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A B H RIEF ISTORY P OF AKISTAN i-xii_BH-Pakistan_fm.indd i 10/28/08 11:46:46 AM i-xii_BH-Pakistan_fm.indd ii 10/28/08 11:46:46 AM A B H RIEF ISTORY P OF AKISTAN J W AMES YNBRANDT Foreword by Fawaz A. Gerges i-xii_BH-Pakistan_fm.indd iii 10/28/08 11:46:46 AM A Brief History of Pakistan Copyright © 2009 by James Wynbrandt; foreword by Fawaz A. Gerges All rights reserved. No part of this book may be reproduced or utilized in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage or retrieval systems, without permission in writing from the publisher. For information contact: Facts On File, Inc. An imprint of Infobase Publishing 132 West 31st Street New York NY 10001 Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Wynbrandt, James. A brief history of Pakistan / James Wynbrandt; foreword by Fawaz A. Gerges. p. cm.—(Brief history) Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN-13: 978-0-8160-6184-6 ISBN-10: 0-8160-6184-X 1. Pakistan—History. I. Title. DS382.W96 2008 954.91—dc22 2008008921 Facts On File books are available at special discounts when purchased in bulk quantities for businesses, associations, institutions, or sales promotions. Please call our Special Sales Department in New York at (212) 967-8800 or (800) 322-8755. You can fi nd Facts On File on the World Wide Web at http://www.factsonfi le.com Text design by Joan M. McEvoy Cover design by Semadar Megged/Jooyoung An Map design by Sholto Ainslie Printed in the United States of America MP Hermitage 10 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 This book is printed on acid-free paper and contains 30 percent postconsumer recycled content. i-xii_BH-Pakistan_fm.indd iv 10/28/08 11:46:46 AM Contents List of Illustrations vii List of Maps viii Foreword ix Introduction xi 1 The Land and Its Early History 1 2 Inroads of Armies and Ideas (500 B.C.E.–700 C.E.) 22 3 The Coming of Islam (700–1526) 41 4 The Mughal Period (1526–1748) 67 5 Trading Company Wars (1748–1858) 94 6 The Raj Era (1858–1909) 114 7 The Road to Independence (1909–1947) 138 8 The Challenges of Independence (1947–1958) 160 9 Military Rule (1958–1971) 183 10 B etween East and West (1971–1988) 202 11 C ivilian Rule Restored (1988–1999) 225 12 A Return to the World Stage (1999–2008) 253 Appendixes 1 Glossary 282 2 Basic Facts about Pakistan 286 3 Chronology 291 4 Bibliography 300 5 Suggested Reading 307 Index 312 i-xii_BH-Pakistan_fm.indd v 10/28/08 11:46:46 AM i-xii_BH-Pakistan_fm.indd vi 10/28/08 11:46:46 AM List of illustrations Aerial view of the Indus River 3 K2, the world’s second-highest mountain peak 5 Mohenjo-Daro 16 Seal from an Indus Valley Civilization 17 Drawing of Alexander the Great and inhabitants of the islands of the Oriental Sea 28 Gandhara stone carvings 32 Gandhara petroglyphs 34 An image of Buddha carved into stone 35 Mausoleum of Sultan Abdul Razaq, in Ghazni, Afghanistan 54 Sultanate of Delhi 64 Thatta ruins 65 Drawing of Babur’s flight from Samarkand 70 Drawing of Mughals playing a game of polo 73 Rohtas Fort 75 Illustration of Akbar’s attack on Rathanbhor Fort 78 Mughal emperor Aurangzeb on his throne 87 Badshahi Mosque 88 Derawar Fort, near Bahawalpur, Punjab 105 Musicians and dancers entertain British East India Company officers 107 Arrival of Lord Canning in Lahore 121 Photograph of Sir Sayyid Ahmad Khan 124 Tiger hunt expedition 135 Image of Muhammad Ali Jinnah 140 Lahore Session of All India Muslim League 152 Muhammad Ali Jinnah with Mohandas K. Gandhi, 1944 153 Final phase of the Partition of India meeting, 1947 158 Muhammad Ali Jinnah announces independence of Pakistan over the All India Radio 159 Refugees arrive in Pakistan by special train 163 Photograph of first prime minister, Nawabzada Liaquat Ali Khan 168 Karachi shipyard 185 vviiii View of a building-lined street in Islamabad 186 Women practicing rifl e shooting 193 Refi nery in Karachi 209 Interior of an industrial plant 210 Photograph of Zia ul-Haq 213 Benazir Bhutto being sworn in as prime minister 228 Nawaz Sharif addressing parliament 235 Protests against Benazir Bhutto’s policies 246 Photograph of General Musharraf 254 Pakistani newspaper advertising the country’s six most-wanted terrorists 263 Benazir Bhutto addresses supporters after her return from exile in October 2007 276 Asif Ali Zardari and Nawaz Sharif at a joint press conference in March 2008 278 List of Maps Topographical Map of Pakistan 4 Political Map of Pakistan 9 Archaeological Sites 18 Empire of Alexander the Great, ca. 323 B.C.E. 26 Early Arab Expeditions in Pakistan 44 Delhi Sultanate 59 Mughal Empire 68 India, 1805 97 Partition of India, 1947–1949 161 Kashmir, 1972 194 Pashtun Tribes of the NWFP and FATA 269 viii i-xii_BH-Pakistan_fm.indd viii 10/28/08 11:46:46 AM Foreword S ince September 11, 2001, Pakistan has emerged as a pivotal front in the U.S. war on terrorism. Its very political destiny is distorted by the unfolding global struggle against al-Qaeda and other militants, such as the Taliban, who have found a home in Pakistan. With the excep- tion of Iraq, the global confrontation against jihadists and their Taliban allies is playing itself out on the streets of Pakistan’s crowded urban centers and tribal areas more than in any other country. From a U.S. perspective, Pakistan’s active participation in the fi ght against terrorism dwarfs everything else in importance, including human rights, socioeconomic equity, and democracy; like its other Arab and Muslim neighbors, Pakistan has become important for the wrong reasons. A fl ood of publications and media commentary on Pakistan focuses almost exclusively on Pakistan’s commitment to the war on terrorism and the security of its nuclear arsenal. Little is being written or aired on the daily struggle of Pakistan’s impoverished population, the endemic corruption of its ruling elite, and the infl uential role played by the security forces. Little is being said about how America’s war on terrorism exacerbates internal tensions and cleavages in the country and deepens and widens the divide between religiously oriented activists and other social and political forces; it also provides the security apparatus with a powerful rationale to suspend constitutional checks and balances and marginalize civil society. America’s war on terrorism could easily desta- bilize the country and turn it into a failed state. But as James Wynbrandt shows in his incisive history, the Islamic Republic of Pakistan occupies a position of historic and strategic importance as a crossroads of religious and political ideologies that have infl uenced international events. Although Pakistan is a young nation, born after World War II, Wynbrandt reconstructs the historical continuity of the Indian subcontinent as a cradle of spiritual awaken- ing and intercivilizational fertilization between East and West; Pakistan stands at the center stage of world culture and politics. Before and after achieving independence in 1947, what is now Pakistan was and is a prize and participant in the Great Game of global power politics. More ix i-xii_BH-Pakistan_fm.indd ix 10/28/08 11:46:46 AM