Breast Cancer Management for Surgeons: A European Multidisciplinary Textbook PDF
Preview Breast Cancer Management for Surgeons: A European Multidisciplinary Textbook
Lynda Wyld · Christos Markopoulos Marjut Leidenius · Elżbieta Senkus-Konefka Editors Breast Cancer Management for Surgeons A European Multidisciplinary Textbook 123 Breast Cancer Management for Surgeons Lynda Wyld Christos Markopoulos Marjut Leidenius Elżbieta Senkus-Konefka Editors Breast Cancer Management for Surgeons A European Multidisciplinary Textbook Editors Lynda Wyld Christos Markopoulos The Medical School Department of Oncology Athens University Medical School University of Sheffield Athens, Greece Sheffield, United Kingdom Elżbieta Senkus-Konefka Marjut Leidenius Department of Oncology & Radiotherapy Helsinki University Hospital Gdańsk Medical University Department of Oncology Helsinki, Finland & Radiotherapy Gdańsk, Poland ISBN 978-3-319-56671-9 ISBN 978-3-319-56673-3 (eBook) https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-319-56673-3 Library of Congress Control Number: 2017959196 © Springer International Publishing AG 2018 This work is subject to copyright. All rights are reserved by the Publisher, whether the whole or part of the material is concerned, specifically the rights of translation, reprinting, reuse of illustrations, recitation, broadcasting, reproduction on microfilms or in any other physical way, and transmission or information storage and retrieval, electronic adaptation, com- puter software, or by similar or dissimilar methodology now known or hereafter developed. The use of general descriptive names, registered names, trademarks, service marks, etc. in this publication does not imply, even in the absence of a specific statement, that such names are exempt from the relevant protective laws and regulations and therefore free for general use. The publisher, the authors and the editors are safe to assume that the advice and information in this book are believed to be true and accurate at the date of publication. Neither the publisher nor the authors or the editors give a warranty, express or implied, with respect to the material contained herein or for any errors or omissions that may have been made. The publisher remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations. Printed on acid-free paper This Springer imprint is published by Springer Nature The registered company is Springer International Publishing AG The registered company address is: Gewerbestrasse 11, 6330 Cham, Switzerland V Foreword Foreword by: and are also robustly prepared to apply for the rel- evant UEMS Exams. The superb textbook that you Professor Vassilios Papalois have in your hands is testimony to this great effort. Imperial College Healthcare NHS Trust, London, UK Secretary General of the European Union of Medical I truly enjoyed reading each chapter that is written Specialist (UEMS) most clearly and elegantly and addresses all ele- ments of modern practice: evidence based It is a great honour to offer this forward for this approach, multidisciplinary/ team work, state of world class textbook for the multidisciplinary the art experience, expertise and clinical pathways management of breast cancer for surgeons. I will as well as constructive use of technology. first address with great pleasure the fact that this is a European textbook reflecting the widely known I was particularly impressed by the fact that the and well respected experience and expertise of textbook combines scientific accuracy and robust- Colleagues across Europe with whom I had the ness with the authors’ genuine interest and truly real privilege to work closely when I was President humane approach for the patients. The textbook is of the Section of Surgery of the Union of European inspired by the Hippocratic (and pan-European!) Medical Specialists (UEMS) and over the last two values of medical humanism. years as UEMS Secretary General. I believe that Colleagues of all specialties and ranks The UEMS is an organisation with almost 60 years of who are actively involved in breast cancer treat- history, representing, through their National Medi- ment will find this textbook a powerful ally and cal Associations, 39 Countries in the EU and beyond, compelling navigator that will guide them through a total of 1.6 million medical specialists. The UEMS the complexities of this ever evolving area of mul- work on the ground is being done by 43 Specialist tidisciplinary practice that affects the lives of mil- Sections that also collaborate though 15 Multidisci- lions of patients around the world. plinary Joint Committees for areas of practice which are of interest to more than one Section. Congratulations and Kudos to the Editors and the Authors! The UEMS prides itself for being an organisation that develops real projects for real people in real life! Enjoy sailing through its pages! The development of the UEMS European Training Requirements (ETRs) and Exams are two flagship projects for the UEMS. The ETRs and the Exams are developed by the UEMS Sections in close collabora- tion with the relevant European Scientific Societies. This is being done through a truly wide and in depth consultation across Europe that embraces Universi- ties, Scientific Societies and Professional Colleges and Associations; the final product has the review and approval of the National Medical Associations represented in the UEMS. I cannot really think of a more robust process for developing such quality control projects as the UEMS ETRs and Exams aim- ing to advance and harmonise specialist practice in Europe that will of course translate into top class clinical care for patients. The Divisions of Breast Surgery of the Section of Surgery of the UEMS has been one of the most active and productive players in the field of UEMS ETRs and Exams. They have also gone one step fur- ther and they have produced superb educational material in support of Colleagues across Europe who wish to ensure that their knowledge is up to speed and meets the standards of the UEMS ETRs Preface from the UEMS – EBS – Division of Breast Surgery A few years ago, EUSOMA (the European Society This textbook, written by European-based breast of Breast Cancer Specialists) published a position cancer specialists from all management disciplines paper on “Guidelines on the standards for the involved in modern breast cancer care, will serve as training of specialized health professionals deal- the syllabus for the EBSQ in breast surgery exam. ing with breast cancer”. Theoretical and practical Breast surgeons have a leading role in the manage- requirements for the training of a “breast sur- ment of patients with breast cancer, and all current geon” were described in detail, as well as an necessary knowledge for evidence-b ased breast assessment strategy – specialist exams – on how a cancer management is included in its chapters. Fur- candidate could be qualified as a “specialist in thermore, this textbook will also serve as a helpful breast surgery”. reference tool in everyday practice for everyone involved in the care of breast cancer patients. Following that, the UEMS (European Union of Medical Specialists) expressed its support for pro- On behalf of the UEMS-EBS-Division of Breast posals in the guidelines, and as a result, the breast Surgery, I would like to express my deep apprecia- surgery working group was established in the tion to the editors and co-authors of the book for all UEMS Section of Surgery, and the breast surgery their efforts and to Springer for this great edition. examination was launched in 2010. Professor Christos J. Markopoulos The exam is part of the series of professional exam- President of the Division of Breast Surgery inations offered by the European Board of Surgery at the Section of Surgery of the UEMS-EBS (EBS) and results in the award of a European Board of Surgery Qualification (EBSQ) in breast surgery examination. Graduates of the exam may use the post-nominal FEBS or Fellow of the Euro- pean Board of Surgery. Considering the recog- nized success of the project, the UEMS proceeded in 2015 to officially upgrade the breast surgery working group to a full division within the Euro- pean Board of Surgery, the Division of Breast Sur- gery, recognizing its status as an increasingly important specialist group of surgeons. The EBSQ in breast surgery exam is organized twice per year, and respected and recognized breast surgeons from all over Europe are invited to act as examiners. In our common effort to improve the quality of health services for breast cancer patients across Europe, we strongly believe that the EBSQ exams play an important role. A breast sur- geon holding an EBSQ diploma has official recog- nition that she/he meets EBSQ application requirements with regard to specialist education, training and experience and has up-to-date knowl- edge of breast cancer management. VII Preface from the European Society of Surgical Oncology Half a million women develop breast cancer, and This textbook summarizes the expected knowl- 100,000 women die of the disease each year in edge which any breast cancer surgeon has to pos- Europe. This represents a massive health burden sess in order to pass the exam. but one where outcomes are steadily improving. Outcomes continue to vary widely across Europe I congratulate the editors and all contributors to due to differences in early detection and wide this ambitious editorial and educational project; it variance in therapy schedules. Breast cancer sur- is here to reassure all breast cancer patients that geons play a leading role in the delivery of care to they will receive the best management possible women with breast cancer, and over 60% of breast today and to lay the foundations for future research. cancers are cured by surgery alone. However, the increasingly complex treatment schedules require Professor Riccardo A. Audisio that surgeons have in-depth knowledge of Immediate Past President of ESSO evidence- based multidisciplinary practice. Harmonization of outcomes across Europe requires education, training and quality assurance. Specialist breast units are being set up across Europe as per European Parliament resolutions and European guidelines for quality assurance. A programme of breast unit quality assurance is in progress in the EU at the moment. This critically important action, implemented by the European Union, would be entirely useless if there was no quality assurance of surgical management and training in breast surgery. ESSO (the European Society of Surgical Oncol- ogy) is committed to this task. Numerous courses and masterclasses have been organized, specialists have set up a network to facilitate training across Europe, grants are available to train young breast surgeons, and the UEMS examination is solidly in place to certify competence and multidisciplinary understanding. IX Contents I Basic Science 1 Gross Anatomy of the Breast and Axilla .......................................................................................................... 3 Peter Palhazi 2 P hysiology and Developmental Stages of the Breast ............................................................................. 11 Theodore G. Troupis, Adamantios Michalinos, George Skandalakis, and Panayiotis Skandalakis 3 Breast Cancer Epidemiology.................................................................................................................................... 19 R.M. Parks, M.G.M. Derks, E. Bastiaannet, and K.L. Cheung 4 E ffect of Oestrogen Exposure, Obesity, Exercise and Diet on Breast Cancer Risk ................................................................................................................................................... 31 Eleni Th. Petridou, Marios K. Georgakis, and Constantine N. Antonopoulos 5 H ereditary Breast Cancer Genetics and Risk Prediction Techniques ............................................ 43 Helena Carley and Anju Kulkarni II Screening, High Risk Lesions, and Risk Management 6 S creening for High-Familial-R isk Women ....................................................................................................... 59 Athina Vourtsis 7 Risk-Reducing Breast and Ovarian Surgery for Women at High Familial Risk ....................... 69 Inkeri Schultz and Kerstin Sandelin 8 T he Role of Breast Cancer Chemoprevention in High-Risk Women ............................................... 79 Lynda Wyld 9 Molecular Profiling of Breast Cancer and DCIS ........................................................................................... 89 Christos Markopoulos 10 Pathology of High-Risk Breast Lesions ............................................................................................................. 103 Sarah E. Pinder and Abeer M. Shaaban 11 Ductal Carcinoma in Situ ............................................................................................................................................ 115 Stacey A. Carter, Sarah E. Pinder, and Alastair M. Thompson 12 I maging of the Breast ................................................................................................................................................... 127 Petra Steyerova 13 Breast Cancer Screening ............................................................................................................................................. 147 John Mathew and Mark Sibbering III Early Breast Cancer: Diagnosis and Management 14 C linical Presentation, Diagnosis and Staging of Breast Cancer ....................................................... 159 Janez Zgajnar X Contents 15 Pathology of Breast Cancer ...................................................................................................................................... 177 Frederique Penault-Llorca and Nina Radosevic-Robin 16 The Breast and Oncoplastic Multidisciplinary Team................................................................................ 193 Fiona MacNeill, Marios Konstantinos Tasoulis, and Melissa Ley Hui Tan 17 Surgery to the Breast: Mastectomy. .................................................................................................................... 203 Petros Charalampoudis and Tibor Kovacs 18 Surgery to the Breast: Breast Conservation Techniques ....................................................................... 213 Marjut Leidenius 19 O ncoplastic Breast-Conserving Therapy ......................................................................................................... 229 Elias E. Sanidas and Florian Fitzal 20 F at Transfer in Oncoplastic and Reconstructive Breast Surgery ...................................................... 245 Riccardo Bonomi, I. Fabio Rapisarda, Gilles Toussoun, and Loraine Kalra 21 B reast Surgery after Primary Systemic Treatment .................................................................................... 255 Thorsten Kuehn 22 S urgery for Locally Recurrent Breast Cancer ................................................................................................ 263 Roberto Agresti, Andrea Spano, Giulia Bianchi, and Giovanna Trecate 23 M anagement of the Axilla: Sentinel Lymph Node Biopsy ................................................................... 275 Leif Bergkvist and Jan Frisell 24 A xillary Node Clearance ............................................................................................................................................. 285 Tuomo J. Meretoja 25 Axillary Management in the Neoadjuvant Setting ................................................................................... 291 K. Wimmer, F. Fitzal, R. Exner, and M. Gnant 26 A xillary Reverse Mapping: ARM ............................................................................................................................ 303 Isabel T. Rubio, Ernest J.T. Luiten, and V. Suzanne Klimberg IV Reconstructive Surgery 27 Immediate Reconstruction: General and Oncological Considerations ....................................... 315 Maria João Cardoso and Giuseppe Catanuto 28 D elayed Breast Reconstruction: General and Oncological Considerations ............................. 325 Zoltán Mátrai 29 Breast Implants: Design, Safety and Indications for Use ...................................................................... 355 Jana de Boniface and Inkeri Schultz 30 S pecific Implant-Based Techniques for Breast Reconstruction ........................................................ 365 Lorna J. Cook and Michael Douek 31 S pecific Autologous Flap Techniques ................................................................................................................ 381 Sinikka Suominen and Maija Kolehmainen XI Contents 32 G oldilocks Procedure ................................................................................................................................................... 393 Fiona MacNeill 33 N ipple Reconstruction ................................................................................................................................................. 401 Valentina Lefemine and Kelvin F. Gomez 34 Complications of Breast Surgery and Their Management ................................................................... 411 Michalis Kontos and Christos Markopoulos V Adjuvant Therapy for Early Breast Cancer 35 A djuvant Endocrine Therapy ................................................................................................................................... 427 Manuela Rabaglio and Monica Castiglione 36 A djuvant Chemotherapy ............................................................................................................................................ 439 Giuseppe Curigliano, Angela Esposito, and Carmen Criscitiello 37 A djuvant Molecular Therapies in Breast Cancer......................................................................................... 447 A. Prove, L.-A. Teuwen, and L. Dirix 38 P rimary Systemic Therapy for Breast Cancer ................................................................................................ 453 Cornelia Liedtke and Hans-Christian Kolberg 39 Radiotherapy for Breast Cancer ............................................................................................................................ 463 Barbara Alicja Jereczek-Fossa, Maria Cristina Leonardi, and Samantha Dicuonzo VI Breast Cancer in Special Groups 40 B reast Cancer in Special Groups: Young Women with Early Breast Cancer .............................. 487 Rossella Graffeo and Olivia Pagani 41 H ereditary Breast Cancer ........................................................................................................................................... 499 Teresa Ramón y Cajal, Anna Virgili, and Nuria Dueñas 42 B reast Cancer in Special Groups: Breast Cancer in Pregnancy ......................................................... 511 Matteo Lambertini, Hatem A. Azim Jr, and Fedro Alessandro Peccatori 43 F ertility Preservation in Women with Breast Cancer ............................................................................... 521 Anna Rachelle Mislang, Matteo Lambertini, and Laura Biganzoli 44 B reast Cancer in Older Patients ............................................................................................................................. 529 Anne Shrestha and Lynda Wyld 45 B reast Cancer in the Male Patient ........................................................................................................................ 541 M. Umit Ugurlu and Bahadir M. Gulluoglu 46 S arcoma of the Breast .................................................................................................................................................. 551 Erkki Tukiainen and Andrew Lindford 47 D esmoid (Aggressive) Fibromatosis of the Breast .................................................................................... 559 Nicholas C. Eastley, Jaroslaw Krupa, and Robert U. Ashford
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