Brief Introduction to Fisheries

252 Pages·2020·3.401 MB·English

by  Xinjun Chen, Yingqi Zhou

Xinjun Chen
Yingqi Zhou Editors
Brief Introduction
to Fisheries
Brief Introduction to Fisheries
(cid:129)
Xinjun Chen Yingqi Zhou
Editors
Brief Introduction to Fisheries
Editors
XinjunChen YingqiZhou
CollegeofMarineSciences CollegeofMarineSciences
ShanghaiOceanUniversity ShanghaiOceanUniversity
LingangNewCity,Shanghai,China LingangNewCity,Shanghai,China
ISBN978-981-15-3136-1 ISBN978-981-15-3336-5 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3336-5
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Contents
1 Introduction. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
XinjunChenandYinqiZhou
2 ReviewonGlobalFisheries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 19
XinjunChen,YinqiZhou,andLeileiZou
3 OverviewofMajorFisheryCountriesintheWorld. . . . . . . . . . . . . 97
JiahuaLeandXinjunChen
4 AnOverviewofMajorFisheryDisciplines. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
XinjunChen,YinqiZhou,LimingSong,ZhiheWang,KaijunWu,
andChenSun
5 SustainableDevelopmentandBlueGrowthofFisheries. . . . . . . . . . 181
XinjunChenandYinqiZhou
6 GlobalEnvironmentalChangeandFisheries. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
XinjunChen
v
Chapter 1
Introduction
XinjunChenandYinqiZhou
Abbreviations
COFI TheCommitteeonFisheries
FAO TheFoodandAgricultureOrganizationoftheUnitedNations
1.1 Definition and Features of Fisheries
1.1.1 Definition and Classification of Fisheries
1.1.1.1 DefinitionofFisheries
Fishery is an important industry in the world and plays an important role in the
human welfare. In Asian countries and regions such as China, Japan, and South
Korea, it is customary to refer to fisheries as the aquaculture and fishing industry
(Chen and Zhou 2018). According to the definition given by the Chinese Agricul-
tural Encyclopedia, “fishing industry” refers to “the social industrial sector where
humanbeingsobtainaquaticproductsthroughfishing,aquacultureandenhancement
that are produced under the material transformation function of biological mecha-
nismsinthewater”(ChenandZhou2018).InChina,fisheries,inabroadsense,also
include the repair and construction of fishing vessels, design and manufacture of
fishing gear, construction and planning of fishing ports, and supply of fishery
products; in addition, fisheries involve various pre- and post-harvest industries,
which include processing, preservation, storage, transportation and sales,
X.Chen(*)·Y.Zhou
CollegeofMarineSciences,ShanghaiOceanUniversity,LingangNewCity,Shanghai,China
e-mail:[email protected];[email protected]
©SciencePress&SpringerNatureSingaporePteLtd.2020 1
X.Chen,Y.Zhou(eds.),BriefIntroductiontoFisheries,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-981-15-3336-5_1
2 X.ChenandY.Zhou
cultivation, and harvest of aquatic products. In China, fishery is an important
industry that is listed as one of the components of agriculture (Chen and Zhou
2018).However,inWesterncountriesandregions,suchasEurope,itiscustomaryto
refertofisheriesasthefishingindustryandaquaticproductsprocessingindustry,and
the industrial chain of fishing, processing, storage, and transportation and sales is
viewed as a complete industry. Fisheries mean the combination of industries from
the development and utilization of natural resources to fishing for aquatic living
resourceswheretheendconsumersareviewedasservicetargetsandarethuscalled
“the fishing industry.” At the same time, aquaculture is treated as a sideline of
agriculture and has not been specifically classified as an industry (Chen and Zhou
2018).Foralongtime,theCommitteeonFisheries(COFI),establishedbytheFood
and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO), has focused on and
coordinatednationalfishing-relatedactivities.Therefore,asfaras“marinefishery”is
concerned, this term customarily refers to marine fishing and production and the
related aquatic products processing industry, while marine aquaculture is not
recordedinamarinefishery.Untiltheendofthetwentiethcentury,whentheglobal
aquaculture industry rapidly developed, the output and output values continued to
riseandaquacultureproductsincreasinglycontributedtotheproteinandeconomies
ofhumansociety;COFIestablishedtheCommitteeonAquaculturein2000(Com-
mittee on Aquaculture-COFI/FAO). Over the past 10 years, inshore marine cage
aquaculture has rapidly developed, its production has soared, the resulting propor-
tion in marine fisheries has increased, and culture species, including traditional
fishing targets, have attracted widespread attention. Therefore, the international
community is accustomed to referring to fishing and aquaculture as “fisheries and
aquaculture.” However, in this text, we refer to fisheries as the aquaculture and
fishingindustry(ChenandZhou2018).
1.1.1.2 ClassificationofFisheries
Fisheries are a production industry, involving the exploitation, rational harvesting,
artificialenhancement,andaquacultureofaquaticproductsandanimalsthatinhabit
and breed in marine and inland waters and preservation and processing of aquatic
products.Inabroadsense,thisindustryalsoincludestherepairandconstructionof
fishing vessels, manufacture of related facilities and equipment, and production of
fishery medicine and fish feed. Fisheries are a component of national economies.
Withtheexpansionoffisheriesresourcesdevelopmentinmarineandinlandwaters
andtheincreaseinpopulation,aquaticproductshavebecomenotonlyanimportant
sourceofanimalproteinbutalsotherawmaterialsforchemicalandpharmaceutical
industries, and aquatic products have provided feed for the livestock industry
aswell.
Differentnationshavedifferentfisheryclassifications.TakingChinaasanexam-
ple,fisheriescanbedividedintothefishingindustry,aquacultureandenhancement
industry, and aquatic products preservation and processing industry. (1) Fishing
industry: aproductionindustry of fishing for naturally growneconomic animals in
marine and inland waters, including the marine fishing industry and inland water
1 Introduction 3
fishing industry. (2) Aquaculture and enhancement industry: a production industry
forartificialbreeding,culturing,releasing,andenhancingaquaticeconomicanimals
andplantsinsuitableinlandwaters,shallowseas,andmudflats.Theformer,through
artificialculturing,iscalledaquaculture,andthelatter,throughnaturalbreeding,is
calledenhancement.Fisheriescanbedividedbywatertypeintoinlandaquaculture
andenhancementandmarineaquacultureandenhancement.Theformerculturesand
enhancesfish,shrimp,crabs,andturtlesinponds,lakes,reservoirs,ricefields,rivers,
andotherwaters.Thelatterculturesandenhancesshellfish,fish,shrimp,andcrabs
and cultures seaweed in shallow seas, mudflats, harbors, and other waters.
(3) Aquatic product preservation and processing: a production industry for aquatic
foodpreservationandprocessingandutilizationofprocessedaquaticproducts.The
former refers to freezing, refrigerating, marinating, drying, smoking, and canning
aquatic products as well as their preservation and processing and production of
variousrawandcookedfoodinsmallpackages.Thelatterreferstotheproductionof
pharmaceuticalandchemicalproducts,suchasfeedfishmeal,fishoil,andcodliver
oil, and the preparation of polyunsaturated fatty acids, algin, and iodine. Aquatic
productspreservationandprocessingplaysakeyroleinpromotingthecirculationof
fishing products and aquaculture products and in improving the edible value and
utilizationofaquaticproducts.
Inaddition,therearecultivatedfisheries,recreationalfisheries,andurbanfisher-
iesaswell.(1)Cultivatedfishery:alsoknownasthe“marineenhancementindustry”.
This marine fishery uses a similar production model as agriculture and animal
husbandry in suitable waters and is a new system of marine biological resource
development, utilization, and management integrated with marine fishing and
marine culturing. The cultivated fishery is a system that cultures seaweed and
culturesandenhancesfish,crabs,shrimp,andshellfishbyapplyingmodernscience
and technology and equipment and adopting technical measures such as artificial
incubation, breeding, release, and artificial reefs. The cultivated fishery attaches
great importance to protecting the propagation of aquatic resources, promoting
aquaticproductivity,andmaintainingecologicalequilibrium.(2)Recreationalfish-
ery: based on leisure industries such as tourism, fishing, entertainment, catering,
fitness,andvacation.Therecreationalfisheryformsanewindustryintegratedwith
componentsoftourism,recreation,andfishing.Therecreationalfisheryhasachieved
thepurposeofinteractingwithprimary,secondary,andtertiaryindustriestoimprove
the social, ecological, and economic benefits of fisheries to meet the increasingly
spiritual and cultural needs of human beings. In the USA, Japan, and European
countries, recreational fisheries are well developed. As China has been rapidly
developing the recreational fishing industry since the twenty-first century, it takes
its place in fisheries. (3) Urban fishery: takes advantage of the economy, culture,
science,andtechnologyinlargecitiestodevelopaproductionindustryofintensive
fishing to meet the consumer needs in large cities. The urban fishery upgrades and
expandstraditionalfishingandisacomponentofurbanagriculture,amodernfishing
patternwithsuburbancharacteristics,andspecialurbanservicefunctions.
Fisheries can be divided into marine fisheries and inland fisheries by different
water types. (1) Marine fisheries can be divided into coastal fisheries, inshore
fisheries,offshorefisheries,anddeep-seafisheries.Deep-seafisheriescanbefurther
4 X.ChenandY.Zhou
dividedintodistantwaterfisheriesandhighseasfisheries,andhighseasfisheriesare
also known as oceanic fisheries. Meanwhile, marine fisheries can be divided into
aquaculture and enhancement as well as capture, asthe formercan be divided into
the marine resource enhancement industry and marine aquaculture industry. The
latter refers to a production industry that focuses on sustainable development and
rationalutilizationofmarinefisheryresources.Marinefisheriescanbedividedinto
coastal fishing, inshore fishing, and deep-sea fishing according to different waters.
Modern marine fisheries, in a broad sense, also include fishery products preserva-
tion,processing,distribution,trade,andsoon.(2)Inlandfisheriesareconductedin
inlandponds,lakes,reservoirs,rivers,paddyfields,andsoon.Inlandfisheriescanbe
further divided into freshwater fisheries and reservoir fisheries and can also be
dividedintoinlandaquacultureandenhancementaswellasinlandcapture.Notall
inlandwatersarefreshwater,andtherearestillmanysaltwaterlakes;evenso,inland
fisheriesareoftenknownasfreshwaterfisheries.
Additionally,marinefisheriescanbedividedintocommercialfisheriesandsmall-
scalefisheries.Inadditiontocommercialfisheries,therearealsosubsistencefisher-
ies,wherefishandshrimparecapturedmainlyforhouseholdconsumptionandonly
a small amount are for sale in exchange for necessities, so subsistence fisheries
involve fishermen exchanging goods for goods to make a living. The international
community has given special attention and protection to the fishery rights and
interestsofsubsistencefisheriesfishermen.
Traditionally,fisheriesareclassifiedandnamedaccordingtothevariousaquatic
species,operatingmethods,orwaters,suchassquidfisheries,tunafisheries,trawling
fisheries,purseseinefisheries,andfixednetfisheries.
1.1.2 Characteristics of Fisheries
1.1.2.1 CharacteristicsOriginatingfromNaturalResource
andEnvironmentalFeatures
Seasonality
Fisheriesproductiontargetsbiologicalresourcesinwater,soitisobviouslyseasonal
(Chen2014).Themostinfluentialfactorsonfishermenarelongerproductioncycles
and concentrated and short-term harvests or fishing seasons. Aquatic products are
seasonalandperishable;thus,agreatercapabilityisrequiredfortheconcentrationof
aquaticproductsprocessingandpreservationtosellproductsinatimelyandregular
faction.However,thereisacontradictionbetweenthesupply-demandandconcen-
trated fish harvest, which leads to a huge production capacity, low production
equipment efficiency, and catch waste. The seasonal characteristic of seafood hin-
dersaquaticproductsprocessingandpreservation,industrycombination,andfunc-
tion; thus, determining how to optimize organization to improve overall
effectivenessandefficiencyisachallengefacingtheaquaticproductsindustrychain.
1 Introduction 5
Regionality
Regionaldistributionisacommoncharacteristicoflivingspecies.Differentspecies
inhabit different waters and different water layers; even the same species can have
different qualities and flavors due to various environments, which form region-
specific specialties (Chen 2014). Aquatic products are obviously regional, and
compared with other agricultural products, consumers have diverse demands for
aquatic products and are particularly concerned about the origin and variety of
aquatic products. Origin is often closely related to an aquatic product brand, so
that products have geographical characteristics, such as Yangcheng Lake hairy
crabs. Therefore, the regional characteristic of aquatic products and consumer
focus ontheorigin areaspectsthatshouldgarner attentionduringindustrialdevel-
opmentandmanagement offisheries.Inaddition,fromtheperspective ofresource
protectionandconservationmanagement,toprotectandstrengthenthesupervision
offisheryresourcesintypicalwaters,international fisheriesmanagementorganiza-
tions require that aquatic products need to be accompanied with origin certificates
andbiologicallabels.
Shared
Aquatic living resources such as fish live and migrate in waters, where they even
migrate across oceans and borders, and this liquidity has made fishery resources
publicresources(Chen2014).Becauseofthisliquidityormigrationacrossborders,
itisdifficulttodefineresourceownership;thus,iteasilyleadstopredatoryfishing.
Therefore, in fisheries resource management, to achieve sustainable use of fishery
resourcesandsustainabledevelopmentoffisheries,itisrequiredthatthosewhouse
fishery resources should cooperate, including cooperation and coordination among
countries.Forexample,tunafisheries,sauryfisheries,andsoon,thefisheriesunder
the jurisdiction of various regional international fisheries organizations, are the
responsible fisheries that are currently advocated internationally. However, fishery
resourcesareshared,andownershipisambiguous;thus,thepriorityforfishermenis
resourcepossession,whichleadstocompetitionforresources.Thefisheriesindustry
has a strong exclusivity. At the same time, a good knowledge of fishery resources
andgoodcontroloffisheryresourcesarethecorecompetitivefactors.
1.1.2.2 CharacteristicsoftheFisheriesIndustry
FisheriesIndustryCloselyRelatedto“Resources,Environment,andFood
Security”
As we all know, “resources, environment, and food safety” are world hot spots,
which attract leaders’ attention in different countries; thus, many summits and
international seminarsareheld toput forward the guiding principles ofsustainable