Breeding Plantation Tree Crops: Temperate Species PDF
Preview Breeding Plantation Tree Crops: Temperate Species
Breeding Plantation Tree Crops: Temperate Species S. Mohan Jain P.M. Priyadarshan l Editors Breeding Plantation Tree Crops: Temperate Species 1 3 Editors S.MohanJain P.M.Priyadarshan HelsinkiUniversity RubberResearchInstituteofIndia Helsinki,Finland RegionalStation [email protected] Agartala,India [email protected] ISBN:978-0-387-71202-4 e-ISBN:978-0-387-71203-1 DOI10.1007/978-0-387-71203-1 LibraryofCongressControlNumber:2008937489 #SpringerScienceþBusinessMedia,LLC2009 Allrightsreserved.Thisworkmaynotbetranslatedorcopiedinwholeorinpartwithoutthewritten permissionofthepublisher(SpringerScienceþBusinessMedia,LLC,233SpringStreet,NewYork, NY10013,USA),exceptforbriefexcerptsinconnectionwithreviewsorscholarlyanalysis.Usein connectionwithanyformofinformationstorageandretrieval,electronicadaptation,computer software,orbysimilarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdevelopedisforbidden. Theuseinthispublicationoftradenames,trademarks,servicemarks,andsimilarterms,evenifthey arenotidentifiedassuch,isnottobetakenasanexpressionofopinionastowhetherornottheyare subjecttoproprietaryrights. Printedonacid-freepaper springer.com Preface Treespeciesareindispensablysupportivetohumanlife.Duetotheirlonglife cycle and environmental sensitivity, breeding trees to suit day-to-day human needs is a formidable challenge. Whether they are edible as apple, cocoa, mango, citrus, litchi, pear, dates, and coconut or industrially essential as rubber or beverages like coffee and tea, improving yield under optimal, suboptimal, and marginal areas calls for a unified effort from scientists around the world. While the uniqueness of coconut as ‘kalpavriksha’ (Sanskrit-meaningtreeoflife)makesitspresenceinevery continentfromFar East to South America, tree crops like cocoa, oil palm, rubber, apple, peach, grapes, and walnut prove their environmental sensitivity toward tropical, subtropical, and temperate climates. Desert climate is quintessential for date palm.Thus,fromsoftdrinkstobreweriestobeveragestooiltotyres,thevalue addition offers a spectrum of products to human kind, enriched with nutritional,environmental,financial,social,andtrade-relatedattributes. Taxonomically, tree crops never confine to few families, but spread over a cross-section of genera, an attribute so unique that contributes immensely to biodiversity even while cultivated on commercial scale. Many of these species encourageother florato nurture intheirvicinity,thusensuringtheir integrity toward preserving biodiversity. While wheat, rice, maize, barley, soybean, cassava,andbananamakeupthemajorfoodstaples,manyfruit-yieldingtree speciescontributetowardnutritionalenrichmentinhumanlife.Theediblepart of these species is the source of several nutrients that make additives for the daily human diet, for example, vitamins, sugars, aromas, and flavor compounds, and raw material for food-processing industries. Tree crops face an array of agronomic and horticultural problems in terms of propagation, yield,appearance,quality,diseasesandpestcontrol,abioticstresses,andpoor shelflife. Shrinkageofcultivablelandandgrowingdemandhasenforcedthesecrops to be grown under marginal conditions that call for concerted efforts from breederstoimprovethesecropssubstantially.Concertedeffortshavenotbeen incurred to bring out the compilation of research done on tree crops grown underbothtraditionalandnontraditionalenvironments.Evenifavailable,they v vi Preface arescatteredandalsolackcomprehensivetreatmentandwholesomeness.The task of improving yield in tree crops is foremost in the acumen of global agricultural research, and the advancements made in this arena are immense bothatconventionalandmolecularmeans.Thistwo-volumeseriesonBreeding PlantationTreeCropsdealingbothtropicalandtemperatespeciesseparatelyis a sincere effort toward compiling the research available worldwide and bring them to the reference of scientists, researchers, teachers, students, policy makers, and even planters. It is worthwhile to note that in the forthcoming years,treecropsaretobegivenmuchimportanceonparwithannualcropsdue tocarbontradingandnutritionalupgradationofthedailydiet. Since tropical species are more diverse, the first volume on tropical species contains16chaptersonfruitsandnuts(banana,mango,guava,papaya,grape, datepalm,litchi,avocado,andcashew),oilcrops(coconut,oilpalm,andolive), industrial crops (rubber), and beverages (coffee, tea, and cocoa). The second volume contains temperate fruit species including apple, apricot, almond, citrus,pear,plum,raspberry,andwalnut. The chapters were authored by crop-specific experts worldwide. We appreciate the untiring efforts rendered by the authors in ensuring the inclusion of latest advancements and their cooperation in revising their manuscripts timely. A few reviewers spared their precious time in improving thequalitymanuscripts.Weareimmenselythankfultothemfortheirvaluable help.Finally,wethankSpringerforbringingoutthisseriestothereaders. Helsinki,Finland S.MohanJain Agartala,India P.M.Priyadarshan Contents Almond(Prunusdulcis)Breeding................................ 1 ThomasM.Gradziel BreedingApple(Malus(cid:2)DomesticaBorkh)....................... 33 S.Pereira-Lorenzo,A.M.Ramos-Cabrer,andM.Fischer ApricotBreeding ............................................ 83 Hanne´lHam CitrusBreeding ............................................. 105 FredG.Gmitter,JayaR.Soneji,andMadhugiriNageswaraRao PearBreeding .............................................. 135 ManfredFischer PlumBreeding.............................................. 161 WalterHartmannandMichaelNeumu¨ller RaspberryBreeding.......................................... 233 JulieGrahamandNikkiJennings BreedingWalnuts(JuglansRegia)............................... 249 GaleMcGranahanandChuckLeslie Index..................................................... 275 vii Contributors ManfredFischer BAZQuedlinburg,Institutfu¨rObstzu¨chtungDresden-Pillnitz;IPK Gatersleben,GenbankObstDresden-Pillnitz(formeraffiliation),So¨brigener, Str.15,D-01326Dresden,Germany,[email protected] FredG.Gmitter InstituteofFoodandAgriculturalSciences,CitrusResearchandEducation Center,UniversityofFlorida,700ExperimentStationRoad,LakeAlfredFL 33850,USA,[email protected] ThomasM.Gradziel DepartmentofPlantSciences,UniversityofCalifornia,Davis,California, [email protected] JulieGraham ScottishCropResearchInstitute,Invergowrie,DundeeDD25DA,UK Hanne´lHam ARCInfruitec-Nietvoorbij,PrivateBagX5026,Stellenbosch7599,South Africa WalterHartmann InstituteofSpecialCropCultivationandCropPhysiology,University ofHohenheim,Emil-Wolff-Straße25,70599Stuttgart,Germany, [email protected] NikkiJennings ScottishCropResearchInstitute,Invergowrie,DundeeDD25DA,UK ChuckLeslie DepartmentofPlantSciences,Mailstop2,OneShieldsAve.,University ofCalifornia,Davis,CA95616,USA ix x Contributors GaleMcgranahan DepartmentofPlantSciences,Mailstop2,OneShieldsAve.,University ofCalifornia,Davis,CA95616,USA,[email protected] MichaelNeumu¨ller TechnicalUniversityofMunich,CenterofLifeandFoodSciences Weihenstephan,UnitofFruitScience,AlteAkademie16,85354Freising, [email protected] S.Pereira-Lorenzo EscolaPolite´cnicaSuperior,DepartamentoProduccio´nVegetal,Universidad deSantiagodeCompostela,CampusdeLugo,27002, [email protected] A.M.Ramos-Cabrer EscolaPolite´cnicaSuperior,DepartamentoProduccio´nVegetal,Universidad deSantiagodeCompostela,CampusdeLugo,27002 MadhugiriNageswaraRao InstituteofFoodandAgriculturalSciences,CitrusResearchandEducation Center,UniversityofFlorida,700ExperimentStationRoad,LakeAlfredFL 33850,USA JayaR.Soneji InstituteofFoodandAgriculturalSciences,CitrusResearchandEducation Center,UniversityofFlorida,700ExperimentStationRoad,LakeAlfredFL 33850,USA Almond (Prunus dulcis) Breeding ThomasM.Gradziel 1 Introduction Anadaptationtoharshclimatescombinedwithanabilitytodevelopadeepand extensiverootsystemhasallowedcultivatedandwildalmondtoexploitawide varietyofecologicalnichesinitsancestralrangeincentralAsiaextendingfrom the Takla Makan desert in western China to the Mediterranean (Kester et al. 1991;Ladizinsky1999).Almondisalsowelladaptedtomildwinteranddry,hot summerconditionsduetoitslowchillingrequirementforearlybloom,rapidearly shoot growth, and high tolerance to summer heat and drought. It is the earliest temperate tree crop to bloom, which limits production to areas relatively free from spring frosts. Because almond is self-sterile, it requires cross-pollination thatfurtheractstopromotegeneticvariabilityand,therefore,adaptabilitytonew environments. Commercialproductionisoftenlimitedbytheneedforcross-pollinationin orchard systems, particularly in areas where spring storms can reduce both floweringdurationandactivityofrequiredinsectpollinators.Ahighsuscept- ibility to fungal and bacterial diseases of the blossoms, leaves, branches, and fruits also reducesproduction inareas with rain and/or highhumidity during thegrowingseason(KumarandUppal1990;OgawaandEnglish1991).Similarly, excessive moisture in the root zone can result in tree losses due to root rots or asphyxia. 1.1 Origin and History Early researchers proposed that cultivated almond resulted from selection fromwithinaspecieslistedoriginallyasAmygdaluscommunisL.(syn.Prunus communis Archang.) based on studies of two natural populations originally T.M.Gradziel DepartmentofPlantSciences,UniversityofCalifornia,Davis,California,USA e-mail:[email protected] S.M.Jain,P.M.Priyadarshan(eds.),BreedingPlantationTreeCrops: 1 TemperateSpecies,DOI:10.1007/978-0-387-71203-1_1, (cid:2)SpringerScienceþBusinessMedia,LLC2009
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