Brill's Companion to Aphrodite PDF
Preview Brill's Companion to Aphrodite
Brill’s Companion to Aphrodite Editedby Amy C. Smith and Sadie Pickup LEIDEN•BOSTON 2010 Onthecover:AnAtticblack-figureamphora,featuringAphroditeandPoseidon,ca.520bc. London,BritishMuseumB254.DrawingafterLenormant,deWitte,Élitedesmonuments céramographiques.Matériauxpourl’histoiredesreligionsetdesmoeursdel’antiquité(Paris, 1844–1861),3,pl.15. Thisbookisprintedonacid-freepaper. LibraryofCongressCataloging-in-PublicationData Brill'scompaniontoaphrodite/editedbyAmyC.Smith&SadiePickup. p.cm. EmergedfromaconferenceattheUniversityofReading,May8-10,2008. Includesbibliographicalreferencesandindex. ISBN978-90-04-18003-1(hardback:alk.paper) 1.Aphrodite(Greekdeity)–Congresses.I.Smith,AmyClaire,1966-II.Title. BL820.V5B742010 292.2'114–dc22 2009052569 ISSN 1872-3357 ISBN 9789004180031 Copyright2010byKoninklijkeBrillNV,Leiden,TheNetherlands. KoninklijkeBrillNVincorporatestheimprintsBrill,HoteiPublishing, IDCPublishers,MartinusNijhoffPublishersandVSP. 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Feesaresubjecttochange. printedinthenetherlands CONTENTS Acknowledgments..................................................... ix Abbreviations .......................................................... xi Listofillustrations..................................................... xiii introduction ChapterOne FlourishingAphrodite:AnOverview................ 3 VincianePirenne-Delforge(UniversityofLiège) ChapterTwo BuddingAphrodite:IntotheFuture ................. 17 SadiePickup(UniversityofOxford)and AmyC.Smith(UniversityofReading) partone aphrodite’s identity ChapterThree Aphrodite:TheGoddessofAppearances........... 29 VeredLevKenaan(UniversityofHaifa) ChapterFour Oquamtememorem,virgo?InterpretingVenusin Aeneid.–................................................... 51 JamesBurbidge(UniversityofOxford) ChapterFive AphroditeEnoplion ................................... 79 StephanieL.Budin(RutgersUniversity) ChapterSix RethinkingAphroditeasaGoddessatWork.......... 113 GabriellaPironti(UniversityofNaples) vi contents parttwo aphrodite’s companions andrelations ChapterSeven TheSongofAresandAphrodite:Aˇsertuon Skheria .............................................................. 133 AnnetteTeffeteller(ConcordiaUniversity,Montreal) ChapterEight Father-DaughterDynamicsintheIliad:TheRole ofAphroditeinDefiningZeus’Regime............................ 151 KassandraJackson(UniversityofChicago) partthree thespreadofaphrodite’s cults ChapterNine ImagesofCypriotAphroditeinherSanctuaries duringtheAgeoftheCity-Kingdoms.............................. 167 AnjaUlbrich(UniversityofOxford) ChapterTen AphroditeontheAkropolis:EvidencefromAttic Pottery............................................................... 195 ElisabettaPala(UniversityofCagliari) ChapterEleven AphroditeandtheFleetinClassicalAthens ...... 217 ChryssanthiPapadopoulou(King’sCollege,UniversityofLondon) ChapterTwelve EncounteringtheWorldofAphroditeonthe WesternGreekMainland........................................... 235 AlexanderNagel(UniversityofMichigan) ChapterThirteen TheArchitecturalSettingoftheKnidian Aphrodite ........................................................... 251 SophieMontel(UniversityofParisOuestNanterre—LaDéfense) ChapterFourteen InteractiveAphrodite:GreekResponsestothe IdeaofAphroditeasAncestressoftheRomans ................... 269 JennyWallensten(SwedishInstitute,Athens) contents vii partfour thereception ofthegoddess ChapterFifteen AugustanAphrodites:TheAllureofGreekArt inRomanVisualCulture ........................................... 287 RachelKousser(CityUniversityofNewYork,Brooklyn) ChapterSixteen AphroditeandtheSpectacleofthe AmphitheatreinRomanAfrica .................................... 307 MargheritaCarucci(HelsinkiCollegiumforAdvancedStudies) ChapterSeventeen AphroditeinLateAntiqueandMedieval Byzantium........................................................... 321 AnthousaPapagiannaki(UniversityofOxford) ChapterEighteen AphroditeDeconstructed:Botticelli’sVenus andMarsintheNationalGallery,London......................... 347 DavidBellingham(Sotheby’sInstituteofArt,London) ChapterNineteen ReflectionsinaMirror:Bonnard’sAphrodite.. 375 AnnaGruetznerRobins(UniversityofReading) Bibliography ........................................................... 387 PeriodizationofAntiquity............................................. 421 GeneralIndex.......................................................... 423 GeographicIndex...................................................... 433 IndexofPersonalNames .............................................. 437 Monumenta............................................................ 443 Testimonia ............................................................. 449 ABBREVIATIONS AA ArchäologischerAnzeiger ABV Beazley,JohnD.,AtticBlack-FigureVase-Painters(Oxford,) AJA AmericanJournalofArchaeology AM MitteilungendesDeutschenArchäologischenInstituts.Athenische Abteilung ARV2 Beazley,JohnD.,AtticRed-FigureVase-Painters,nded.(Oxford, ) BAPD BeazleyArchivePotteryDatabase,OxfordUniversity www.beazley.ox.ac.uk/databases/pottery.htm ! " BCH BulletindeCorrespondenceHellénique BSA AnnualoftheBritishSchoolatAthens CHD Güterbock,HansG.,HarryA.Hoffner,Jr.,andTheoP.J.vanden Hout,eds.,TheHittiteDictionaryoftheOrientalInstituteofthe UniversityofChicago(Chicago,–) CIG CorpusInscriptionumGraecarum(–) CQ ClassicalQuarterly CVA CorpusVasorumAntiquorum FHG Müller,C.,FragmentaHistoricorumGraecorum(–) IG InscriptionesGraecae(–) IGRom. InscriptionesGraecaeadresRomanaspertinentes(–) JHS JournalofHellenicStudies JRA JournalofRomanArchaeology LIMC LexiconIconographicumMythologiaeClassicae(Zurich,–) OCD Hornblower,Simon,andAnthonySpawforth,eds.,TheOxford ClassicalDictionary,rded.(Oxford,) RDAC ReportoftheDepartmentofAntiquitues,Cyprus SEG SupplementumepigraphicumGraecum(Amsterdam,–) TAPA TransactionsandProceedingsoftheAmericanPhilogicalAssociation AbbreviationsofprimarysourcesfollowthosegiveninOCD. chapterone FLOURISHINGAPHRODITE:ANOVERVIEW VincianePirenne-Delforge Over the last three decades, interest in the goddess Aphrodite has in- creasedconsiderably.Shehasbecomeaverypopularsubjectamongstthe Greekgods.Since,morethantenmonographshavebeendevoted to her, as have numerous articles. Conferences were not so frequent, however: I only know of two, and the mention of Aphrodite in a title doesnotnecessarilyimplythattheconferenceaddressedthisissue.1 The editors of the present volume, Amy Smith and Sadie Pickup, kindly invited me to deliver a keynote speech at the opening of the conference they organized in May . This was a good occasion to examine the reasons for this scholarly and editorial phenomenon, to whichIcontributedmyselfbypublishingmyPhDthesisonthissubject in .2 I would like to present here the results of this bibliographical investigation, and to suggest also, along the way, some methodological issuesatstakeinthisAphroditedossier.Iwanttomakeitclearthatmy overviewattemptstobeneitheranexhaustiveexaminationnoraclinical assessment of all that has been written about Aphrodite, more or less recently.Forthisreason,Ihavedeliberatelymaintainedthepersonaltone adoptedintheoriginallecture. I have started with the year . I could have chosen the year and referred also to Deborah Boedeker, who, in her monograph on 1 Forexample,EngenderingAphrodite,aconferencepublishedbyDianeBolgerand NancySerwint,AmericanSchoolsofOrientalResearch,ArchaeologicalReports,Cyp- rusAmericanArchaeologicalResearchInstituteMonographs(),hasthesubtitle WomenandSocietyinAncientCyprus,butthatcollectionofessaysismoreinterested in gendered approaches than Greek gods. A more focused conference was published in , by Göta Johansson, The Making of a Goddess: Aphrodite in History, Art and Literature(Lund,).Thisanthologyoftexts,somepreviouslypublished,presentsthe “influentialandversatilegoddess”andherdevelopmentfromInanna/Ishtarthroughto thetwentiethcenturyad. 2 VincianePirenne-Delforge,L’Aphroditegrecque.Contributionàl’étudedesescultes etdesapersonnalitédanslepanthéonarchaïqueetclassique.KernosSupplement(Liege, ). flourishingaphrodite:anoverview pantheon in all its complexity, on the other. Sourvinou-Inwood distin- guished two levels for the representation of Greek gods: the local, polis level,andthePanhelleniclevel.Today,suchadistinctioniswellknown and has been infused into scholarship about Greek religion, as was not thecasethirtyyearsago,especiallywithregardtoAphrodite.Ibelieveit isnotmerechancethatSourvinou-Inwoodchoseacasestudyofagod- desswhosefigurehadbeenpreviouslystudiedonlyfromaliterarypoint ofview,andhadthereforebecomedisassociatedfromculticrealities. Beforebeginningtoworkonthesubjectmyself,Iwasconsciousthat twoprincipaltrendsofinvestigationhadbeenprivilegedtoencapsulate Aphrodite’s profile: first, the study of texts celebrating this so-called goddess of love, sex, and beauty; second, those looking for her origins (I will return induecoursetothe secondissue). My own response was against both of these trends: I wanted to put aside the literary persona of Aphrodite and the question of her origins. Fortunately a third path ofinvestigationwasathand,inLewisFarnell’smonumentalCultsofthe GreekStates,8writtenattheendofthenineteenthcentury.Farnell’sideas were reinvigorated, on a stricter methodological basis, in Sourvinou- Inwood’s article. She scrutinized local cults in their own Greek context withoutanybiasinspiredbyliteratureorinterpretationthroughaNear EasternorIndo-Europeanframe.Myleaningtowardsthisapproachwas, inpart,rootedfirstintheconsciousnessthatIwasnotcompetentenough to address the multicultural and multilinguistic evidence of the many places in which Aphrodite was thought to have originated. Second, my educationinancienthistorywasfedbyFrench-speakingscholars,such as Jean-Pierre Vernant and Jean Rudhardt, who made a strong case for an interpretation of the Greek religious system in the Greek language.9 WalterBurkert’sbookswere,ofcourse,alsopresentonmydesk,andvery helpful, particularly his monumental Greek Religion. Despite Burkert’s useful investigations into the oriental background and some cultural issues,10IthoughtthequestionoftheoriginsofGreekgodsshouldnow take a backseat. More urgent was the need to understand Aphrodite’s cultsintheGreekcities. 8 LewisRichardFarnell,CultsoftheGreekStates,vols.(Oxford,–). 9 Forexample,Jean-PierreVernant,“Lasociétédesdieux,”inMytheetsociétéenGrèce ancienne(Paris,),pp.–;JeanRudhardt,Notionsfondamentalesdelapensée religieuseetactesconstitutifsduculteenGrèceclassique,nded.(Paris,),p.. 10 Walter Burkert, Greek Religion: Archaic and Classical, trans. John Raffan (Cam- bridge,Mass.,).Ontheorientalbackground,forexample:WalterBurkert,TheOri- entalizingRevolution:NearEasternInfluenceonCultureintheEarlyArchaicAge,trans. vincianepirenne-delforge Writing such a monograph on a Greek goddess in the late s andearlyswas not,however,fashionable,despiteitssubjectbeing Aphrodite.ThecontemporarytrendsinscholarshiponGreekgodswere geared towards regional studies, such as Fritz Graf’s work on northern Ionian cults, Philippe Bruneau’s analysis of the cults on the island of Delos, or Madeleine Jost’s investigation into the religious life of Arca- dia.11 The local level of Greek religion, just as Sourvinou-Inwood had defined it, increasingly necessitated regional investigations, which took into account the nexus of the complex relation among the deities of a localpantheon.RobertParkerhasalsotakenthisapproachinhissecond bookdevotedtoAthenianreligion.12 Thestudyofasingledeitydoes,however,riskbeingadeity-centered analysis that does not place the god or goddess in a plural context. Returningtothischoicewithacriticalgaze,today,Idonotregrethav- ing taken this option many years ago. First, regional works and deity- centered monographs are complementary tools that are necessary for the interpretation of Greek polytheism, even though (and here I quote Parker) “Greek polytheism is indescribable.”13 Second, I realized, while working on this keynote address, that my work had perhaps modestly contributedtotheflourishinginterestintheculticdimensionofAphro- dite.EventhoughIhadhadtolimitthescopeofmyresearch,thebook put at everyone’s disposal, albeit in French, the material necessary to tackledifferentproblemsconcerningthisgoddess.Giventhesesources, onemighteitheragreeordisagreewithmyhypotheses:scientificcontro- versyisthemostefficientfuelforscholarship! Letusnowturntothemaintrendsofthisrecentscholarship,inwhich Idiscernthreetendencies:afocalizationonregionalcontexts,astudyof MargaretE.PinderandWalterBurkert(Cambridge,Mass.,);DaOmeroaiMagi. Latradizioneorientalenellaculturagreca(Venice,).Severalpapershavebeengath- eredrecentlyinKleineSchriften:Orientalia,ed.M.LauraGemelliMarciano(Göttingen, ). 11 Fritz Graf, Nordionische Kulte. Religionsgeschichtliche und epigraphische Untersu- chungenzudenKultenvonChios,Erythrai,KlazomenaiundPhokaia,BibliothecaHel- veticaRomana(Rome,);PhilippeBruneau,RecherchessurlescultesdeDélosà l’époquehellénistiqueetàl’époqueimpériale,BibliothèquedesÉcolesfrançaised’Athènes etdeRome(Paris,);MadeleineJost,Sanctuairesetcultesd’Arcadie,Étudespélo- ponnésiennes(Paris,). 12 ThefirstwasAthenianReligion:AHistory(Oxford,),andthesecond,Polythe- ismandSocietyatAthens(Oxford,). 13 Parker,PolytheismandSociety,p.. flourishingaphrodite:anoverview thepresenceofAphroditeinsidethepoliticalandmilitaryarenaofmany cities,andthecontinuingquestionofherorigins. RegionalContexts In , Yulia Ustinova published a book on The Supreme Gods of the Bosporan Kingdom: Celestial Aphrodite and the Most High God.14 The author’scommandofRussianenabled hertogather theresultsofexca- vationsandotherarchaeologicalresearchintheBlackSearegion.From the available evidence, she produced a balanced evaluation of the rich interactionsbetweenGreekcolonists,amongwhomMilesianswerethe most active, and their indigenous neighbors. She showed the evolution of Aphrodite’s cult, and how the goddess became, during the Hellenis- tic period, the tutelary goddess of the Bosporan Kingdom. The leading position of the goddess in the Greek cities of this region (well stud- ied in all its implications by Ustinova) has also been shown through the impressive results of the excavations conducted in Miletos, mother city of many colonies on the coast of the Black Sea.15 On the modern site of Zeytintepe, an extra-urban sanctuary of Aphrodite provides a largeamountofArchaicmaterial,which,whenpublished,willprobably changeourmindsabouttheroleandprofileofAphroditeintheArchaic period.Thisexcavationisoneofthemostpromisingandexcitinginthe Archaic“Aphrodisian”domain.16AnothersitewhereAphroditepredom- inates,albeitwithadifferentchronologicalscope,isatAphrodisias.Lisa Brodyhaspresentedtheimportanceofinterpretingthecomplexandfas- cinating image of the goddess Aphrodite in such a multicultural place during the Hellenistic and Roman periods.17 Still in the archaeological domain,resultsfromtheoldexcavationsconductedbytheFrenchSchool 14 YuliaUstinova,TheSupremeGodsoftheBosporanKingdom:CelestialAphroditeand theMostHighGod,ReligionsoftheGraeco-RomanWorld(Leiden,). 15 SeeAlanM.Greaves,“TheCultofAphroditeinMiletosandItsColonies,”Anatolian Studies(),–. 16 ConductedbyVolkmarvonGraeve.Since,whenthesanctuarywasdiscovered, onlypreliminaryreportshavebeenpublishedinsuccessiveissuesofAA.Cf.Reinhard Senff,“DasAphroditeheiligtumvonMilet,”inNeueForschungenzurReligionsgeschichte Kleinasiens,ed.GudrunHeedemann,AsiaMinorStudien(Berlin,),pp.–, andhttp://www.ruhr-uni-bochum.de/milet/in/aphrodite.htm(consultedonJanuary ). 17 SeeLisaR.Brody,“TheCultofAphroditeatAphrodisiasinCaria,”Kernos(), –.
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