Bridge Across The Bosporus: The Foreign Policy of Turkey PDF
Preview Bridge Across The Bosporus: The Foreign Policy of Turkey
V á l i HOPKINS OPEN PUBLISHING ENCORE EDITIONS B r id g e a c r o s s t h e B o s p o r u s Ferenc Albert Váli Bridge across the ISBN 13: 978-1-4214-3581-7 ISBN 10: 1-4214-3581-0 Open access edition supported by the Bosporus National Endowment for the Humanities / Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Humanities Open Book Program. 99 778811442211 443355881177 The Foreign Policy of Turkey Cover design: Jennifer Corr Paulson Cover illustration: Strawberry Blossom Open access edition supported by the National Endowment for the Humanities / Andrew W. Mellon Foundation Humanities Open Book Program. © 2019 Johns Hopkins University Press Published 2019 Johns Hopkins University Press 2715 North Charles Street Baltimore, Maryland 21218-4363 www.press.jhu.edu The text of this book is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution-NonCommercial-NoDerivatives 4.0 International License: https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/. CC BY-NC-ND ISBN-13: 978-1-4214-3583-1 (open access) ISBN-10: 1-4214-3583-7 (open access) ISBN-13: 978-1-4214-3581-7 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-10: 1-4214-3581-0 (pbk. : alk. paper) ISBN-13: 978-1-4214-3582-4 (electronic) ISBN-10: 1-4214-3582-9 (electronic) This page supersedes the copyright page included in the original publication of this work. Bridge across the Bosporus A The Foreign Bridge Policy of Turkey across the Bosporus Ferenc A. Va.Ii The Johns Hopkins Press Baltimore and London Copyright© 1971 by The Johns Hopkins Press All rights reserved Manufactured in the United States of America The Johns Hopkins Press, Baltimore, Maryland 21218 The Johns Hopkins Press Ltd., London Library of Congress Catalog Card Number 79-123197 International Standard Book Number o-8018-n82-1 This bridge signifies Turkey's wish to join Europe. -WILLY BRANDT, in Ankara, May 1969 Contents Turkish Spelling and Pronunciation 1x Preface xi I. From Empire to Nation-State 1 The Turks 1 The Ottoman Past 4 Decline, Reform, and Revolution 7 World War I and the Rise of New Turkey 14 World War II and After 28 II. Foundations of Turkey's Foreign Policy 42 Geopolitical Foundations 43 Ethnic Foundations 48 Ideological Foundations 54 Governmental Foreign Policy 68 III. Political Parties, Public Opinion, and Foreign Policy 78 The Justice Party 80 The Republican People's Party 82 The Reliance Party 87 Splinter Parties 89 The Turkish Labor Party 94 Public Opinion and Foreign Policy 99 IV. Turkey, the United States, and NATO n5 Turkey and NATO n6 The United States and Turkey 125 American Presence in Turkey 137 Relations with Western Europe 146 Should Turkey Leave NATO? 157 V. The USSR, the Straits, and the Balkans 165 Soviet-Turkish Relations: Cooperation and Confrontation 167 Soviet-Turkish Relations: Relaxation and Reorientation 173 The Soviets and the Turkish Straits 181 CONTENTS Turkey's Western Flank: The Balkans and East Europe 197 Can Russia Be Trusted? 210 VI. Turkey, Greece, and Cyprus 219 Megali Idea 220 Turkey and Greece Bury the Hatchet 224 The New Apple of Discord: Cyprus 228 Cyprus: Settlement and Deadlock 245 Turkey and Greece: The Interlocked Nations 259 VII. Turkey and the Middle East 272 Turks, Arabs, and Persians 272 From the Baghdad Pact to CENTO 280 Iran, Pakistan, and CENTO 289 Syria, Iraq, and the Kurds 298 The Arab-Israeli Conflict 306 Turkey's New Middle Eastern Policy 310 VIII. Development: A Foreign Policy Goal 318 Development Goals and Problems 320 The Five Year Plans 324 Aid from the West and from the East 328 Turkey and the European Economic Community 334 Regional Cooperation for Development 339 The Outlook 343 IX. Ambitions and Realities of Turkish Foreign Policy 352 The Balance Sheet 353 The Weight of Domestic Politics 358 The Weight of Ideology 364 The Weight of International Factors 370 Realities versus Ambitions 377 Chronology 386 Bibliography 387 Index 401 TURKISH SPELLING AND PRONUNCIATION Turkish spelling and pronunciation is, as a rule, phonetic. Vowels are never diphthongized and their sound values never vary (thus e is like the English e in "men," u like the u in "put"). While consonants are generally pronounced as in English some letters have different sound values in Turkish: c is pronounced as the; in "jar" � is pronounced as ch in "chair" g has always a hard pronunciation as in "go" g is not pronounced but the preceding vowel is lengthened i, ,, the undotted is an intermediate neutral sound approximately as the u in "measure" ; is pronounced as in French (as the sin "measure") o is pronounced as in German sh � is pronounced as in "ship" ii is pronounced as in German y is always a consonant as in "yard" The circumflex (A), as in French, extends the vowel but also softens the preceding consonants (g, k or I). ix Preface THE TRANSFORMATION OF TURKEY FROM A TRADITIONAL ISLAMIC COUNTRY into a modern nation-state is one of the most impressive developments of our epoch. From the time when the Ottoman Turks crossed the Dar danelles into Europe and placed the Crescent over St. Sophia in Constan tinople, the Ottoman Empire existed as a dividual but still constituent body of European political life. Although the bulk of Ottoman territorial possessions were outside geographical Europe, the characterization of this long-time invalid as the "Sick Man of Europe" implicitly recognized its role on that continent. In discussing the reforms of Peter the Great of Russia, Jacob Burck hardt wrote in the r88o's that "the Russian element at least can flow into European civilization because it has no Koran."1 Remarkable as it seems, contemporary Turkey seeks to "flow into European civilization" with out, however, altogether abandoning the Koran. Her endeavor is not only to adopt Western technology but also the civilization of the West, while retaining her own ethno-cultural identity. Turkey, for five centuries a Hegelian antithesis to the European cultural and political thesis, may be about to achieve a unique synthesis. Her foreign and domestic policies are principally dedicated to the attainment of this ambitious goal. In terms of the size of her population and the volume of her economy, Turkey is not one of the great powers, though she is the strongest among the countries of the Middle East. But, as history substantiates, her geo political location and the character of her people have assigned her a potentially higher status than can be expressed in mere statistical figures. Clausewitz' famous alternative always has conveyed an ominous mean ing for Turkey. He taught that when faced with a single enemy one should march against his capital; when faced with more than one, one should attack their lines of communication. Until the location of Turkey's 1922, capital and the historic line of communication between the Black Sea and the Mediterranean coincided. Even though her capital has been removed to Ankara, the Turkish straits, Russia's doorway to the Mediterranean and beyond, remain of global political and strategic significance. The Turkish state holds the key not only to the Dardanelles but lies 1 Jacob Burckhardt, On History and Historians (New York, 1958), p. 213. Xl
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