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Breath Analysis. An Approach for Smart Diagnostics PDF

249 Pages·2023·7.056 MB·Russian
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Bioanalytical Reviews Stefan Weigl   Editor Breath Analysis An Approach for Smart Diagnostics 4 Bioanalytical Reviews SeriesEditors Frank-MichaelMatysik,InstituteofAnalyticalChemistry,UniversityofRegensburg, Regensburg,Germany JoachimWegener,DepartmentofChemistry,UniversityofRegensburg,Regensburg, Germany Bioanalytical Reviews is the successor of the former review journal with the same name, and it complements Springer’s successful and reputed review book series programintheflourishingandexcitingareaoftheBioanalyticalSciences. Bioanalytical Reviews (BAR) publishes reviews covering all aspects of bioanalytical sciences. It therefore is a unique source of quick and authoritative information for anybody using bioanalytical methods in areas such as medicine, biology,biochemistry,genetics,pharmacology,biotechnology,andthelike. Reviewsofmethodsincludeallmoderntoolsapplied,includingmassspectrom- etry, HPLC (in its various forms), capillary electrophoresis, biosensors, bioelectroanalysis, fluorescence, IR/Raman, and other optical spectroscopies, NMR radiometry, and methods related to bioimaging. In particular the series volumes provide reviews on perspective new instrumental approaches as they apply to bioanalysis, and on the use of micro-/nano-materials such as micro- and nanoparticles.Articlesonμ-totalanalyticalsystems(μ-TAS)andonlabs-on-a-chip alsofallintothiscategory. Intermsofapplications,reviewsonnovelbioanalyticalmethodsbasedontheuse of enzymes, DNAzymes, antibodies, cell slices, to mention the more typical ones, are highly welcome. Articles on subjects related to the areas including genomics, proteomics, metabolomics, high-throughput screening, but also bioinformatics and statisticsastheyrelatetobioanalyticalmethodsareofcoursealsowelcome.Reviews coverbothfundamentalaspectsandpracticalapplications. Reviews published in BAR are (a) of wider scope and authoratively written (rather than a record of the research of single authors), (b) critical, but balanced and unbiased; (c) timely, with the latest references. BAR does not publish (a) reviews describing established methods of bioanalysis; (b) reviews that lack wider scope,(c)reviewsofmainlytheoreticalnature. Stefan Weigl Editor Breath Analysis An Approach for Smart Diagnostics With contributions by (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) R. Abozaid M. Aufderhaar M. Cánovas Díaz (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) T. de Diego Puente J. Gallego-Jara M. Hlavatsch (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) S. Karan S. Klingler G. Lozano-Terol A. Meister (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) B. Mizaikoff M. Müller R. Myers K. Nandigam (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) G. Nosovitskiy P. Nosovitskiy J. Pangerl T. Rück (cid:1) (cid:1) (cid:1) D. M. Ruszkiewicz R. A. Sola-Martínez P. Sukul (cid:1) P. Trefz S. Weigl Editor StefanWeigl OstbayerischeTechnischeHochschule Regensburg Regensburg,Germany ISSN1867-2086 ISSN1867-2094 (electronic) BioanalyticalReviews ISBN978-3-031-18525-0 ISBN978-3-031-18526-7 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-031-18526-7 ©TheEditor(s)(ifapplicable)andTheAuthor(s),underexclusivelicensetoSpringerNatureSwitzerland AG2023 Thisworkissubjecttocopyright.AllrightsaresolelyandexclusivelylicensedbythePublisher,whether thewholeorpartofthematerialisconcerned,specificallytherightsoftranslation,reprinting,reuseof illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, computer software, or by similarordissimilarmethodologynowknownorhereafterdeveloped. Theuseofgeneraldescriptivenames,registerednames,trademarks,servicemarks,etc.inthispublication doesnotimply,evenintheabsenceofaspecificstatement,thatsuchnamesareexemptfromtherelevant protectivelawsandregulationsandthereforefreeforgeneraluse. Thepublisher,theauthors,andtheeditorsaresafetoassumethattheadviceandinformationinthisbook arebelievedtobetrueandaccurateatthedateofpublication.Neitherthepublishernortheauthorsorthe editorsgiveawarranty,expressedorimplied,withrespecttothematerialcontainedhereinorforany errorsoromissionsthatmayhavebeenmade.Thepublisherremainsneutralwithregardtojurisdictional claimsinpublishedmapsandinstitutionalaffiliations. ThisSpringerimprintispublishedbytheregisteredcompanySpringerNatureSwitzerlandAG Theregisteredcompanyaddressis:Gewerbestrasse11,6330Cham,Switzerland I dedicate this book to Prof. Dr. Rudolf Bierl and Prof. Dr. Frank-Michael Matysik. Thank you for your trust, the instructive discussions and your support, not only on my academic path. Preface Itisthefirstthingwedouponarrivalinthisworld,thelastthingwhenitistimeto leaveandjustlikeaperson’sheartbeat,itisasignoflife—breathing. But breathing is more than simply the process of moving air in and out of the lungs.Withoutbreathing,wewouldnotbeabletospeakoreventolaugh.Therefore, withouttheabilitytobreath,wewouldbedeprivedoftheexpressionofmanyofour emotions.Moreover,breathexhaleprovidesamirrortothebiochemicalprocesses, occurring not only in the lungs but in the whole body, thanks to the gas exchange betweenlungsandbloodtakingplaceatthealveoli.Itisthereforenotsurprisingthat, since ancient times, analysing breath is a popular diagnostic tool for systemic disordersanddiseases. There is evidence that already the ancient Greeks and the Chinese people analysedbreath.WithinthefifthandfourthcenturyBC,theperiodofHippocrates, breath odour was used to diagnose kidney failure, lung abscess, diabetic ketoacidosis,liverdiseaseandhalitosisinGreece.Onemilestoneofbreathanalysis was reached in 1780, when Antoine Laurent Lavoisier, accompanied by Pièrre Simon de Laplace and Armand Séguin, was able to describe the metabolism of a guinea pig, discovering the metabolization of oxygen to carbon dioxide under the emission of heat. Lavoisier’s pioneering work in this field also included the first attempttodescribethehumanrespiratorygasmetabolism,thusmakinganimportant contribution tothe development of respiratoryphysiology. At thebeginning ofthe nineteenth century, it was A. Nebelthau who invented one of the first colorimetric breath tests. With his test, he was able to detect breath acetone of people suffering fromDiabetes Mellitus.In1874,FrancisEdmundAnstie,aBritishdoctor,usedan acidic chrome solution changing its colour from red-brown to green upon contact withethanol,representingthefirstalcoholbreathtest.Aboutonecenturylater,inthe 1970s, the age of modern breath analysis was heralded by the studies of Linus Pauling. Using gas-liquid partition chromatography, he was able to quantitatively determineabout250differentsubstancesinhumanbreathexhale. Withinthelastdecades,highlysensitiveandselectiveofflineandreal-timemass spectrometryemergedandopenednewopportunities.Researchwasmainlyfocusing vii viii Preface onthediscoveryofbiomarkers,whichcouldbeusedforearlydetectionofdiseases. However,untilnow,exceptfornitrogenmonoxide,whichisanapprovedbiomarker for asthma, no “magic” biomarker or breath print has been discovered. Besides, manyresourceshavebeeninvestedinthedevelopmentofpoint-of-caredevicesfor potentialbiomarkersbutbreathanalysisisstillfailingtoproceedfrombenchtobed andbecomepartoftheeverydaydiagnosticroutineinclinicsordoctoraloffices. Thisbook therefore addressesthemistakes that have beenmade in thepast and offers answers on how to take breath analysis to the next level. Besides, real-time and offline analysis methods based on spectrometers as well as reviews about differentsensingapproachesfortargetedpoint-of-caredevicesarepresented.More- over,thisbookdiscussespulmonaryfunctionanalysisanditsroleinmodernbreath analysis. The first chapter deals with the physio-metabolic monitoring of breath exhale using real-time mass spectrometry. It describes the complexity of breath analysis since many factorscan easily change thecomposition ofbreathincluding different respiratorypatternsorrhythmsaswellaspostureorexhalingflowrates.Ontheone hand, the chapter deals with the challenges and pitfalls coming along with current breath analysis research, but on the other hand highlights its importance and potentialsformoderndiagnostics. Within the second chapter, offline breath analysis using gas chromatography coupledwithmassspectrometryandtheroleofstandardizationofbreathsampling aswellasdataanalysisarediscussed.Furthermore,thechapteraddressesinnovative algorithms and how they improve the analytical performance of the measurement device. Inthethirdchapter,gaschromatographycoupledwithionmobilityspectrometry forthedetectionofvolatilebreathcompoundsinclinicalandemergencysettingsis presented. It focuses on the potentials of this real-time measurement technique for rapid testing, diagnosis and biomarker discovery. In addition, it addresses the remaininglimitationsincurrentapplicationsandhowtomeetremainingchallenges. Thefourthchapterisconcernedwiththeapplicabilityofopticalsensingstrategies intheinfra-redregion.Differentmeasurementmethodsandcurrentapplicationsare reviewedprovidinganoverviewonthefundamentalprinciplesandrecentdevelop- mentsinthisemergingfield. Theapplicabilityofphotoacousticspectroscopyisaddressedinthe fifthchapter of this book. The measurement principle is described in detail highlighting the potentialsandpitfalls.Besides,theapplicationofinnovativealgorithmsisdiscussed to employ this technology in complex measurement matrices like breath. Finally, recent applications of photoacoustic spectroscopy in breath analysis are reviewed withinthechapter. Within the sixth chapter of this book, sensor-array-based devices for breath analysisarediscussed,highlightingelectronicnoses.Thechapterincludesmaterial design advances, material selections and innovative sensor structures. Besides, a discussion of parametric resonance and excitation applied to sensor-based breath analysisdevicesispresented.Ananalysisofareviewonthedevelopmentofcarbon nanomaterialsconcludesthechapterbydiscussingthecurrentchallengesrelatedto Preface ix sensor array devices, machine-learning algorithms and the application of breath analysis. The final chapter of the book addresses modern pulmonary function diagnosis highlighting its importance for reliable breath analysis. The techniques described includespirometry,bodyplethysmographyandavarietyofothercommontestsused toassessapatient’srespiratorystatus.Furthermore,thechapterdealswithbloodgas analysis, capnometry and capnovolumetry and the analysis of nitrogen oxide in humanbreathexhaleforasthmadetection. Although this book covers many aspects of breath analysis, it is not all- encompassing since this would go far beyond the scope of this book. However, it provides a good overview and addresses the most important aspects of modern breathanalysisincludingtheadvantagesanddisadvantagesofofflineandreal-time massspectrometers,thescopesandlimitsoftargetedsensingapproachesaswellas the importance of pulmonary function diagnostics in the field of breath analysis. Besides, the challenges and pitfalls of breath analysis are addressed and potential solutionslikeimprovedstandardizationsandinnovativealgorithmsarepresented. Atthispoint,Iwouldliketoexpressmydeepestgratitudetoallauthorsandco- authors.Withoutyourfinework,thisbookwouldnothavebeenpossible.Ihopeyou allagreethatthisbigeffortandthelonghoursofworkhavebeenworthwhile.The bookwillbeofinterestnotonlyforexpertsinthefieldbutalsotostudentsandtheir teachersinvariousinterdisciplinaryresearchfieldsencompassedbymodernbreath analysis. Regensburg,Germany StefanWeigl

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