Bridge design to eurocodes -- UK implementation : proceedings of the Bridge Design to Eurocodes - UK Implementation Conference held at the Institution of Civil Engineers, London, UK, on 22-23 November 2010

499 Pages·2011·10.23 MB·English

Bridge Design to Eurocodes:
UK Implementation
Edited by Steve Denton
Proceedings of the Bridge Design to Eurocodes – UK Implementation
conference held at the Institution of Civil Engineers, London, UK, on 22 –
23 November 2010
Sponsored by:
Supported by:
Technical Committee:
Steve Denton, Engineering Director, Civil Structures and Geotechnics, Parsons Brinckerhoff (Chair)
Sibdas Chakrabarti, Independent Consultant
Peter Clapham, Technical Excellence & Business Development Leader, Highways & Engineering,
Impact Partnership
Amrit Ghose, Regional Director, Transportation, AECOM
Chris Hendy, Head of Bridge Design and Technology, Atkins
David Iles, The Steel Construction Institute
Paul Jackson, Technical Director, Gifford
John Lane, Rail Safety and Standards Board
David MacKenzie, CEO, Flint & Neill
Hideo Takano, Senior Structures Advisor, Highways Agency
PublishedbyICEPublishing,40MarshWall,LondonE149TP.
FulldetailsofICEPublishingsalesrepresentativesanddistributorscanbefoundat
http://www.icevirtuallibrary.com/info/printbooksales
www.icevirtuallibrary.com
AcataloguerecordforthisbookisavailablefromtheBritishLibrary
ISBN978-0-7277-4150-9
#Theauthors2011
ICEPublishingisadivisionofThomasTelfordLtd,awholly-ownedsubsidiaryoftheInstitutionofCivil
Engineers(ICE).
PermissiontoreproduceextractsfromBritishStandardsisgrantedbytheBritishStandardsInstitution
(BSI – www.bsigroup.com).Nootheruseofthismaterialispermitted.BritishStandardscanbe
obtainedfromtheBSIonlineshop:http://shop.bsigroup.com.
Allrights,includingtranslation,reserved.ExceptaspermittedbytheCopyright,DesignsandPatents
Act1988,nopartofthispublicationmaybereproduced,storedinaretrievalsystemortransmittedin
anyformorbyanymeans,electronic,mechanical,photocopyingorotherwise,withouttheprior
writtenpermissionofthePublisher,ICEPublishing,40MarshWall,London
E149TP.
Thisbookispublishedontheunderstandingthattheauthorissolelyresponsibleforthestatements
madeandopinionsexpressedinitandthatitspublicationdoesnotnecessarilyimplythatsuch
statementsand/oropinionsareorreflecttheviewsoropinionsofthepublishers.Whilsteveryeffort
hasbeenmadetoensurethatthestatementsmadeandtheopinionsexpressedinthispublication
provideasafeandaccurateguide,noliabilityorresponsibilitycanbeacceptedinthisrespectbythe
authororpublishers.
PrintedandboundbyCPIGroup(UK)Ltd,Croydon,CR04YY
Preface
In April 2010, the Eurocodes became the principal Standards for bridge design in UK. Over
the previous two decades, a huge amount of work had been done to prepare for their
implementation. In support of the transition to Eurocodes we set ourselves the objective of
bringing important background and explanatory information into the public domain, and for
this purpose we invited the leading technical experts in the UK to develop and present papers
at a two day event held at the Institution of Civil Engineers (ICE) in London in November
2010.
This landmark conference provided the definitive background to the implementation of the
Eurocodes for bridge design in UK, enabling engineers to understand key technical decisions
taken in the development of the National Annexes and important sources of complementary
information. In addition, papers were presented from major client organisations explaining
their implementation strategies. Technical background was provided on companion European
Execution Standards and illustrative examples were presented.
On behalf of the technical and organising committees, I would like to extend my thanks to all
the authors who have contributed to these high quality proceedings. It was a privilege to have
been able to draw together such an eminent and influential group at the forefront of Eurocodes
development and implementation in UK. I hope that you find these proceedings a valuable
resource and that they fulfil our ambition to serve as the essential and enduring record of the
UK’s implementation of Eurocodes for bridge design.
Dr Steve Denton
Chair, Technical and Organising committees, Bridge Design to Eurocodes – UK
Implementation, ICE, London, November 2010
Engineering Director, Parsons Brinckerhoff
Visiting Professor, University of Bath
Convenor, CEN/TC 250 – Horizontal Group, Bridges
iii
Contents
Preface iii
Acknowledgement iv
Session 1-1: Overview of Eurocode Implementation and Programme
UK implementation of Eurocodes for bridge design – An overview 3
S. Denton, H. Gulvanessian, C. Hendy, S. Chakrabarti, P. Jackson
Eurocode implementation – The European context 15
S. Denton
Eurocodes implementation by the Highways Agency 25
H. Takano, V. Flanagan Palan
Local Authority implementation of Eurocodes 34
P. Clapham, J. Shave, M. Neave, S. Denton
Railway implementation of Eurocodes 45
S. Whitmore, D. McLaughlin
Early applications of Eurocodes in UK bridge design practice 57
D.K. MacKenzie, P. Jackson, S. Denton, C.R. Hendy
Session 1-2: EN 1990 Basis of Design
*Understanding key concepts of EN 1990 67
S. Denton, H. Gulvanessian
Development of UK NA for EN 1990 Annex A2 81
N. Shetty, J. Lane, R. Ko, I. Palmer, S. Denton, H. Gulvanessian
Design performance requirements for railway bridges in BS EN 1990:2002
Annex A2 95
I. Bucknall, J. Lane, I. Palmer
Session 1-3: EN 1991 Actions and EN 1998 Seismic Design
Overview of actions in EN 1991 and EN 1998 for bridge design 109
J. Lane, E. Booth, D. Cooper, T. Harris, H. Gulvanessian
The UK National Annex to BS EN 1991-1-4, BS EN 1991-1-5, and PD 6688-1-4 123
J. Rees, T. Harris, B. Smith, S. Denton, R. Ko
Bridge design provisions of UK NA for EN 1991-1-7 and PD 6688-1-7 148
R. Ko, A. Pope, D. Cooper, J. Shave, J. Lane
Provisions of the UK NA for EN 1991-2 for highway and footbridges 162
R. Ko, W. McMahon, D. Cooper, C. Barker, A. Harris, N. Shetty
Provisions of the UK National Annex for EN 1991-2 for rail bridges 168
I. Bucknall, J. Lane, I. Palmer
Overview of earthquake design and development of UK NA for EN 1998-2
and PD 6698 183
E. Booth, J. Lane, R. Ko, D. MacKenzie
v
*EN 1990 and EN 1991 – Practice paper: Understanding combinations of
actions 192
M. Stacy, J. Shave, S. Denton, C. Hendy
Session 1-4: EN 1992 Concrete
The UK NA for EN 1992-2 217
P. Jackson, C. Hendy, C. George, S. Denton
EN 1992-2: PD 6687-2: Recommendations for the design of concrete bridges 227
C. Hendy, P. Jackson, C. George, S. Denton
*Design for early age thermal cracking 239
P. Bamforth, J. Shave, S. Denton
*Design of concrete slab elements in biaxial bending 250
S. Denton, J. Shave, J. Bennetts, C. Hendy
Specification of concrete bridges 270
P. Jackson, S. Denton, A. Porter
*Design illustration – Concrete bridge design 278
P. Jackson, G. Walker
Session 2-1: EN 1993 Steel
EN 1993: Overview of steel bridge design to EN 1993 291
C. Hendy, P. Jackson, D. MacKenzie, S. Chakrabarti
The UK National Annexes to BS EN 1993-2, BS EN 1993-1-11, and
BS EN 1993-1-12 301
S. Chakrabarti, C. Hendy, N. Adamson, D. Iles
EN 1993-1-5: The UK NA for EN 1993-1-5 318
C. Hendy, I.C. Basnayake, A.R. Flint, S. Chakrabarti
EN 1993-2: PD 6695-2: Recommendations for the design of steel bridges 330
C. Hendy, D. Iles, S. Chakrabarti
The UK National Annex to BS EN 1993-1-9:2005 and PD 6695-1-9:2008 340
M. Ogle, S. Chakrabarti
The UK National Annex to BS EN 1993-1-10:2005 and PD 6695-1-10:2009 348
M. Ogle, S. Chakrabarti
*EN 1993 Practice paper: Buckling analysis of steel bridges 354
C. Hendy, S. Denton, D. MacKenzie, D. Iles
BS EN 1090-2:2008 and PD 6705-2:2010 370
M. Ogle, G. Bowden
Session 2-2: EN 1994 Composite and EN 1995 Timber
EN 1994-2: Overview of composite bridge design, the UK NA FOR EN 1994-2
and PD 6696-2 381
C. Hendy, R. Johnson, P. Jackson, G. Bowden
*Design illustration – Composite highway bridges 392
D.C. Iles
Overview of timber bridge design and the UK NA for EN 1995-2 401
R. Davies, A. Lawrence
Session 2-3: EN 1997 Geotechnical
Overview of geotechnical design of bridges and the provisions of UK NA for
EN 1997-1 419
S. Denton, A. Kidd, B. Simpson, A. Bond
vi
PD 6694-1: Recommendations for the design of structures subject to traffic
loading to EN 1997-1 434
S. Denton, T. Christie, J. Shave, A. Kidd
Development of traffic surcharge models for highway structures 451
J. Shave, T. Christie, S. Denton, A. Kidd
Developments in integral bridge design 463
S. Denton, O. Riches, T. Christie, A. Kidd
*Design illustration – Bridge abutment design 481
T. Christie, M. Glendinning, J. Bennetts, S. Denton
Session 2-4: Application and future developments
Maintenance and future development of the Eurocode 497
S. Denton
Author Index 503
* practice and guidance paper
vii
SESSION 1-1:
OVERVIEW OF EUROCODE IMPLEMENTATION
AND PROGRAMME
BridgeDesigntoEurocodes:UKImplementation
ISBN978-0-7277-4150-9
ICEPublishing:Allrightsreserved
doi:10.1680/bdte.41509.003
UK IMPLEMENTATION OF EUROCODES FOR BRIDGE DESIGN
– AN OVERVIEW
S Denton, Parsons Brinckerhoff, Bristol, UK
H Gulvanessian, Independent Consultant, London, UK
C Hendy, Atkins, London, UK
S Chakrabarti, Independent Consultant, London, UK
P Jackson, Gifford, Southampton, UK
Abstract
This paper provides an overview of the UK implementation of Eurocodes for bridge design.
Some background to the Eurocode programme is provided and a brief overview of the
structure of the Eurocodes is given. The steps that were necessary to support implementation
in the UK are outlined, including an explanation of relationship between the Eurocodes and
companion European Standards and other supporting national information and guidance.
Introduction
The implementation of Eurocodes has been recognised by the Institution of Structural
Engineers[1] as, “the biggest change in codified structural design ever experienced in the UK”.
With all conflicting British Standards having been withdrawn by BSi at the end of March
2010, the Eurocodes have now become the principal codes for structural design in the UK.
Over the past two decades, a huge amount of work has been done to prepare for their
implementation in UK, a brief overview of which is provided. The focus here is the work
undertaken to support the implementation of the Eurocodes for bridge design.
The design of bridges is expected to be at the forefront in the transition to the Eurocodes
because of the requirements of the Public Procurement Directive (PPD), and in particular EU
Directives 2004/18/EC, which covers contracts for services awarded by central government,
local authorities and other public sector bodies, and EU Directive 2004/17/EC which covers
works contracts awarded by entities operating in the water, energy, transport and postal
service sectors. The Public Contracts Regulations 2006 implemented these EU Directives
into UK law.
For projects bound by these PPD requirements, as most bridge design project in UK will be, a
hierarchy is given for formulating technical specifications. National standards transposing
European standards are the highest preference. The Eurocodes fall into this category, and
major client organisations are therefore now specifying the use of Eurocodes for all newly
procured bridge design projects[2],[3],[4].
The overall framework of national activities to support the implementation of the Eurocodes
for bridge design is shown in Figure 1. It comprises: the development of the complete suite of
European Standards for construction including the Eurocodes and their National Annexes,
Product Standards and Execution Standards; the production and publication of Non-
3
BridgeDesigntoEurocodes:UKImplementation
contradictory complementary information; client implementation strategies; and wider
initiatives to support the profession. Each of these is discussed in this paper.
Eurocodes European European
(EN1990 –EN1999) Execution Product
Standards Standards
National Annexes
European standards for construction
Non-contradictory
complementary
information
Client implementation and requirements
Support to the profession
Figure 1: Framework of national activity for Eurocode implementation
Major contributions to the implementation of the Eurocodes in UK have been made by BSi
committees and working groups, client organisations, industry bodies, engineering
institutions, consultants, designers and academics. With much of the work unfunded, it has
required key individuals to make significant personal contributions. It is not possible to
acknowledge all these personal efforts, but in the field of bridges, the authors of the papers at
this conference represent a core of the group of such individuals.
Background
The development of the Eurocodes began in 1975, as part of an initiative by the European
Commission to eliminate technical obstacles to trade, and to harmonise technical
specifications. In 1989, responsibility for the development of the codes was transferred to the
European Committee for Standardisation (the Comite Europeen de Normalisation, or CEN),
and in the early 1990’s, the first generation of Eurocodes was published by CEN as European
Pre-Standards (denoted ENV). The pre-standards had a limited period of validity, and were
intended to co-exist with national standards.
In 2002, the first of the EN versions of the Eurocodes were made available by CEN for
publication by the National Standards Bodies in each of the Member States (BSi in the UK).
These superseded the ENV versions, and also initiated a process resulting in the withdrawal of
conflicting national standards. Once the EN versions were released, there was a calibration
period during which time each Member State set its own Nationally Determined Parameters
4
UKimplementationofEurocodesforbridgedesign–anoverview
(NDPs), which were published in a National Annex, to accompany each part of the Eurocode
as discussed below.
Publication of the National Annexes marked the beginning of a coexistence period, during
which time both national standards and Eurocodes could be used. This period could last for
up to three years, after which time the conflicting national standards had to be withdrawn.
The pace of implementation in the UK (and elsewhere in Europe) however meant that this
transitional period was generally rather shorter. It is explicitly stated in the foreword to each
of the Eurocode parts that all conflicting national standards should be withdrawn by March
2010. All conflicting British Standards were withdrawn at the end of March 2010.
BSi committees and working groups
BSi committees and working groups have played a central role in the implementation of the
Eurocodes in UK. They have contributed to the drafting of the Eurocodes themselves,
nominated UK representatives for CEN committees, determined the UK position in voting
(see Denton[5]), drafted the National Annexes, and led the development of some key non-
contradictory complementary information (NCCI).
The BSi committee structure that was in place for most of the period of Eurocode
development and implementation is illustrated in Figure 2. Recently there have been some
minor changes to this structure.
B/525 B/526
Structures Geotechnical
B/525/1 –Actions and BoD Sub-committees
B/525/2 –Concrete
B/525/31 –Steel
W
B/525/32 –Towers and masts
o
rk
B/525/4 –Composite in
g
B/525/5 –Timber g
ro
u
B/525/6 –Masonry p
s
B/525/8 –Seismic
B/525/9 –Aluminium
B/525/10 –Bridges
Figure 2: Framework of national activity for Eurocode implementation
Eurocodes
The Eurocodes comprise 10 Standards in 58 Parts for the design of buildings and civil
engineering works. The 10 Standards are as follows and their relationship is illustrated in
Figure 3.
5