHANGE IN RICE-GROWING AREAS OF TAMIL NADU AND SRI LANKA Partha Sarathi Gupta IMPERIALISM AND THE BRITISH LABOUR MOVEMENT, 1914-1964 R. F. Holland BRITAIN AND THE COMMONWEALTH ALLIANCE, 1918-1939 Ronald Hyam and Ged Martin REAPPRAISALS IN BRITISH IMPERIAL HISTORY W. David Mcintyre THE RISE AND FALL OF THE SINGAPORE NAVAL BASE T. E. Smith COMMONWEALTH MIGRATION: Flaws and Policies B. R. Tomlinson THE INDIAN NATIONAL CONGRESS AND THE RAJ, 1929-1942 THE POLITICAL ECONOMY OF THE RAJ, 1914-1947 John Manning Ward COLONIAL SELF-GOVERNMENT: THE BRITISH EXPERI ENCE, 1759-1856 Further titles in preparation Britain, Egypt and the Middle East Imperial policy in the aftermath of war 1918-1922 John Darwin © John Darwin 1981 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 1981 978-0-333-27073-8 All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted, in any form or by any means, without permission First published 1981 by THE MACMILLAN PRESS LTD London and Basingstoke Companies and representatives throughout the world British Library Cataloguing in Publication Data Darwin, John Britain, Egypt and the Middle East -(Cambridge Commonwealth series) I. Great Britain - Foreign relations - Near East 2. Great Britain - Foreign relations - 1910-1936 3. Near East - Foreign relations -Great Britain I. Title II. Series 327.41'056 DA47.9.N2 ISBN 978-1-349-16531-5 ISBN 978-1-349-16529-2 (eBook) DOI 10.1007/978-1-349-16529-2 For G. M. Darwin Contents Preface lX Abbreviations in Notes xi Introduction xiii PART I IMPERIAL POLICY AND BRITISH POLITICS 1 The Traditions of Imperial Policy and the Leaders of the Coalition 3 2 The Domestic Origins of Imperial Policy 25 PART II PROBLEMS OF POLITICAL CONTROL: EGYPT 47 3 British Policy and the Origins of the Post-War Crisis 49 4 The Emergence of a Policy 80 5 Egypt and the Cabinet 108 PART III PROBLEMS OF IMPERIAL EXPANSION: THE MIDDLE EAST 139 6 War and Imperial Policy in the Middle East 1918- 1919 143 7 The Search for Security, 1919-1920 170 8 The Limits of Imperial Power 208 PART IV CONSEQUENCES 243 9 Indian Policy and the Oil Question 245 10 Conclusion 266 Notes 279 Bibliography 315 Index 325 vii Preface This book has been written as a contribution to the study of Britain's imperial decline in the twentieth century. Its aim has been to trace the reaction of the directors of British imperial policy to the problems and opportunities which the Great War and its aftermath created for them in Egypt and the Middle East, regions which had been considered of fundamental strategic importance to Britain since the early nineteenth century. The years of the aftermath have a special significance for the historian of the later phase of British imperialism. The First World War has often been seen as the great watershed in Britain's imperial career, the prelude to an era in which the rise of colonial nationalism and the decline of her economic and military strength enforced a gradual retreat from the grandiose legacy of the Victorians. Moreover, in the four years after 1918 these newfound weaknesses appeared to show themselves as Britain struggled against powerful nationalist movements in Ireland, India and Egypt and became embroiled in costly local conflicts in the Middle East. In their response to the challenge of Egyptian nationalism and in their estimate of Britain's strategic necessities in the Middle East, it is possible to see at work some of the most influential assumptions that guided British policy-makers in imperial questions up until the cata clysm of the Second World War. Neither this book nor the research that it required would have been possible without the help and encouragement I have received. I owe a great deal to those who taught me as an undergraduate at St John's College Oxford and to the friendly and bracing atmosphere of Nuffield College. Above all I owed a great debt of gratitude to the late Jack Gallagher. I should like to acknowledge the assistance of the Research Board of the University of Reading and of the staffs of the institutions whose records and archives I have consulted. I should also like to thank the editor of the Cambridge Commonwealth Series for his help and advice. Quotations from the Austen Chamberlain Papers are made with the kind permission of the University of Birmingham; those from certain IX X PREFACE letters in the Montagu Papers by kind permission of the Master and Fellows of Trinity College Cambridge. Transcripts of Crown-copyright records in the India Office Records appear by permission of the Controller of Her Majesty's Stationery Office. Abbreviations in Notes A. C. Austen Chamberlain Papers Addit. Milner Papers Additional Milner Papers, Bodleian Library, Manuscript Collection Balfour Papers British Library Additional Manu- scripts, A. J. Balfour Papers B.L.P. Bonar Law Papers CAB. Cabinet Records, Public Record Office Chelmsford Collection Chelmsford Collection, India Office Library, Mss. Eur. E. 264 C.I.G.S. Chief of the Imperial General Staff Curzon Collection Papers of 1st Marquess Curzon in Foreign Office Records (F.O. 800) Public Record Office Curzon Papers Papers of 1st Marquess Curzon in India Office Library, Mss. Eur. F 112 D.B.F.P. Is. Documents on British Foreign Policy, First Series D.C.S.M. Documents Collected for the Special Mission to Egypt Fisher Papers Papers of H. A. L. Fisher F.O. Foreign Office Records, Public Record Office I.D.C.E. Inter-departmental Committee on Middle East Affairs L.G.P. Lloyd George Papers Lothian Collection Papers of ll th Marquess of Lothian, Scottish Record Office Milner Collection Papers of lst Viscount Milner in Public Record Office Milner Papers Papers of lst Viscount Milner in Bod leian Library, Oxford P.R.O. Public Record Office S.S.C. Secretary of State for the Colonies XI
The list of books you might like
