Britain and UN Peacekeeping 1948–67 PDF
Preview Britain and UN Peacekeeping 1948–67
About the author Neil Briscoe is UN Programme Manager in the Conflict and Humanitarian Affairs Department of the UK Department for International Development. For most of the period 1989–99 he worked for the UN Secretariat, first on peacekeeping and Security Council issues and then as a political officer in the Executive Office of the Secretary-General. He has degrees from Cambridge, Yale and Oxford Universities, including a D.Phil. in International Relations. Britain and UN Peacekeeping 1948–67 Neil Briscoe © Neil Briscoe 2003 Softcover reprint of the hardcover 1st edition 2003 978-1-4039-1499-6 All rights reserved. No reproduction, copy or transmission of this publication may be made without written permission. No paragraph of this publication may be reproduced, copied or transmitted save with written permission or in accordance with the provisions of the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988, or under the terms of any licence permitting limited copying issued by the Copyright Licensing Agency, 90 Tottenham Court Road, London W1T 4LP. Any person who does any unauthorized act in relation to this publication may be liable to criminal prosecution and civil claims for damages. The author has asserted his right to be identified as the author of this work in accordance with the Copyright, Designs and Patents Act 1988. First published 2003 by PALGRAVE MACMILLAN Houndmills, Basingstoke, Hampshire RG21 6XS and 175 Fifth Avenue, New York, N.Y. 10010 Companies and representatives throughout the world PALGRAVE MACMILLAN is the global academic imprint of the Palgrave Macmillan division of St. Martin’s Press, LLC and of Palgrave Macmillan Ltd. Macmillan® is a registered trademark in the United States, United Kingdom and other countries. Palgrave is a registered trademark in the European Union and other countries. ISBN 978-1-349-51202-7 ISBN 978-0-230-00573-0 (eBook) DOI 10.1057/9780230005730 This book is printed on paper suitable for recycling and made from fully managed and sustained forest sources. A catalogue record for this book is available from the British Library. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Briscoe, Neil, 1964– Britain and UN peacekeeping, 1948–67/Neil Briscoe. p. cm. Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-349-51202-7 1. Peacekeeping–History–20th century. 2. United Nations–Armed Forces–History–20th century. 3. Great Britain–Foreign relations–1945– I. Title: Britain and United Nations peacekeeping, 1948–67. II. Title. JZ6374.B75 2003 341.5'84—dc21 2003050451 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 12 11 10 09 08 07 06 05 04 03 For Olivia Contents Acknowledgements x 1 Introduction 1 The concept of peacekeeping 2 Why this subject? 3 Influences on British peacekeeping policy 6 Sources 7 Structure of the book 9 2 Antecedents and Early UN Observer Missions 11 British colonial experience 12 Inter-war antecedents of peacekeeping 14 Planning for peace 16 Foreign and defence policy under Labour 21 Military Staff Committee discussions 23 Britain and Palestine 26 The creation of the UN Truce Supervision Organisation 27 The creation of the UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan 30 Proposals for a standing UN Guard Force 33 The UN and British colonial policy under Labour 34 Conclusion 35 3 The Creation of the UN Emergency Force, 1956 38 Foreign and defence policy under the Conservatives 39 The UN and British colonial policy under the Conservatives 40 The Suez Crisis 41 The creation and functions of UNEF 44 The composition of UNEF 47 Conditions for withdrawal of the Anglo-French troops 49 Relations with the United States 52 Conclusion 54 4 Conceptualizing and Delimiting Peacekeeping, 1957–60 57 British initiative for a permanent UN force 58 British views on the United Nations 66 Public and parliamentary views on a UN force 72 vii viii Contents US plan for a standby force 73 US and UK intervention in Lebanon and Jordan 74 Hammarskjöld’s study of the UNEF experience 83 Conclusion 89 5 The UN Operation in the Congo, 1960–64 94 Britain and the United Nations in 1960 96 British decolonization and UN anti-colonialism 97 British interests and the Congo 98 Congolese independence and the creation of ONUC 99 ONUC’s composition 102 ONUC’s functions and deployment 104 General Alexander 108 Constitutional crisis 112 Lumumba’s death and its aftermath 114 Strengthening ONUC’s mandate 115 Katanga 117 Arms for ONUC 120 Pressuring Katanga 125 British perceptions of ONUC’s performance 126 Conclusion 128 6 Strengthening Peacekeeping, 1961–64 132 British views on standing international forces 133 British military intervention in Kuwait, July 1961 134 Anglo-US cooperation on peacekeeping 136 British military views on strengthening peacekeeping 138 Parliamentary and public views on peacekeeping 140 Further Anglo-US collaboration 142 Courting the Secretary-General’s Military Adviser 143 Peacekeeping’s funding crisis 146 Further intervention and neo-colonialism 148 Conclusion 149 7 The Creation and Early Operation of the UN Peacekeeping Force in Cyprus, 1964–67 153 Historical background and British interests in Cyprus 154 Unilateral British peacekeeping 156 The search for a non-UN peacekeeping force 159 Activity at the United Nations and deterioration in Cyprus 161 Resolution 186: the establishment of UNFICYP 163 Command and composition of UNFICYP 165 Planning UNFICYP 169 Contents ix Composition finalized 171 UNFICYP’s mandate 172 Publication of UNFICYP’s terms of reference 177 UNFICYP in operation, 1964–67 179 British experience of peacekeeping 184 The semantics of peacekeeping 186 Conclusion 188 8 Promoting and Defending Peacekeeping, 1964–67 194 Expanding British involvement in peacekeeping 195 A Commonwealth standby contingent 197 The constitutionality of peacekeeping 198 Labour in power 202 Foreign and defence policy under Labour 203 British logistical support for peacekeeping 205 Committee of 33 208 Peaceful settlement of disputes 210 1966: disillusion sets in 212 Rhodesia 214 1967: British entrenchment on peacekeeping 218 Withdrawal of UNEF 219 Conclusion 224 9 Conclusions 226 Reflections on the nature of peacekeeping 226 British policy-makers 230 British perceptions of the character of peacekeeping 230 The uses of peacekeeping 231 The management of peacekeeping 232 The influence of UN operations on British policies 234 The influence of British policies and actions on UN operations 235 Britain’s response to the challenges posed by UN operations 235 Notes 238 Bibliography 276 Maps 284 Index 288
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