Breath Figures : Mechanisms of Multi-scale Patterning and Strategies for Fabrication and Applications of Microstructured Functional Porous Surfaces

240 Pages·2020·14.883 MB·English

by  Juan Rodríguez-Hernández, Edward Bormashenko

Juan Rodríguez-Hernández
Edward Bormashenko
Breath
Figures
Mechanisms of Multi-Scale Patterning
and Strategies for Fabrication and
Applications of Microstructured
Functional Porous Surfaces
Breath Figures
Juan Rodríguez- Hernández
• Edward Bormashenko
Breath Figures
Mechanisms of Multi-Scale Patterning
and Strategies for Fabrication
and Applications of Microstructured
Functional Porous Surfaces
Juan Rodríguez-Hernández Edward Bormashenko
Institute of Polymer Science & Technology Ariel University, Engineering Faculty,
Madrid, Spain Chemical Engineering Department
Ariel, Israel
ISBN 978-3-030-51135-7 ISBN 978-3-030-51136-4 (eBook)
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51136-4
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020
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Contents
1 Introduction to Micropatterned Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1
1.1 Breath Figures: The Historical Survey . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
1.2 Aim of this Book . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 8
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 9
2 Breath-Figures Formation: Physical Aspects . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 13
2.2 Evaporation of the Solution . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2.1 Role of the Solvent . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 14
2.2.2 Role of the Interfacial Properties of Solvent . . . . . . . . . . . . 17
2.2.3 Interplay of Evaporation of the Solvent and Interfacial
Properties of the Polymer Solution: Marangoni Flows
and Formation of the Large-Scale Pattern . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 22
2.2.4 Role of the Substrate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.2.5 Summary of the Parameters Involved in the
BFs Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 28
2.3 Nucleation, Condensation, and Growth of Water Droplets . . . . . . . 30
2.4 Mechanisms of Micro-Scaled Ordering
in the Breath- Figures Self-A ssembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 35
2.5 Hierarchy of the Temporal and Spatial Scales Inherent
for the Breath- Figures Self-Assembly: Dimensionless
Numbers Describing the Process . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 41
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 43
3 Polymers Employed and Role of the Molecular Characteristics
on the BFs Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 51
3.2 Type of Polymers Employed . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.2.1 Standard Commercially Available Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.2.2 Stimuli-Responsive Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 52
3.2.3 Biodegradable Synthetic and Natural
Occurring Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 58
v
vi Contents
3.2.4 Engineered High Performance Polymers:
High Temperature Stability and Chemical Resistance . . . . . 65
3.2.5 Conductive and Semiconductive Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . 70
3.3 Inorganic–Organic Hybrid Microporous Materials . . . . . . . . . . . . . 74
3.4 Other Polymers Employed for the Preparation of BFs . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.5 Macromolecular Characteristics of the Polymers
Employed in BFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.5.1 Role of the Functional Groups in the Polymer Chain
and the Polymer Molecular Weight . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 80
3.5.2 Composition and Topology of the Polymer . . . . . . . . . . . . . 84
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103
4 Methodologies Involved in Manufacturing Self-Assembled
Breath- Figures Patterns: Drop-Casting and Spin-
and Dip-Coating – Characterization of Microporous Surfaces . . . . . 111
4.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 111
4.2 Methods Exploited for Manufacturing Breath-Figures Patterns . . . 112
4.2.1 Drop-Casting . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 112
4.2.2 Spin-Coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 119
4.2.3 Dip-Coating . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 122
4.2.4 The Emulsion Technique . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 124
4.3 Formation of Mono- and Multilayered Microporous Surfaces . . . . 124
4.4 Methods Used for Characterization of Breath-Figures Patterns . . . 129
4.4.1 Optical Microscopy of the Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 129
4.4.2 SEM Microscopy . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
4.4.3 AFM Study of the Topography . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 130
4.4.4 TEM Study of the Breath-Figures Patterns . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
4.4.5 X-Ray Photoelectron Spectroscopy (XPS)
of the Breath-F igures Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131
4.4.6 X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) Analysis
of the Breath- Figures- Inspired Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
4.4.7 Thermogravimetric Analysis (TGA), Differential
Scanning Calorimetry (DSC), and Differential
Thermal Analysis (DTA) of the Structures Obtained
with the Breath-Figures Self-A ssembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 132
4.4.8 Raman and FTIR Spectroscopy of the Samples Prepared
with the Breath-Figures Self-Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 133
4.4.9 Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR) of Polymers Used
for the Breath-Figures Self-Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
4.4.10 Mass Spectrometry Methods for the Characterization
of Breath-Figures Samples . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 134
4.4.11 Contact Angle Characterization
of the Breath-Figures- Inspired Topographies . . . . . . . . . . . 135
4.4.12 Quantitative Characterization of Ordering Inherent
for Patterns Resulting from the
Breath-Figures Self-Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 141
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 144
Contents vii
5 Introducing Chemical Functionalities to Microporous Surfaces:
Strategies . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
5.1 General Considerations . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 149
5.2 Strategies Based on the Use of Functional
Polymers/Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 150
5.2.1 Homopolymers and Copolymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 151
5.2.2 Functionalized Amphiphilic Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 152
5.2.3 Blends of Polymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 154
5.2.4 Inorganic Compounds and Polymers:
Hybrid Structures . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 156
5.3 Strategies Based on the Post-modification of the Pores . . . . . . . . . . 159
5.4 Strategies for the Functionalization
of Both/Either Inside and/or Outside of the Pores . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 162
5.5 Plasma Treatment of Polymer Surfaces Arising
from the Breath-Figures Self-Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 164
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 165
6 Hierarchically Ordered Microporous Surfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
6.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 169
6.2 Hierarchically Structured Porous Films Obtained
by Self-Assembly of Block Copolymers . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 170
6.3 Hierarchically Ordered Microporous Surfaces Combining BFs
and Nanoparticles . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 175
6.4 Multiscale Ordered Surface by Demixing from Polymer
Blend Solutions . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 178
6.5 Formation of Hierarchically Ordered BFs on Patterned
Substrates . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 181
6.6 Combining Photolithography with BFs . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 183
6.7 Combining Electrospinning/Electrospraying with BFs . . . . . . . . . . 184
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 186
7 From Planar Surfaces to 3D Porous Interfaces . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
7.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 189
7.2 Honeycomb Structures Formed Nonplanar Substrates . . . . . . . . . . 190
7.3 Ordered Structures Obtained by Template Organization
of Water Droplets . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 199
7.4 Hot-Embossed Microporous Films . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 200
7.5 Honeycomb-Structured Surfaces in 3D Printed Objects . . . . . . . . . 201
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205
8 Applications of the Porous Structures Obtained
with the Breath-Figures Self-Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
8.1 Introduction . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 207
8.2 Manufacturing of the Surfaces with Controlled Wettability . . . . . . 208
8.3 Optical Applications of the Films Prepared
with the Breath-Figures Self-Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 210
viii Contents
8.4 Breath-Figures Self-Assembly and Manufacturing
of Separation and Ultrafiltration Membranes . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
8.5 Membranes Prepared with the Breath-Figures Self- Assembly
and Water–Oil Separation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 212
8.6 Electronic Applications of the Structures Prepared
with the Breath- Figures Self-Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 213
8.7 Biomedical Applications of the Surfaces Prepared
with the Breath- Figures Self-Assembly . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 216
8.8 Antimicrobial Porous Surfaces: Suppression
of Biofilm Formation . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 217
8.9 Structures Prepared with the Breath Figures
for the Elaboration of Sensors and Catalytic Purposes . . . . . . . . . . 220
References . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 225
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 229
Chapter 1
Introduction to Micropatterned Surfaces
Abstract An interest in micropatterned surfaces has been boosted in last decades
owing to their crucial role, in biotechnology, tribology, optical, and microfluidics
applications. Manufacturing of micropatterned surfaces is a key factor for industry
implementation of biomimetic-inspired effects such as the lotus and shark skin
effects. Our book is devoted to one of the most elegant, inexpensive, and flexible
methods, enabling manufacturing micro- and nanopatterned porous, polymer inter-
faces, namely: the breath-figures self-assembly. This experimental technique allows
obtaining well-ordered, hierarchical, honeycomb surface patterns. Breakthrough in
the application of the breath-figures patterns was achieved when Widawski,
François, and Pitois reported manufacturing of polymer films with a self-organized,
micro-scaled, honeycomb morphology using the breath-figures condensation pro-
cess. The reported process is based on the rapidly evaporated polymer solutions
exerted to humidity. The history of research, key experimental and theoretical find-
ings, and the state of art in this rapidly progressing field is covered in this book.
Keywords Micropatterned surfaces · Breath-figures Self-assembly · Hierarchical
honeycomb patterns · Polymer solutions · Polymer interfaces · Humidity
An interest to micropatterned surfaces has been boosted in the last decades owing to
their crucial role, among others in biotechnology [1], tribology [2], optical [3], and
microfluidics [4] applications. Micropatterned surfaces enable the control of lining
cells’ position, shape, and function [1], constituting of dry and wet friction [2],
design of the surfaces with prescribed optical properties [3], transport, and precise
manipulation of micro-volumes of liquids [4]. Manufacturing of micropatterned
surfaces is a key factor for industry implementation of biomimetic-inspired effects
such as the lotus and shark skin effects, allowing preparing non-wettable interfaces
(see Refs. [5, 6] and Fig. 1.1) and surfaces demonstrating low hydrodynamic drag
[7]. The lotus effect supplying to surfaces extremal water repellency is illustrated
with Fig. 1.1.
© Springer Nature Switzerland AG 2020 1
J. Rodríguez-Hernández, E. Bormashenko, Breath Figures,
https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-51136-4_1
2 1 Introduction to Micropatterned Surfaces
Fig. 1.1 A 50 μl water droplet deposited on a pigeon feather. The pronounced superhydrophobic-
ity (lotus effect) of the feather is clearly seen
A variety of sophisticated techniques have been implemented for manufacturing
micropatterned surfaces, including micro-printing [1], replica molding [3, 8], pho-
tolithography, molecular assembly patterning, stencil-assisted patterning, ink-jet
technology, and laser-guided writing of patterns [9]. Excellent introduction into
experimental techniques involved in manufacturing of micropatterned surfaces is
supplied in Ref. [9]. In contrast to these approaches, several methodologies based
on the inherent surface characteristics have been developed. These approaches take
advantage of the surface instabilities that can be induced either by external fields
(electromagnetic, temperature, mechanical stress, etc.) or exist in inherently unsta-
ble thin films to produce different micro- and submicrometer surface patterns [10,
11]. As a result, unprecedented patterns that are difficult if not impossible to obtain
by traditional patterning techniques have been straightforwardly achieved by
instability- based patterning.
A wide myriad of instability-based patterning processes have been reported
including those based on structuration driven by surface/interfacial energy (such as
dewetting, phase separation of blends and block copolymers, or template-guided
structuration), [12–16], field-induced structuration (electrohydrodynamic/thermal
gradient-induced surface patterning, elastic instability and surface wrinkling, and
reaction–diffusion surface patterns) [17–19], and influence of water on hydrophobic
polymer surfaces (including nanobubble assisted nanopatterning, ion-induced poly-
mer nanostructuration and breath-figures self-assembly) [20–23] (Fig. 1.2).
Within this context, our book is devoted to one of the most elegant, inexpensive,
and flexible methods, enabling manufacturing micro- and nano-patterned porous,
polymer interfaces, namely, the breath-figures self-assembly. This experimental
technique allows obtaining well-ordered, hierarchical, honeycomb surface patterns.
With that, the use of the breath-figures self-assembly today is focused on polymeric