Britain and Italy in the Era of the Great War: Defending and Forging Empires PDF
Preview Britain and Italy in the Era of the Great War: Defending and Forging Empires
Britain and Italy in the Era of the Great War ThisisanimportantreassessmentofBritishandItaliangrandstrategies during World War I. Stefano Marcuzzi sheds new light on a hitherto overlookedbutcentralaspectofthewarexperiencesofBritainandItaly: theuneasyandonlypartialoverlapbetweenBritain’sstrategyforimper- ialdefenceandItaly’sambitionforimperialexpansion.TakingAnglo- Italianbilateralrelationsasaspeciallensthroughwhichtounderstand theworkingsoftheEntenteCordialeinWorldWarI,herevealshowthe upsanddownsofthatrelationshipinfluencedandshapedAlliedgrand strategy.Marcuzziconsidersthreemainissues–waraims,warstrategy andpeace-making–andexamineshow,underthepressureofdivergent interestsand wartime events,the Anglo-Italian‘traditional friendship’ turned increasingly into competition by the end of the war, casting ashadowonAnglo-ItalianrelationsbothatthePeaceConferenceand intheinterwarperiod. Stefano Marcuzzi is a Marie Curie fellow at the University College Dublin, an analyst in emerging challenges at the NATO Defense CollegeFoundationandanexternalfellowatBostonUniversity. CambridgeMilitaryHistories Editedby JENNIFERD.KEENE,ChapmanUniversity HEWSTRACHAN,ProfessorofInternationalRelations,Universityof StAndrews,andEmeritusFellowofAllSoulsCollege,Oxford GEOFFREYWAWRO,ProfessorofMilitaryHistoryandDirectorofthe MilitaryHistoryCenter,UniversityofNorthTexas The aim of this series is to publish outstanding works of research on warfare throughouttheagesandthroughouttheworld.Booksintheseriestakeabroad approachtomilitaryhistory,examiningwarinallitsmilitary,strategic,political andeconomicaspects.TheseriescomplementsStudiesintheSocialandCultural HistoryofModernWarfarebyfocusingonthe‘hard’militaryhistoryofarmies, tactics,strategyandwarfare.Booksintheseriesconsistmainlyofsingle-author works–academicallyrigorousandgroundbreaking–whichareaccessibletoboth academicsandtheinterestedgeneralreader. Afulllistoftitlesintheseriescanbefoundat: www.cambridge.org/militaryhistories Britain and Italy in the Era of the Great War Defending and Forging Empires Stefano Marcuzzi UniversityCollegeDublin UniversityPrintingHouse,CambridgeCB28BS,UnitedKingdom OneLibertyPlaza,20thFloor,NewYork,NY10006,USA 477WilliamstownRoad,PortMelbourne,VIC3207,Australia 314–321,3rdFloor,Plot3,SplendorForum,JasolaDistrictCentre, NewDelhi–110025,India 79AnsonRoad,#06–04/06,Singapore079906 CambridgeUniversityPressispartoftheUniversityofCambridge. ItfurtherstheUniversity’smissionbydisseminatingknowledgeinthepursuitof education,learning,andresearchatthehighestinternationallevelsofexcellence. www.cambridge.org Informationonthistitle:www.cambridge.org/9781108831291 DOI:10.1017/9781108924009 ©StefanoMarcuzzi2020 Thispublicationisincopyright.Subjecttostatutoryexception andtotheprovisionsofrelevantcollectivelicensingagreements, noreproductionofanypartmaytakeplacewithoutthewritten permissionofCambridgeUniversityPress. Firstpublished2020 AcataloguerecordforthispublicationisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary. ISBN978–1-108–83129-1Hardback CambridgeUniversityPresshasnoresponsibilityforthepersistenceoraccuracyof URLsforexternalorthird-partyinternetwebsitesreferredtointhispublication anddoesnotguaranteethatanycontentonsuchwebsitesis,orwillremain, accurateorappropriate. To the memory of my great grandfather, Corporal Vincenzo Nicolini, awarded the Silver Medal of Military Valour during the retreat from Caporetto, and of his son, Faustino Contents ListofFigures pageix ListofMaps x Acknowledgement xi Introduction 1 PartI MakingtheAnglo-ItalianEntente(1911–1915) 1 Context 15 2 TraditionalFriendship 17 3 CrumblingPrinciples 28 4 PushingFriendshipintoAlliance 42 5 TheContestedTreaty 67 PartII IntegratingItalyintotheTripleEntente(Spring 1915–Summer1917) 6 Context 75 7 TurningPapersintoPolicies:TheImplementation oftheLondonTreaty 78 8 DealingwithRecalcitrantAllies:ShapingItaly’sWar 98 9 PeripheralCompetition 133 10 ShapingAlliedGrandStrategy 154 11 Italy’sEmpireProjectAccepted 174 vii viii Contents PartIII TheForkedRoadtoVictoryandPeace(Autumn 1917–Summer1919) 12 Context 207 13 ClashofResponsibilities:TheCaporettoCrisis 209 14 ResponsetoMilitaryEmergencies:KeepingItalyAlive 224 15 Re-shapingAlliedGrandStrategy 238 16 PropagandaAsaStrategy 255 17 DividedattheFinishLine 269 18 Versailles1919:Italy’sEmpireProjectRepudiated 290 Epilogue:BloodyChristmasinFiume 327 Conclusions 334 BibliographyandSources 343 Index 369 Figures 4.1 MarquisGuglielmoImperiali,Italianambassadorto Britain,withGeneralLuigiCadorna,ItalianChiefofStaff, andLordKitchener,BritishChiefofStaffinLondon page65 7.1 Atrenchat150metresfromtheenemy,withPalenik mountainheldbytheAustro-Hungarians 84 7.2 ItalianAlpiniclimbingasteepslopeintheopeningphases ofthewar 85 7.3 PortraitofPaoloThaondiRevel,ItalianChiefofNavalStaff formostofthewar 95 8.1 Italianinfantrypatrolatamountainstation 127 8.2 ItalianAlpinionthemarchontheAdamello(Trentino), 1916 127 10.1 TheBritishambassadortoItaly,RennellRodd,withDavid LloydGeorgeinRomeduringtheinter-AlliedConference of5–7January1917 156 10.2 BritishFieldMarshalSirDouglasHaig,withSirGeorge DixonGrahameandAdmiralDavidBeatty 166 11.1 TheAustro-HungarianU24(formerGermanUC12) submarine,capturedbytheItaliansandrenamedX1, returningtoseaafterrepairs 189 11.2 GeneralCadornavisitingtheBritishbatteriesin1917 196 13.1 ItaliantroopsretreatalongtheUdine–Codroiporoadin north-eastItalyaftertheCaporettobreakthrough 217 14.1 Protectingamonumentagainstenemybombardmentsin Veneto 228 16.1 D’AnnunzioandthepilotswhoflewoverVienna, August1918 263 17.1 GeneralArmandoDiaz,ItalianChiefofStaffafterCaporetto 280 18.1 ThefourpremiersofItaly,Britain,FranceandAmerica(left toright):VittorioEmanueleOrlando,DavidLloydGeorge, GeorgesClemenceauandWoodrowWilsonatVersailles 316 ix
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