Brenner & Rector's the kidney PDF
Preview Brenner & Rector's the kidney
S r::�c�h bl Full cl va � e:�pe�:F'I:consuh:com ir :d!J nliEIn Brenner & Rector’s The Kidney 9th Edition Maarten W. Taal, MBChB, MMed, MD, Alan S. L. Yu, MB, B Chir FCP(SA), FRCP Harry Statland and Solon Summerfield Professor of Medicine Consultant Nephrologist and Honorary Associate Professor Director, Division of Nephrology and Royal Derby Hospital and University of Nottingham Hypertension and the Kidney Institute Derby, United Kingdom University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City, Kansas Glenn M. Chertow, MD, MPH Barry M. Brenner, MD, AM(Hon), DSc(Hon), DMSc(Hon), Professor of Medicine Chief, Division of Nephrology MD(Hon), Dipl(Hon), FRCP(London, Hon) Stanford University School of Medicine Samuel A. Levine Distinguished Professor of Medicine Palo Alto, California Harvard Medical School Director Emeritus, Renal Division, and Senior Physician Philip A. Marsden, MD Department of Medicine Professor of Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital Keenan Chair in Medical Research at St. Michael’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts Oreopoulos-Baxter Division Director of Nephrology at the University of Toronto Department of Medicine, University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada Karl Skorecki, MD Professor of Medicine Division of Nephrology Director, Rappaport Research Institute Technion—Israel Institute of Technology Director of Medical Research and Development Rambam Health Care Campus Haifa, Israel Volume 1 3 Brenner & Rector’s The Kidney 9th Edition Maarten W. Taal, MBChB, MMed, MD, Alan S. L. Yu, MB, B Chir FCP(SA), FRCP Harry Statland and Solon Summerfield Professor of Medicine Consultant Nephrologist and Honorary Associate Professor Director, Division of Nephrology and Royal Derby Hospital and University of Nottingham Hypertension and the Kidney Institute Derby, United Kingdom University of Kansas Medical Center Kansas City, Kansas Glenn M. Chertow, MD, MPH Barry M. Brenner, MD, AM(Hon), DSc(Hon), DMSc(Hon), Professor of Medicine Chief, Division of Nephrology MD(Hon), Dipl(Hon), FRCP(London, Hon) Stanford University School of Medicine Samuel A. Levine Distinguished Professor of Medicine Palo Alto, California Harvard Medical School Director Emeritus, Renal Division, and Senior Physician Philip A. Marsden, MD Department of Medicine Professor of Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital Keenan Chair in Medical Research at St. Michael’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts Oreopoulos-Baxter Division Director of Nephrology at the University of Toronto Department of Medicine, University of Toronto Toronto, Ontario, Canada Karl Skorecki, MD Professor of Medicine Division of Nephrology Director, Rappaport Research Institute Technion—Israel Institute of Technology Director of Medical Research and Development Rambam Health Care Campus Haifa, Israel Volume 2 3 1600 John F. Kennedy Blvd. Ste 1800 Philadelphia, PA 19103-2899 BRENNER & RECTOR’S THE KIDNEY ISBN: 978-1-4160-6193-9 Copyright © 2012, 2008, 2004, 2000, 1996, 1991, 1986, 1981, 1976 by Saunders, an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved. No part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or any information storage and retrieval system, without permission in writing from the publisher. Details on how to seek permission, further information about the publisher’s permissions policies and our arrangements with organizations such as the Copyright Clearance Center and the Copyright Licensing Agency, can be found at our website: www.elsevier.com/permissions. This book and the individual contributions contained in it are protected under copyright by the Publisher (other than as may be noted herein). Notice Knowledge and best practice in this field are constantly changing. As new research and experience broaden our understanding, changes in research methods, professional practices, or medical treatment may become necessary. Practitioners and researchers must always rely on their own experience and knowledge in evaluating and using any information, methods, compounds, or experiments described herein. In using such information or methods they should be mindful of their own safety and the safety of others, including parties for whom they have a professional responsibility. With respect to any drug or pharmaceutical products identified, readers are advised to check the most current information provided (i) on procedures featured or (ii) by the manufacturer of each product to be administered, to verify the recommended dose or formula, the method and duration of administration, and contraindications. It is the responsibility of practitioners, relying on their own experience and knowledge of their patients, to make diagnoses, to determine dosages and the best treatment for each individual patient, and to take all appropriate safety precautions. To the fullest extent of the law, neither the Publisher nor the authors, contributors, or editors, assume any liability for any injury and/or damage to persons or property as a matter of products liability, negligence or otherwise, or from any use or operation of any methods, products, instructions, or ideas contained in the material herein. Library of Congress Cataloging-in-Publication Data Brenner & Rector’s the kidney / [edited by] Maarten W. Taal … [et al.]. -- 9th ed. p. ; cm. Brenner and Rector’s the kidney Kidney Includes bibliographical references and index. ISBN 978-1-4160-6193-9 (hardcover : alk. paper) I. Taal, Maarten W. II. Brenner, Barry M., 1937 - III. Rector, Floyd C. IV. Title: Brenner and Rector’s the kidney. V. Title: Kidney. [DNLM: 1. Kidney Diseases. 2. Kidney--physiology. 3. Kidney--physiopathology. WJ 300] LC classification not assigned 616.6’1--dc23 2011032278 Acquisitions Editor: Kate Dimock Developmental Editor: Joan Ryan Publishing Services Manager: Jeff Patterson Project Manager: Clay S. Broeker Design Direction: Steven Stave Printed in the United States of America Last digit is the print number: 9 8 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 Dedicated to our mentor, Barry M. Brenner, founding editor of The Kidney, pioneering investigator and visionary academic CONTRIBUTORS Andrew Advani, BSc, MBChB(Hons), FRCP(UK), PhD Sevcan A. Bakkaloglu, MD Assistant Professor Professor of Pediatrics, Faculty of Medicine Clinician Scientist and Staff Endocrinologist Department of Pediatric Nephrology University of Toronto Gazi University St. Michael’s Hospital Ankara, Turkey Toronto, Ontario, Canada Diseases of the Kidney and Urinary Tract in Children Vasoactive Molecules and the Kidney Gina-Marie Barletta, MD Michael Allon, MD Pediatric Nephrology Professor of Medicine, Division of Nephrology Phoenix Children’s Hospital University of Alabama at Birmingham Phoenix, Arizona Birmingham, Alabama Dialysis in Children Interventional Nephrology Gavin J. Becker, MD, FRACP Amanda Hyre Anderson, PhD, MPH Professor and Director of Nephrology Research Associate The Royal Melbourne Hospital and The University of Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Melbourne University of Pennsylvania, Perelman Melbourne, Victoria, Australia School of Medicine Renal Disease in the Oceania Region Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Demographics of the Kidney Rinaldo Bellomo, MBBS, MD, FRACP, FCICM Professor, Department of Medicine Gerald B. Appel, MD University of Melbourne Professor of Clinical Medicine Director of Intensive Care Research Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons Department of Intensive Care The New York Presbyterian Hospital Austin Health New York, New York Melbourne, Victoria, Australia Secondary Glomerular Disease Critical Care Nephrology Suheir Assady, MD, PhD Jeffrey S. Berns, MD Director, Department of Nephrology Professor of Medicine and Pediatrics Rambam Health Care Campus Renal-Electrolyte, and Hypertension Division Haifa, Israel Perelman School of Medicine at the University of Near and Middle East Pennsylvania Hospital of the University of Pennsylvania Anthony Atala, MD Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Director, Institute for Regenerative Medicine Demographics of the Kidney W.H. Boyce Professor and Chair, Department of Urology Wake Forest University School of Medicine Vivek Bhalla, MD, FASN Winston-Salem, North Carolina Assistant Professor, Department of Medicine/Nephrology Tissue Engineering, Stem Cells, and Cell Therapy in Nephrology Stanford University School of Medicine Stanford University Hospitals and Clinics Colin Baigent Stanford, California Professor of Epidemiology Aldosterone Regulation of Ion Transport Clinical Trial Service Unit and Epidemiological Studies Unit Jürg Biber, PhD University of Oxford Institute of Physiology Oxford, United Kingdom University of Zurich Cardiovascular Consequences of Kidney Disease Zurich, Switzerland Transport of Calcium, Magnesium, and Phosphate v vi Contributors Daniel G. Bichet, MD, MSc Donald W. Bowden, PhD Professor, Medicine and Physiology Professor of Biochemistry and Internal Medicine Université de Montréal Center for Genomics and Personalized Medicine Research Nephrologist Wake Forest University School of Medicine Hôpital du Sacré-Coeur de Montréal Winston-Salem, North Carolina Montreal, Quebec, Canada Genetic Basis of Kidney Disease Inherited Disorders of the Renal Tubule Barry M. Brenner, MD, AM(Hon), DSc(Hon), DMSc(Hon), René J.M. Bindels, PhD MD(Hon), Dipl(Hon), FRCP(London, Hon) Physiology Samuel A. Levine Distinguished Professor of Medicine Radboud University Nijmegen Medical Centre Harvard Medical School Nijmegen, The Netherlands Director Emeritus, Renal Division, and Senior Physician Transport of Calcium, Magnesium, and Phosphate Department of Medicine Brigham and Women’s Hospital Melissa B. Bleicher, MD Boston, Massachusetts Assistant Professor The Renal Circulations and Glomerular Ultrafiltration Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division Nephron Endowment Department of Medicine Adaptation to Nephron Loss and Mechanisms of Progression in Chronic University of Pennsylvania Kidney Disease Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Demographics of Kidney Disease Matthew D. Breyer, MD Chief Scientific Officer, Lead Generation Jon D. Blumenfeld, MD Biotechnology Discovery Research Professor of Clinical Medicine Eli Lilly and Company Weill Medical College of Cornell University Indianapolis, Indiana Director Arachidonic Acid Metabolites and the Kidney Hypertension and the Susan R. Knafel Polycystic Kidney Richard M. Breyer, PhD Disease Center The Rogosin Institute Professor, Medicine (Nephrology) Attending Physician, Medicine Vanderbilt University School of Medicine New York Presbyterian Hospital Nashville, Tennessee Arachidonic Acid Metabolites and the Kidney Attending Physician The Rockefeller University Hospital Dennis Brown, PhD New York, New York Professor of Medicine Primary and Secondary Hypertension Harvard Medical School Alain Bonnardeaux, MD, PhD Director, MGH Program in Membrane Biology Full Professor, Medicine MGH Center for Systems Biology and Division of Université de Montréal Nephrology Staff Nephrologist Massachusetts General Hospital Hôpital Maisonneuve-Rosemont Simches Research Center Montreal, Quebec, Canada Boston, Massachusetts The Cell Biology of Vasopressin Action Inherited Disorders of the Renal Tubule Joseph V. Bonventre, MD, PhD Carlo Brugnara, MD Samuel A. Levine Professor of Medicine Professor of Pathology, Department of Pathology Harvard University Harvard Medical School Cambridge, Massachusetts Director of the Hematology Laboratory Chief, Division of Renal Medicine Department of Laboratory Medicine Chief, Biomedical Engineering Division, Medicine Children’s Hospital Boston Hematologic Aspects of Kidney Disease Brigham and Women’s Hospital Boston, Massachusetts Timothy E. Bunchman, MD Biomarkers in Acute and Chronic Kidney Diseases Professor and Director, Pediatric Nephrology William D. Boswell, Jr. MD, FACR Children’s Hospital of Richmond Professor Emeritus of Radiology and Urology Virginia Commonwealth University Keck School of Medicine Richmond, Virginia Dialysis in Children University of Southern California Los Angeles, California Professor and Chairman, Department of Diagnostic Radiology City of Hope National Medical Center Duarte, California Diagnostic Kidney Imaging Contributors vii David A. Bushinsky, MD Fredric L. Coe, MD Professor of Medicine and Pharmacology and Physiology Professor of Medicine, Renal Section Department of Medicine University of Chicago University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry Chicago, Illinois Chief, Division of Nephrology Nephrolithiaisis University of Rochester Medical Center Rochester, New York John F. Collins, FRACP Nephrolithiaisis Clinical Associate Professor, Medicine University of Auckland Stéphan Busque, MD, MSc, FRCSC Doctor, Renal Medicine Associate Professor, Surgery Auckland City Hospital Stanford University School of Medicine Auckland, New Zealand Director, Adult Kidney and Pancreas Transplant Program Renal Disease in the Oceania Region Stanford Hospital and Clinics Stanford, California H. Terence Cook, FRCPath, FMedSci Clinical Management Professor of Renal Pathology Department of Medicine Juan Jesús Carrero, Pharm, PhD Pharm, PhD Med, MBA Imperial College Assistant Professor, Division of Renal Medicine London, United Kingdom Department of Clinical Science, Intervention and Technology The Renal Biopsy Karolinska Institutet Stockholm, Sweden Ricardo Correa-Rotter, MD Endocrine Aspects of Chronic Kidney Disease Head, Department of Nephrology and Mineral Metabolism Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutricion Salvador Daniel Cattran, MD, FRCP(c), FACP Zubirán Professor of Medicine Professor of Nephrology Medicine/Nephrology Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México University Health Network Mexico City, Mexico Senior Scientist Peritoneal Dialysis Toronto General Research Institute Toronto, Ontario, Canada Shawn E. Cowper, MD Overview of Therapy for Glomerular Disease Associate Professor of Dermatology and Pathology Yale University School of Medicine James C. Chan, MD Yale New Haven Hospital Professor of Pediatrics New Haven, Connecticut Tufts University Dermatologic Conditions in Kidney Disease Boston, Massachusetts Director of Research, Department of Pediatrics Paolo Cravedi, MD Barbara Bush Children’s Hospital Unit of Nephrology and Dialysis Maine Medical Center Azienda Ospedaliera Ospedali Riuniti di Bergamo Portland, Maine Mario Negri Institute for Pharmacological Research Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders in Children Bergamo, Italy Microvascular and Macrovascular Diseases of the Kidney Anil Chandraker, MB, ASN, FRCP Associate Professor, Medicine Alfonso M. Cueto-Manzano, MD, MSc, PhD Harvard Medical School Head, Medical Research Unit of Kidney Diseases Boston, Massachusetts Hospital de Especialidades, CMNO, IMSS Transplantation Immunobiology Guadalajara, Jalisco, Mexico Peritoneal Dialysis Ingrid J. Chang, MD Partner and Clinical Physician Vivette D. D’Agati, MD Western Nephrology Professor of Pathology Denver, Colorado Columbia University, College of Physicians and Surgeons Extracorporeal Treatment of Poisoning Director, Renal Pathology Laboratory Department of Pathology Devasmita Choudhury, MD Columbia University Medical Center Associate Professor of Medicine New York, New York University of Texas Southwestern Medical School Secondary Glomerular Disease Director, In-Center and Home Dialysis VA North Texas Health Care System Dallas VA Medical Center Dallas, Texas Aging and Kidney Disease viii Contributors Mogomat Razeen Davids, MD David H. Ellison, MD Associate Professor, Department of Medicine and Division Division Chief and Professor of Medicine and Physiology of Nephrology and Pharmacology Stellenbosch University Division of Nephrology and Hypertension Head, Division of Nephrology School of Medicine, Department of Medicine Department of Medicine Oregon Health and Science University Tygerberg Hospital Portland, Oregon Cape Town, South Africa Diuretics Interpretation of Electrolyte and Acid-Base Parameters in Blood and Urine Michael Emmett, MD, MACP Chairman, Department of Internal Medicine Scott E. Delacroix, Jr., MD Baylor University Medical Center Clinical Instructor, Department of Urology Dallas, Texas Louisiana State University School of Medicine Professor of Internal Medicine New Orleans, Louisiana Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine Fellow, Urologic Oncology Bryan, Texas Department of Urology Approach to the Patient with Kidney Disease The University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center Houston, Texas Ronald J. Falk, MD Renal Neoplasia Allen Brewster Distinguished Professor UNC Kidney Center Bradley M. Denker, MD Chief, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension Associate Professor of Medicine Department of Medicine, School of Medicine Harvard Medical School Director, UNC Kidney Center Physician, Division of Nephrology University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center University of North Carolina Hospitals Chief of Nephrology Chapel Hill, North Carolina Harvard Vanguard Medical Associates Primary Glomerular Disease Boston, Massachusetts Plasmapheresis Harold I. Feldman, MD, MSCE Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology Thomas A. Depner, MD Director, Division of Epidemiology, and Director, Clinical Professor of Medicine, Division of Nephrology Epidemiology Unit Director of Dialysis Services Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology University of California—Davis Health System Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics Sacramento, California Department of Medicine Hemodialysis Professor of Medicine and Epidemiology Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division Thomas D. DuBose, Jr., MD Department of Medicine Tinsley R. Harrison Professor and Chair of Internal University of Pennsylvania Medicine Philadelphia, Pennsylvania Professor of Physiology and Pharmacology Demographics of Kidney Disease Wake Forest School of Medicine Winston-Salem, North Carolina Robert A. Fenton, BSc(Hons), PhD Disorders of Acid-Base Balance Professor of Molecular Cell Biology Department of Biomedicine Kai-Uwe Eckardt, MD Aarhus University Professor of Medicine Aahrus, Denmark Department of Nephrology and Hypertension Anatomy of the Kidney University of Erlangen-Nürnberg Urine Concentration and Dilution Erlangen, Germany The Cell Biology of Vasopressin Action University Clinic Erlangen Erlangen, Germany Andrew Z. Fenves, MD, FACP Community Hospital Nürnberg Director, Nephrology Division Nürnberg, Germany Internal Medicine Hematologic Aspects of Kidney Disease Baylor University Medical Center Dallas, Texas Mohamed T. Eldehni, MD, MSc, MRCP(UK) Professor of Internal Medicine Research Fellow in Renal Medicine Internal Medicine School of Graduate Entry Medicine and Health Texas A&M Health Science Center, College of Medicine University of Nottingham Medical School at Derby Bryan, Texas Derby, United Kingdom Approach to the Patient with Kidney Disease Prescribing Drugs in Kidney Disease Contributors ix Kevin W. Finkel, MD, FACP, FASN, FCCM Jørgen Frøkiaer, MD, PhD Professor of Medicine and Director Professor, Institute of Clinical Medicine Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension Aarhus University Professor of Medicine Chief Physician General Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology Department of Clinical Physiology University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Aarhus University Hospital Chief of Nephrology Aarhus, Denmark Memorial-Herman Hospital, Texas Medical Center Urinary Tract Obstruction Houston, Texas Renal Disease in Cancer Patients John W. Funder, MD, PhD, FRACP, FRCP Senior Fellow, Prince Henry’s Institute Paola Fioretto, MD, PhD Monash Medical Centre Professor of Endocrinology Clayton, Australia University of Padua Medical School Aldosterone Regulation of Ion Transport Padua, Italy Diabetic Nephropathy David S. Game, MA(Cantab), BMBCh(Oxon,) PhD, MRCP(UK) Damian G. Fogarty, BSc, MD, FRCP Consultant Nephrologist Senior Lecturer in Renal Medicine Guy’s Hospital Centre for Public Health Kings Health Partners Queen’s University of Belfast London, United Kingdom Consultant Nephrologist Vasoactive Molecules and the Kidney Regional Nephrology and Transplant Unit Belfast City Hospital at the Belfast Health and Social Care Richard E. Gilbert, MBBS, PhD, FRCPC Trust Professor of Medicine and Canada Research Chair Belfast, Northern Ireland University of Toronto Chairman, United Kingdom Renal Registry St. Michael’s Hospital A Stepped Care Approach to the Management of Chronic Kidney Disease Toronto, Ontario, Canada Vasoactive Molecules and the Kidney John R. Foringer, MD Associate Professor of Medicine Jared J. Grantham, MD Division of Renal Diseases and Hypertension University Distinguished Professor University of Texas Health Science Center at Houston Kidney Institute/Internal Medicine Chief of Medicine Kansas University Medical Center LBJ General Hospital University Distinguished Professor Associate Professor of Medicine Internal Medicine General Internal Medicine, Section of Nephrology University of Kansas Hospital The University of Texas Anderson Cancer Center Kansas City, Kansas Houston, Texas Cystic Diseases of the Kidney Renal Disease in Cancer Patients Mitchell L. Halperin, MD, FRCPC, FRS Denis Fouque, MD, PhD Emeritus Professor of Medicine Professor of Nephrology Medicine/Nephrology University Claude Bernard Lyon 1 Staff, Research Division Chief Keenan Research Building Division of Nephrology Li Ka Shing Medical Knowledge Institute Hospital Edouard Herriot Attending Staff, Nephrology Lyon, France Medicine Dietary Approaches to Kidney Diseases St. Michaels Hospital University of Toronto Barry I. Freedman, MD Toronto, Ontario, Canada John H. Felts, III Professor and Chief Interpretation of Electrolytes and Acid-Base Parameters in Blood Section on Nephrology and Urine Professor, Urology Wake Forest School of Medicine Matthew Hand, DO Winston-Salem, North Carolina Division Director, Pediatric Nephrology Genetic Basis of Kidney Disease Tufts/Maine Medical Center School of Medicine Division Director, Pediatric Nephrology Pediatrics The Barbara Bush Children’s Hospital at Maine Medical Center Portland, Maine Fluid, Electrolyte, and Acid-Base Disorders in Children
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