Bridge Engineering Handbook, Second Edition: Construction and Maintenance PDF
Preview Bridge Engineering Handbook, Second Edition: Construction and Maintenance
CIVIL ENGINEERING Chen Duan Bridge Engineering Handbook B r i d SECOND EDITION g e Bridge Engineering Handbook E CONSTRUCTION AND MAINTENANCE n g in SECOND EDITION e Over 140 experts, 14 countries, and 89 chapters are represented in the second edition of e r the Bridge Engineering Handbook. This extensive collection highlights bridge engineering in g specimens from around the world, contains detailed information on bridge engineering, H and thoroughly explains the concepts and practical applications surrounding the subject. a n d Published in five books: Fundamentals, Superstructure Design, Substructure Design, b Seismic Design, and Construction and Maintenance, this new edition provides numerous o o worked-out examples that give readers step-by-step design procedures, includes k contributions by leading experts from around the world in their respective areas of bridge engineering, contains 26 completely new chapters, and updates most other chapters. It offers design concepts, specifications, and practice, as well as the various types of bridges. The text includes over 2,500 tables, charts, illustrations, and photos. The book A covers new, innovative and traditional methods and practices; explores rehabilitation, N retrofit, and maintenance; and examines seismic design and building materials. C D O The fifth book, Construction and Maintenance contains 19 chapters, and covers the M N practical issues of bridge structures. S A T What’s New in the Second Edition: I R N U T • Includes nine new chapters: Steel Bridge Fabrication, Cable-Supported Bridge C E Construction, Accelerated Bridge Construction, Bridge Management Using Pontis and N T Improved Concepts, Bridge Maintenance, Bridge Health Monitoring, Nondestructive I Evaluation Methods for Bridge Elements, Life-Cycle Performance Analysis and A O Optimization, and Bridge Construction Methods N CONSTRUCTION N C • Rewrites the Bridge Construction Inspection chapter and retitles it as Bridge Construction Supervision and Inspection E AND M AINTENANCE • Expands and rewrites the Maintenance Inspection and Rating chapter into three chapters: Bridge Inspection, Steel Bridge Evaluation and Rating, and Concrete Bridge Evaluation and Rating; and the Strengthening and Rehabilitation chapter into two chapters: Rehabilitation and Strengthening of Highway Bridge Superstructures, S E and Rehabilitation and Strengthening of Orthotropic Steel Bridge Decks C O EDITED BY N This text is an ideal reference for practicing bridge D engineers and consultants (design, construction, K12392 ED Wai-Fah Chen and Lian Duan maintenance), and can also be used as a reference IT I for students in bridge engineering courses. O N 6000 Broken Sound Parkway, NW Suite 300, Boca Raton, FL 33487 711 Third Avenue New York, NY 10017 an business 2 Park Square, Milton Park www.crcpress.com Abingdon, Oxon OX14 4RN, UK w w w . c r c p r e s s . c o m Bridge Engineering Handbook SECOND EDITION construction and maintenance Bridge Engineering Handbook, Second Edition Bridge Engineering Handbook, Second Edition: Fundamentals Bridge Engineering Handbook, Second Edition: Superstructure Design Bridge Engineering Handbook, Second Edition: Substructure Design Bridge Engineering Handbook, Second Edition: Seismic Design Bridge Engineering Handbook, Second Edition: Construction and Maintenance Bridge Engineering Handbook SECOND EDITION construction and m aintena nce Edited by Wai-Fah Chen and Lian Duan Boca Raton London New York CRC Press is an imprint of the Taylor & Francis Group, an informa business CRC Press Taylor & Francis Group 6000 Broken Sound Parkway NW, Suite 300 Boca Raton, FL 33487-2742 © 2014 by Taylor & Francis Group, LLC CRC Press is an imprint of Taylor & Francis Group, an Informa business No claim to original U.S. Government works Version Date: 20130923 International Standard Book Number-13: 978-1-4398-5233-0 (eBook - PDF) This book contains information obtained from authentic and highly regarded sources. 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Visit the Taylor & Francis Web site at http://www.taylorandfrancis.com and the CRC Press Web site at http://www.crcpress.com Contents Foreword ..................................................................................................................vii Preface to the Second Edition ..................................................................................ix Preface to the First Edition ......................................................................................xi Editors. ................................................................................................................... xiii Contributors ............................................................................................................xv 1 Steel Bridge Construction .................................................................................1 Jackson Durkee 2 Steel Bridge Fabrication ..................................................................................51 Ronnie Medlock 3 Concrete Bridge Construction ........................................................................67 Simon A. Blank, Michael M. Blank, and Hamid Kondazi 4 Cable-Supported Bridge Construction ...........................................................85 Junfeng Shi, Tianqing Yu, Yaodong Liu, Yinghua Bai, and Rui Xiong 5 Cable Force Adjustment and Construction Control .................................... 113 Dajian Han and Quansheng Yan 6 Substructures of Major Overwater Bridges .................................................. 137 Ben C. Gerwick Jr. 7 Accelerated Bridge Construction. ................................................................. 175 Benjamin MengPoh Tang 8 Bridge Construction Supervision and Inspection. .......................................207 Zhihu Cheng 9 Bridge Management Using Pontis and Improved Concepts ........................ 233 Gongkang Fu and Dinesh Devaraj 10 Bridge Health Monitoring .............................................................................247 Dan M. Frangopol and Sunyong Kim 11 Bridge Maintenance ......................................................................................269 Sreenivas Alampalli v vi Contents 12 Nondestructive Evaluation Methods for Bridge Elements. .......................... 301 Glenn Washer 13 Bridge Inspection .......................................................................................... 337 Joyce E. Copelan 14 Steel Bridge Evaluation and Rating .............................................................. 351 Yi Edward Zhou 15 Concrete Bridge Evaluation and Rating ....................................................... 381 Murugesu Vinayagamoorthy and Richard Tsang 16 Rehabilitation and Strengthening of Highway Bridge Superstructures ......443 Xiaohua Cheng, Lian Duan, and Walid S. Najjar 17 Rehabilitation of Strengthening of Orthotropic Steel Bridge Decks ........... 491 Chitoshi Miki and Hisatada Suganuma 18 Life-Cycle Performance Analysis and Optimization ................................... 539 Dan M. Frangopol and Sunyong Kim 19 Bridge Construction Methods ......................................................................569 Mourad M. Bakhoum Foreword Throughout the history of civilization bridges have been the icons of cities, regions, and countries. All bridges are useful for transportation, commerce, and war. Bridges are necessary for civilization to exist, and many bridges are beautiful. A few have become the symbols of the best, noblest, and most beautiful that mankind has achieved. The secrets of the design and construction of the ancient bridges have been lost, but how could one not marvel at the magnificence, for example, of the Roman viaducts? The second edition of the Bridge Engineering Handbook expands and updates the previous edition by including the new developments of the first decade of the twenty-first century. Modern bridge engineering has its roots in the nineteenth century, when wrought iron, steel, and reinforced c oncrete began to compete with timber, stone, and brick bridges. By the beginning of World War II, the transportation infrastructure of Europe and North America was essentially complete, and it served to sustain civilization as we know it. The iconic bridge symbols of modern cities were in place: Golden Gate Bridge of San Francisco, Brooklyn Bridge, London Bridge, Eads Bridge of St. Louis, and the bridges of Paris, Lisbon, and the bridges on the Rhine and the Danube. Budapest, my birthplace, had seven beauti- ful bridges across the Danube. Bridge engineering had reached its golden age, and what more and better could be attained than that which was already achieved? Then came World War II, and most bridges on the European continent were destroyed. All seven bridges of Budapest were blown apart by January 1945. Bridge engineers after the war were suddenly forced to start to rebuild with scant resources and with open minds. A renaissance of bridge engineering started in Europe, then spreading to America, Japan, China, and advancing to who knows where in the world, maybe Siberia, Africa? It just keeps going! The past 60 years of bridge engineering have brought us many new forms of bridge architecture (plate girder bridges, cable stayed bridges, segmen- tal prestressed concrete bridges, composite bridges), and longer spans. Meanwhile enormous knowl- edge and experience have been amassed by the profession, and progress has benefitted greatly by the availability of the digital computer. The purpose of the Bridge Engineering Handbook is to bring much of this knowledge and experience to the bridge engineering community of the world. The contents encom- pass the whole s pectrum of the life cycle of the bridge, from conception to demolition. The editors have convinced 146 experts from many parts of the world to contribute their knowledge and to share the secrets of their successful and unsuccessful experiences. Despite all that is known, there are still failures: engineers are human, they make errors; nature is capricious, it brings unexpected sur- prises! But bridge engineers learn from failures, and even errors help to foster progress. The Bridge Engineering Handbook, second edition consists of five books: Fundamentals Superstructure Design Substructure Design Seismic Design Construction and Maintenance vii viii Foreword Fundamentals, Superstructure Design, and Substructure Design present the many topics necessary for planning and designing modern bridges of all types, made of many kinds of materials and systems, and subject to the typical loads and environmental effects. Seismic Design and Construction and Maintenance recognize the importance that bridges in parts of the world where there is a chance of earthquake o ccurrences must survive such an event, and that they need inspection, maintenance, and possible repair throughout their intended life span. Seismic events require that a bridge sustain repeated dynamic load cycles without functional failure because it must be part of the postearthquake lifeline for the affected area. Construction and Maintenance touches on the many very important aspects of bridge management that become more and more important as the world’s bridge inventory ages. The editors of the Bridge Engineering Handbook, Second Edition are to be highly commended for undertaking this effort for the benefit of the world’s bridge engineers. The enduring result will be a safer and more cost effective family of bridges and bridge systems. I thank them for their effort, and I also thank the 146 contributors. Theodore V. Galambos, PE Emeritus professor of structural engineering University of Minnesota Preface to the Second Edition In the approximately 13 years since the original edition of the Bridge Engineering Handbook was p ublished in 2000, we have received numerous letters, e-mails, and reviews from readers including e ducators and practitioners commenting on the handbook and suggesting how it could be improved. We have also built up a large file of ideas based on our own experiences. With the aid of all this information, we have completely revised and updated the handbook. In writing this Preface to the Second Edition, we assume readers have read the original Preface. Following its tradition, the second edition handbook stresses professional applications and practical solutions; describes the basic concepts and assumptions omitting the derivations of formulas and theories; emphasizes seismic design, rehabilitation, retrofit and main- tenance; covers traditional and new, innovative practices; provides over 2500 tables, charts, and illus- trations in ready-to-use format and an abundance of worked-out examples giving readers step-by-step design procedures. The most significant changes in this second edition are as follows: • The handbook of 89 chapters is published in five books: Fundamentals, Superstructure Design, Substructure Design, Seismic Design, and Construction and Maintenance. • Fundamentals, with 22 chapters, combines Section I, Fundamentals, and Section VI, Special Topics, of the original edition and covers the basic concepts, theory and special topics of bridge engineering. Seven new chapters are Finite Element Method, High-Speed Railway Bridges, Structural Performance Indicators for Bridges, Concrete Design, Steel Design, High Performance Steel, and Design and Damage Evaluation Methods for Reinforced Concrete Beams under Impact Loading. Three chapters including Conceptual Design, Bridge Aesthetics: Achieving Structural Art in Bridge Design, and Application of Fiber Reinforced Polymers in Bridges, are completely rewritten. Three special topic chapters, Weigh-In-Motion Measurement of Trucks on Bridges, Impact Effect of Moving Vehicles, and Active Control on Bridge Engineering, were deleted. • Superstructure Design, with 19 chapters, provides information on how to design all types of bridges. Two new chapters are Extradosed Bridges and Stress Ribbon Pedestrian Bridges. The Prestressed Concrete Girder Bridges chapter is completely rewritten into two chapters: Precast–Pretensioned Concrete Girder Bridges and Cast-In-Place Posttensioned Prestressed Concrete Girder Bridges. The Bridge Decks and Approach Slabs chapter is completely rewritten into two chapters: Concrete Decks and Approach Slabs. Seven chapters, including Segmental Concrete Bridges, Composite Steel I-Girder Bridges, Composite Steel Box Girder Bridges, Arch Bridges, Cable-Stayed Bridges, Orthotropic Steel Decks, and Railings, are completely rewritten. The c hapter Reinforced Concrete Girder Bridges was deleted because it is rarely used in modern time. • Substructure Design has 11 chapters and addresses the various substructure components. A new chapter, Landslide Risk Assessment and Mitigation, is added. The Geotechnical Consideration chapter is completely rewritten and retitled as Ground Investigation. The Abutments and ix
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